Charles J. Gelso (1941–2025).

At the beginning of the 19th century, the Russian Empire underwent reforms in theological and secular education. This article emphasizes the commonality of the administrative and substantive guidelines of these reforms. The reforms led to the streamlining and development of general education in theological parochial schools. During the reform process, the possibility of initial homeschooling for children, considered equivalent to lower theological education, and mechanisms for final examinations were legalized. The financial situation of parish theological schools was dire, which hindered their development.