روش تحقیق

Low learning outcomes in Islamic Religious Education (PAI) and the prevalent use of conventional instructional models pose challenges in eighth-grade instruction at MTsN 2 Kota Pariaman. However, research specifically examining the effect of the probing–prompting model on PAI learning outcomes in this context remains limited. This study aimed to analyze the effect of the probing–prompting instructional model on eighth-grade students’ PAI learning outcomes at MTsN 2 Kota Pariaman. The study employed a quantitative approach with a quasi-experimental nonequivalent control group design. The sample comprised 64 students selected through purposive sampling, including 32 students from class VIII.2 as the experimental group and 32 students from class VIII.3 as the control group. Data were collected through achievement tests administered as a pretest and a posttest and analyzed using normality tests, homogeneity of variance tests, and an independent-samples t test with IBM SPSS Statistics 26. The results showed that the experimental group achieved a mean posttest score of 78.59, compared with 69.84 for the control group. The t test revealed a significant difference between the two groups (p < .001). These findings provide empirical evidence of higher PAI learning outcomes among students taught using the probing–prompting model. In practical terms, the findings support the use of this model as an alternative approach to PAI instruction that promotes student engagement through targeted questioning. Future research should involve larger samples, cover a broader range of instructional content, and examine students’ active participation, motivation, and critical thinking skills.

Access to functional digital infrastructure is a prerequisite for teachers to convert information and communication Technology (ICT) competence into classroom practice, yet the quality and distribution of infrastructure remain uneven in many developing education systems. This paper examined the effect of the status of institutional ICT infrastructure and digital tools on teacher use of digital technologies in public junior schools (JS) in Kakamega County, Kenya. Relying on the Theory of Organizational Information Processing, the study used a convergent parallel mixed-methods design involving 332 responding JSS teachers, 11 Sub-County Directors of Education and observations from 78 schools. Factor analysis of 12 infrastructure indicators produced a factor-based index of 3.500, interpreted as good, although important differences were evident across infrastructure components. Electricity, computer rooms, broadband connectivity, and technical support were relatively strong, whereas specialized digital tools, suitable educational software and security mechanisms were weaker. Teachers most frequently identified inadequate computers/devices (26.8%) and unstable or absent internet connectivity (22.9%) as the leading infrastructure challenges. Pearson correlation showed a significant positive moderate relationship between infrastructure status and technology use (r = .417, p < .001). In Model 1, infrastructure significantly predicted technology use (B = .525, β approximately .417, p < .001; R² = .174). After adjustment for gender, age, education, teaching experience, subject and JSS enrolment, the detailed regression table reported B = .579, β = .465, t = 7.94, p < .001, R² = .473 and adjusted R² = .451. The null hypothesis was rejected. The paper concludes that functional infrastructure and appropriate digital tools are essential enabling conditions, but infrastructure development should address advanced tools, software, connectivity, maintenance and security rather than focusing only on basic provision. This study also recommends that the infrastructure budgets should move beyond hardware acquisition to include suitable educational software, specialized digital tools, maintenance, backups, antivirus protection and user-safety measures.

An educational process organized based on an integrative approach significantly enhances the level of meta-competence among prospective primary school teachers. This article analyzes a four-component model for developing meta-competence (comprising goal-oriented, content-related, technological, and outcome-based dimensions) and evaluates its effectiveness through a pedagogical experiment. The study involved 519 students from the pedagogical institutes of Andijan and Namangan, as well as Navoi State University (divided into experimental and control groups). The results showed a substantial improvement in meta-competencies within the experimental group, whereas no significant changes were observed in the control group. These findings are particularly relevant, as they can be utilized to refine educational modules and assessment tools within higher pedagogical education institutions.

Introduction Deception elicits measurable cognitive and linguistic changes, yet accurately identifying deceptive language in high-stakes environments remains a persistent challenge. Although natural language processing (NLP) and machine learning (ML) techniques have shown promise in detecting misinformation and low-stakes deception, their performance on spontaneous, stress-induced speech remains poorly understood. This study investigates linguistic markers of deception and evaluates the performance of supervised ML models and a knowledge-grounded language model, FranklinAsk™, across both synthetic and real-world datasets. Methods Linguistic analyses were conducted on responses from a National Center for Credibility Assessment (NCCA) military training exercise involving truthful and deceptive participants. A synthetic dataset was generated using MOSTLYAI to provide a balanced corpus for ML training. Linguistic features were extracted using pretrained NLP models, and supervised classifiers, including logistic regression, Random Forest, Naïve Bayes, and Support Vector Machine (SVM), were trained using LIWC-22 features with 10-fold cross-validation. The FranklinAsk™ RAG system was evaluated using the same participant responses to compare knowledge-grounded reasoning with statistical learning. Results Two linguistic features, cardinal numbers (nominal p = 0.041) and particles (nominal p = 0.0486), reached the unadjusted significance threshold, each with a moderate effect size ( d = 0.55); neither remained statistically significant after Benjamini-Hochberg FDR correction (adjusted p = 0.668 for both). No significant sentiment differences were observed. On the synthetic dataset, logistic regression performed best (F1 = 0.930; ROC AUC = 0.978), but all supervised models showed substantial performance declines when applied to the real-world dataset. In contrast, FranklinAsk™ achieved the highest F1-score (0.519), highest accuracy (0.487), and second-highest recall (0.700) on the military exercise data. Discussion These findings highlight the limited generalizability of synthetic-trained deception models to real-world, high-stakes communication and motivate further investigation of knowledge-grounded language models as an alternative approach when labeled real-world training data are limited. Future research should prioritize expanding ecologically valid datasets and exploring hybrid approaches that combine statistical modeling with knowledge-grounded reasoning.

Introduction Collaborative problem solving has become a key educational competence, yet existing observational instruments often assess only selected aspects of collaboration, rely on labor-intensive micro-analytic coding, or are tied to specific task contexts. To address these limitations, this study developed and validated the Collaborative Problem Solving Observation Grid (CPS-OG), an evidence-based observational instrument designed to provide a comprehensive, task-independent, macro-level assessment of collaboration quality. The instrument is grounded in four empirically derived dimensions of CPS: socio-cognitive exchange, socio-emotional exchange, task regulation, and group regulation. Method Validation was conducted with 84 groups of secondary school students working in triads ( N = 73) or dyads ( N = 11) on scientific and civic literacy tasks. The psychometric evaluation included analyses of interrater reliability, internal consistency, construct validity, and criterion-related validity. Results Across both task domains, the CPS-OG demonstrated excellent interrater reliability, good internal consistency, and preliminary support for the internal coherence of the four-conceptual dimensions, consistent with findings from a recent systematic review of CPS quality. The four dimensions included in the instrument showed meaningful associations with Mercer's dialogue types and group product quality, providing further evidence of criterion validity. The consistency of findings across scientific and civic literacy tasks indicates the instrument's robustness in different task contexts. Discussion Overall, the findings suggest that the CPS-OG is a reliable and promising observational instrument. It offers a comprehensive approach to monitoring and assessing collaborative problem solving, providing researchers and practitioners with a practical tool for evaluating collaboration across diverse educational tasks.

Professional speech culture is an essential component of teacher preparation, yet university courses in this area often emphasize normative linguistic knowledge without sufficiently integrating its application to authentic pedagogical communication. This study aimed to preliminarily adapt and evaluate the Teacher's Speech Culture course for pre-service Kazakh language teachers by strengthening the integration of normative-linguistic, communicative-pragmatic, discursive, and interactive components of professional speech competence. A single-group pre-test–post-test design was used. Initially, 180 students were recruited from two higher education institutions in southern Kazakhstan; 156 completed all stages and were included in the final analysis. The adapted course combined theoretical instruction with professionally oriented communicative situations, independent construction of professional utterances, interactive tasks, and reflective analysis of speech behaviour. Professional speech competence was assessed before and after the course using diagnostic and performance-based measures. The assessment demonstrated satisfactory internal consistency (Cronbach's α = 0.86). Data were examined using pre-test -post-test comparisons and path analysis. Overall professional speech competence increased from M = 7.84 (SD = 1.62) to M = 9.72 (SD = 1.48), t (155) = 11.46, p < 0.001, Cohen's d = 0.92. Significant improvements were also observed across the normative-linguistic, communicative-pragmatic, discursive, and interactive components. Path analysis indicated that the ability to analyse professional communicative situations had the strongest direct association with professional speech competence. Professional speech competence was also positively associated with speech self-control and flexibility of professional speech behaviour. The findings provide preliminary empirical support for a practice-oriented adaptation of the Teacher's Speech Culture course that connects knowledge of language norms with contextual analysis, independent speech production, and regulation of professional communication. Given the absence of a separate control group, the observed changes should be interpreted as pre-test–post-test differences associated with course participation rather than evidence of a causal intervention effect. Further controlled studies involving broader samples are required to evaluate the effectiveness and generalizability of the adapted course.

Twenty First Century Skills (21st CS) are considered to be a pathway of STEM/STEAM (Science, Technology, Engineering, Arts and Mathematics) Education, yet there is limited evidence at a large scale of the implementation of STEM/STEAM pedagogy in secondary schools of Pakistan. The research sought to understand the self-reported classroom practices of secondary school teachers across nine domains of pedagogical and infrastructural practices associated with STEM/STEAM learning, and to examine the differences in practices by teachers from different localities and males and females. The design of the study was descriptive, cross-sectional survey. The respondents comprised 1,099 STEM/STEAM engaged secondary teachers from all seven administrative provinces/territories of Pakistan who filled an 8-item Yes/No Resource Availability index along with a structured 51 item questionnaire on a 5-point Likert scale, which measured 8 practice constructs: Project- and Problem-Based Learning, Hands-On and Model-Making Practices, Inquiry-Based Learning, Use of Digital Tools and Technology, Arts Integration, Collaborative Learning, Problem-Solving and Design Thinking, and STEM/STEAM Competitions and Achievement Exposure. The instrument was expert validated and showed great internal consistency (α overall was .905). Results: Teachers indicated that they were implementing Project/Problem Based Learning (PBL) at a high level (M = 3.57), Competitions and Achievement Exposure at a high level (M = 3.48), and Arts Integration at a moderate level (M = 3.42), while they were implementing Collaborative Learning at a moderate level (M = 3.39), Problem Solving and Design Thinking at a moderate level (M = 3.34), and Inquiry Based Learning at a moderate level (M = 3.32), and Hands On/Model Making at a comparatively low level (M = 3.05). In general, 49.5% of cases, material and infrastructural resources were available. There was no significant difference between the availability of resources available to teachers by gender, but there was a significant difference by urban and rural (χ² = 22.449, p < .001), with teachers from urban schools saying they had less available in their classroom than teachers from rural schools, possibly because of the overcrowding of urban schools, rather than the fact that rural school resources are superior. Conclusion: relatively high levels of engagement with teacher-directed/low material cost practices and practices depending on sustained student autonomy or on physical materials or infrastructure or on the digital are relatively limited, with the exception of practices that rely on physical materials and infrastructure. Implications: The results justify investing more in infrastructure and professional development in hands-on, inquiry, and technologically focused practice and in the reallocation of resources based on per-capita classroom load instead of on an urban/rural administrative classification.

This community service program aimed to strengthen research competencies among students and lecturers of the Department of Management, Faculty of Economics and Business, Pattimura University, through Structural Equation Modeling (SEM-PLS) training using SmartPLS 4.0. The program involved 44 participants, consisting of 22 students and 22 lecturers, divided into two training sessions. The training methods included lectures, software demonstrations, hands-on practice, and interactive discussions. The materials covered research model development, measurement model evaluation, structural model assessment, hypothesis testing, and interpretation of statistical results. The program provided participants with practical learning opportunities to understand the application of SEM-PLS in quantitative management research. The training is expected to support undergraduate thesis preparation, lecturer research activities, and scientific manuscript development. Continued mentoring and systematic evaluation are recommended to assess improvements in participants' analytical competencies and support sustainable research capacity development.

Mathematics achievement remains a major concern in Ghanaian senior high schools despite the increasing emphasis on effective classroom assessment and instructional quality. This study examined the relationship between formative assessment practices and perceived students’ mathematical achievement, while investigating the mediating role of cognitive activation-oriented instruction. The study adopted a positivist paradigm with a quantitative cross-sectional survey design. Data were collected from 320 Senior High School students selected through a multistage sampling procedure from two public senior high schools in Ghana. A structured questionnaire measured formative assessment practices, cognitive activation-oriented instruction, and perceived students’ mathematical achievement. Data were analysed using SPSS version 23 and AMOS version 23. Confirmatory Factor Analysis and Structural Equation Modelling were employed to test the measurement and structural models. The findings revealed that formative assessment practices significantly predicted perceived students’ mathematical achievement and were positively associated with cognitive activation-oriented instruction. Cognitive activation-oriented instruction was also positively associated with perceived students’ mathematical achievement and statistically mediated the relationship between formative assessment practices and perceived students’ mathematical achievement. The findings suggest that formative assessment practices and cognitive activation-oriented instruction are positively associated with students’ perceptions of their mathematical achievement.

This paper reviews recent developments in interpretative phenomenological analysis (IPA) research methodology: longitudinal; multi-modal; mixed methods. For each of these developments the paper describes how the innovation is being implemented and the distinctive contribution arising from making these advancements in IPA design. I also provide two detailed examples of studies using each of the advanced methodologies along with suggestions for further reading. The paper also includes briefer discussion of recent changes in some of the terminology employed in IPA analysis and recent guidance on writing and evaluating high quality IPA.

این مقاله به بررسی تحولات اخیر در روش‌شناسی پژوهش تحلیل پدیدارشناختی تفسیری (IPA) می‌پردازد: طولی؛ چندوجهی؛ روش‌های ترکیبی. برای هر یک از این تحولات، مقاله چگونگی اجرای نوآوری و سهم متمایز ناشی از ایجاد این پیشرفت‌ها در طراحی IPA را توصیف می‌کند. همچنین، دو نمونه‌ی مفصل از مطالعاتی که از هر یک از روش‌شناسی‌های پیشرفته استفاده کرده‌اند، همراه با پیشنهادهایی برای مطالعه‌ی بیشتر ارائه می‌شود. مقاله همچنین شامل بحث کوتاه‌تری درباره‌ی تغییرات اخیر در برخی از اصطلاحات به‌کاررفته در تحلیل IPA و راهنمایی‌های جدید درباره‌ی نگارش و ارزیابی IPA با کیفیت بالا است.

Digital transformation in vocational education necessitates practical learning that goes beyond mere skill mastery; it must also foster deep understanding, critical thinking, problem-solving, collaboration, and learner autonomy. This study aims to develop a digital-based vocational practical learning model utilizing a "deep learning" approach to enhance the quality of instruction at SMK Werdhi Sila Kumara. The study employs the Research and Development (R&D) method using the ADDIE model, comprising the stages of Analysis, Design, Development, Implementation, and Evaluation. Participants included teachers, 120 Grade X students, and expert validators. Data were collected through observations, interviews, questionnaires, practical skill assessments, and learning outcome tests, then analyzed using both descriptive and quantitative methods. The results indicate that the model was developed to meet the need for practical learning that is more active, contextual, digital, and reflective. The model integrates mindful, meaningful, and joyful learning through digital exploration, hands-on practice, problem-solving, collaboration, reflection, and evaluation. The model was deemed valid and practical, with average response scores of 4.17 from teachers and 4.04 from students (on a 5-point scale). Its effectiveness was demonstrated by an increase in average learning outcomes from 75 in the pre-test to 80 in the post-test. The final model is considered valid, practical, and effective in supporting the improvement of vocational practical learning quality.

تحول دیجیتال در آموزش‌های فنی و حرفه‌ای مستلزم یادگیری عملی است که فراتر از صرفاً تسلط بر مهارت‌ها باشد؛ بلکه باید درک عمیق، تفکر انتقادی، حل مسئله، همکاری و خودمختاری یادگیرنده را نیز تقویت کند. هدف این پژوهش، توسعه یک مدل آموزش عملی مهارت‌های فنی مبتنی بر دیجیتال با بهره‌گیری از رویکرد «یادگیری عمیق» به منظور ارتقای کیفیت آموزش در دبیرستان فنی حرفه‌ای Werdhi Sila Kumara است. این پژوهش با روش تحقیق و توسعه (R&D) و با استفاده از مدل ADDIE شامل مراحل تحلیل، طراحی، توسعه، اجرا و ارزیابی انجام شده است. شرکت‌کنندگان شامل معلمان، ۱۲۰ دانش‌آموز پایه دهم و ارزیابان خبره بودند. داده‌ها از طریق مشاهده، مصاحبه، پرسشنامه، ارزیابی مهارت‌های عملی و آزمون‌های نتایج یادگیری گردآوری و با روش‌های توصیفی و کمی تحلیل شدند. نتایج نشان می‌دهد که مدل توسعه‌یافته، نیاز به یادگیری عملی فعال‌تر، زمینه‌مند، دیجیتال و تأملی را برآورده می‌کند. این مدل یادگیری آگاهانه، معنادار و لذت‌بخش را از طریق کاوش دیجیتال، تمرین عملی، حل مسئله، همکاری، تأمل و ارزیابی ادغام می‌کند. مدل مذکور از نظر اعتبار و کاربردپذیری با میانگین امتیاز پاسخ ۴.۱۷ از معلمان و ۴.۰۴ از دانش‌آموزان (در مقیاس ۵ امتیازی) تأیید شد. اثربخشی مدل با افزایش میانگین نتایج یادگیری از ۷۵ در پیش‌آزمون به ۸۰ در پس‌آزمون نشان داده شد. مدل نهایی از نظر اعتبار، کاربردپذیری و اثربخشی در حمایت از ارتقای کیفیت آموزش عملی مهارت‌های فنی تأیید می‌شود.

This study was conducted to determine the trend of the Licensure Examination for Professional Teachers (LEPT) performance of the Bachelor of Early Childhood Education (BECED) graduates of ESSU-Maydolong from March 2018 to March 2023. A descriptive-correlational research method was utilized in the study. Descriptive method was used to determine the trend of LEPT performance of the BECED graduates and their overall performance in the General Education and Professional Education components of the test; and to see the relationship of their performance in the two test components, the correlation method was used. The official LEPT result of ESSU-Maydolong issued by the PRC was the main source of data for this study. The study found that the BECED first time takers consistently surpassed the NPP, but 53.38% of the total first-time takers have failed. Meanwhile, the repeaters registered a very poor performance with only 29.05% passing rate. For the overall LEPT performance of the BECED graduates, the results showed a poor performance with only 35.56% passing rate or 277 out of 779 takers in the past five years. Meanwhile, the BECED graduates performed poorly in General Education with most ratings fall between 77%-79%. The result is consistent with their performance in the Professional Education where most ratings also fall between 75% - 79%. Furthermore, when the performance of the BECED graduates in the two test components was correlated, it was found that there was a moderate correlation and that there was no significant difference in their ratings in the two test components.

این مطالعه به منظور تعیین روند عملکرد فارغ‌التحصیلان کارشناسی آموزش کودکیاری (BECED) دانشگاه ESSU-Maydolong در آزمون صلاحیت حرفه‌ای معلمان (LEPT) از مارس ۲۰۱۸ تا مارس ۲۰۲۳ انجام شد. در این پژوهش از روش تحقیق توصیفی-همبستگی استفاده گردید. روش توصیفی برای تعیین روند عملکرد فارغ‌التحصیلان BECED در آزمون LEPT و عملکرد کلی آنان در بخش‌های آموزش عمومی و آموزش حرفه‌ای آزمون به کار رفت؛ و برای بررسی رابطه عملکرد آنان در دو بخش آزمون، از روش همبستگی استفاده شد. منبع اصلی داده‌ها، نتایج رسمی آزمون LEPT دانشگاه ESSU-Maydolong صادرشده توسط PRC بود. یافته‌ها نشان داد که داوطلبان بار اول BECED به طور مستمر از NPP پیشی گرفتند، اما ۵۳٫۳۸٪ از کل داوطلبان بار اول مردود شدند. در همین حال، تکرارکنندگان عملکرد بسیار ضعیفی داشتند و تنها ۲۹٫۰۵٪ موفق به قبولی شدند. در مجموع، عملکرد کلی فارغ‌التحصیلان BECED در آزمون LEPT ضعیف بود و تنها ۳۵٫۵۶٪ (۲۷۷ نفر از ۷۷۹ نفر) در پنج سال گذشته موفق به قبولی شدند. همچنین، فارغ‌التحصیلان BECED در بخش آموزش عمومی عملکرد ضعیفی داشتند و اکثر نمرات بین ۷۷٪ تا ۷۹٪ قرار گرفت. این نتیجه با عملکرد آنان در بخش آموزش حرفه‌ای نیز همخوانی داشت، به طوری که اکثر نمرات در این بخش نیز بین ۷۵٪ تا ۷۹٪ بود. افزون بر این، زمانی که عملکرد فارغ‌التحصیلان BECED در دو بخش آزمون همبسته شد، مشخص گردید که همبستگی متوسطی وجود دارد و تفاوت معناداری میان نمرات آنان در دو بخش آزمون مشاهده نشد.

This study developed and tested a Deep Learning-Based Character-Strengthening Education Model for Pancasila Education at the junior high school level in Bandar Lampung City, Indonesia. Using a mixed-methods design integrated with Research and Development (R&D), the study proceeded through six stages, from preliminary participatory observation and prototype development to expert and teacher validation, quasi-experimental testing, multilevel statistical analysis, and final model refinement. Participants comprised teachers and students from junior high schools across Bandar Lampung City, selected through random sampling. The results showed that understanding of Pancasila concepts increased by 25% in the experimental group, compared with 10% in the control group, with character-strengthening indicators – tolerance, integrity, responsibility and cooperation – also registering significantly greater gains (p < 0.05). Teacher implementation quality, school environmental support and student engagement emerged as key mediators of the model’s effectiveness. The findings indicate that embedding mindful, meaningful and joyful learning principles within Pancasila Education strengthens both conceptual understanding and student character more effectively than conventional, teacher-centred approaches. The model offers a practical, empirically validated framework for character-based citizenship education in Indonesian schools and contributes to broader debates on deep-learning pedagogies in civic and moral education.

این پژوهش، یک الگوی آموزش تقویت‌کننده شخصیت مبتنی بر یادگیری عمیق را برای آموزش پانچاسیلا در سطح مدارس متوسطه اول در شهر باندار لامپونگ اندونزی توسعه داده و مورد آزمون قرار داده است. این مطالعه با بهره‌گیری از طرح آمیخته و ادغام آن با روش تحقیق و توسعه (R&D)، در شش مرحله از مشاهده مشارکتی مقدماتی و توسعه نمونه اولیه تا اعتبارسنجی توسط خبرگان و معلمان، آزمون شبه‌آزمایشی، تحلیل آماری چندسطحی و اصلاح نهایی مدل پیش رفته است. شرکت‌کنندگان شامل معلمان و دانش‌آموزان مدارس متوسطه اول سراسر شهر باندار لامپونگ بودند که به روش نمونه‌گیری تصادفی انتخاب شدند. نتایج نشان داد که میزان درک مفاهیم پانچاسیلا در گروه آزمایش ۲۵٪ افزایش یافت، در حالی که این میزان در گروه کنترل ۱۰٪ بود و شاخص‌های تقویت شخصیت شامل مدارا، صداقت، مسئولیت‌پذیری و همکاری نیز افزایش معنادار بیشتری را نشان دادند (p < 0.05). کیفیت اجرای معلمان، حمایت محیط مدرسه و مشارکت دانش‌آموزان به عنوان میانجی‌های کلیدی اثربخشی مدل شناسایی شدند. یافته‌ها حاکی از آن است که ادغام اصول یادگیری آگاهانه، معنادار و لذت‌بخش در آموزش پانچاسیلا، هم درک مفهومی و هم شخصیت دانش‌آموزان را مؤثرتر از رویکردهای سنتی مبتنی بر معلم تقویت می‌کند. این مدل، چارچوبی عملی و مبتنی بر شواهد تجربی برای آموزش شهروندی مبتنی بر شخصیت در مدارس اندونزی ارائه می‌دهد و به مباحث گسترده‌تر درباره رویکردهای یادگیری عمیق در آموزش مدنی و اخلاقی کمک می‌کند.

Perkembangan era digital menuntut peserta didik memiliki kemampuan tingkat tinggi, salah satunya keterampilan berpikir komputasional yang berperan penting dalam pembelajaran sains, khususnya biologi. Namun, implementasi berpikir komputasional dalam pembelajaran pada materi pewarisan sifat di sekolah masih belum optimal karena karakteristik materi yang abstrak dan keterbatasan media pembelajaran. Tujuan penelitian ini untuk menghasilkan LKPD (Lembar Kerja Peserta Didik) berbasis laboratorium virtual FlyLab JS pada materi pewarisan sifat serta menguji kualitasnya berdasarkan aspek validitas, kepraktisan, dan keefektifan. Penelitian menggunakan metode R&D (Research and Development) melalui model pengembangan 4D (define, design, develop, disseminate). Sasaran penelitian adalah peserta didik kelas XII MIPA SMAN Jogoroto sebanyak 25 orang. Validitas LKPD dinilai berdasarkan hasil validasi oleh ahli media, ahli materi dan guru Biologi. Kepraktisan ditentukan dari hasil observasi dan respon peserta didik. Keefektifan diperoleh dari hasil belajar peserta didik melalui pre-test dan post-test. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa LKPD yang dihasilkan menunjukkan tingkat validitas sangat valid dengan skor rata-rata 3,83. Kepraktisan LKPD ditunjukkan oleh keterlaksanaan aktivitas pembelajaran sebesar 97,82% dan respons positif peserta didik sebesar 96,73%. Keefektifan LKPD terlihat dari meningkatnya kemampuan berpikir komputasional dengan N-gain rata-rata 0,78 dalam kategori tinggi serta peningkatan hasil belajar kognitif dengan ketuntasan mencapai 100%. Seluruh indikator berpikir komputasional mengalami peningkatan, dengan indikator algoritma memperoleh N-gain paling rendah sebesar 0,69 dalam kategori sedang. Dengan demikian, LKPD berbasis laboratorium virtual FlyLab JS dinyatakan valid, praktis, dan efektif untuk meningkatkan kemampuan berpikir komputasional peserta didik pada materi pewarisan sifat. Kata Kunci: LKPD, Laboratorium Virtual, FlyLab JS, Berpikir Komputasional, Pewarisan Sifat The development of the digital era requires students to possess higher order skills, particulary computational thinking, which plays a crucial role in science learning in biology. However, the implementation of computational thinking in teaching heredity concepts in schools remains limited due to the abstract nature of the material and limited availability of instructional media. This study aims to produce a student worksheet based on the FlyLab JS laboratory for heredity topics and to examine its quality in terms of validity, practicality, and effectiveness. The research uses the Research and Development method through the 4D (define, design, develop, and disseminate) development model. The research subjects were 25 students from the twelfth grade science class at SMAN Jogoroto. The validity of the student worksheet is determined based on validation results from media experts, material experts, and Biology teachers. Practicality is determined through observations of learning implementation and student responses. Effectiveness is measured using students' learning outcomes obtained from pre-tests and post-tests. The results show that the student worksheet demonstrates high validity with an average score of 3.83. Practicality is reflected in implementation reaching 97.82% and student responses of 96.73%. Effectiveness is indicated by improved computational thinking skills with an average N-gain of 0.78 in the high category, with cognitive mastery reaching 100%. All computational thinking indicators improved, although the algorithm indicator showed the lowest N-gain of 0.69 in the medium category. Thus, the FlyLab JS based worksheet is valid, practical, and effective in enhancing students' computational thinking skills on inheritance topics. Keywords: Virtual Laboratory, FlyLab JS, Computational Thinking, Inheritance

تحولات عصر دیجیتال مستلزم آن است که دانش‌آموزان دارای مهارت‌های سطح بالا، از جمله مهارت تفکر محاسباتی باشند که نقش مهمی در یادگیری علوم، به‌ویژه زیست‌شناسی ایفا می‌کند. با این حال، اجرای تفکر محاسباتی در آموزش مبحث وراثت صفات در مدارس هنوز به‌طور بهینه صورت نمی‌گیرد که این امر به دلیل ماهیت انتزاعی محتوا و محدودیت رسانه‌های آموزشی است. هدف این پژوهش، تولید کاربرگ دانش‌آموز (LKPD) مبتنی بر آزمایشگاه مجازی FlyLab JS در مبحث وراثت صفات و ارزیابی کیفیت آن بر اساس جنبه‌های روایی، کاربردپذیری و اثربخشی است. این پژوهش با روش تحقیق و توسعه (R&D) و از طریق مدل توسعه ۴D (تعریف، طراحی، توسعه، اشاعه) انجام شد. جامعهٔ پژوهش شامل ۲۵ نفر از دانش‌آموزان پایه دوازدهم رشته علوم تجربی دبیرستان SMAN Jogoroto بود. روایی کاربرگ بر اساس نتایج ارزیابی توسط متخصص رسانه، متخصص محتوا و معلم زیست‌شناسی تعیین شد. کاربردپذیری از طریق مشاهده اجرای آموزش و پاسخ‌های دانش‌آموزان سنجیده شد. اثربخشی با استفاده از نتایج یادگیری دانش‌آموزان از طریق پیش‌آزمون و پس‌آزمون ارزیابی گردید. نتایج پژوهش نشان داد که کاربرگ تولیدشده دارای سطح روایی بسیار بالا با میانگین امتیاز ۳٫۸۳ است. کاربردپذیری کاربرگ با میزان اجرای فعالیت‌های آموزشی ۹۷٫۸۲٪ و پاسخ مثبت دانش‌آموزان ۹۶٫۷۳٪ نشان داده شد. اثربخشی کاربرگ از طریق بهبود توانایی تفکر محاسباتی با میانگین N-gain برابر با ۰٫۷۸ در دستهٔ بالا و همچنین افزایش نتایج یادگیری شناختی با کسب موفقیت ۱۰۰٪ مشاهده شد. همهٔ شاخص‌های تفکر محاسباتی بهبود یافتند و شاخص الگوریتم پایین‌ترین N-gain را با مقدار ۰٫۶۹ در دستهٔ متوسط به دست آورد. بنابراین، کاربرگ مبتنی بر آزمایشگاه مجازی FlyLab JS از نظر روایی، کاربردپذیری و اثربخشی برای ارتقاء توانایی تفکر محاسباتی دانش‌آموزان در مبحث وراثت صفات تأیید می‌شود.

The utilization of technology in elementary school learning encourages the development of digital teaching materials that can enhance students’ engagement in the learning process. The preliminary study indicated that fifth-grade Science and Social Studies (IPA) learning was still dominated by conventional teaching materials, interactive learning had not been optimally implemented, and the use of technology in providing teaching materials remained limited. These conditions highlight the need to develop Electronic Student Worksheets (E-LKPD) integrated with the Problem Based Learning (PBL) model and Web Canva. This study aimed to develop PBL-based E-LKPD using Web Canva for fifth-grade IPA learning and to determine the validity, practicality, and effectiveness of the developed product. This study employed the Research and Development (R&D) method using the ADDIE model, consisting of Analysis, Design, Development, Implementation, and Evaluation stages. The research instruments included validation sheets, teacher and student practicality questionnaires, and learning achievement tests. The results showed that the E-LKPD obtained an average validity score of 87.27%, categorized as highly valid. The practicality scores based on teacher and student responses were 95.84% and 88.36%, respectively, both categorized as highly practical. The effectiveness test also indicated an improvement in students’ learning outcomes after using the E-LKPD. Based on these findings, the PBL-based E-LKPD using Web Canva was considered valid, practical, and effective, making it suitable as digital teaching material for fifth-grade IPA learning in elementary schools.

استفاده از فناوری در آموزش مدارس ابتدایی، توسعهٔ مواد آموزشی دیجیتال را که می‌تواند مشارکت دانش‌آموزان را در فرایند یادگیری افزایش دهد، تشویق می‌کند. مطالعهٔ مقدماتی نشان داد که آموزش علوم و مطالعات اجتماعی (IPA) پایهٔ پنجم همچنان تحت سلطهٔ مواد آموزشی سنتی است، یادگیری تعاملی به طور بهینه اجرا نشده است و استفاده از فناوری در ارائهٔ مواد آموزشی محدود باقی مانده است. این شرایط، نیاز به توسعهٔ کاربرگ‌های الکترونیکی دانش‌آموزی (E-LKPD) یکپارچه با مدل یادگیری مبتنی بر مسئله (PBL) و وب‌سایت Canva را برجسته می‌کند. هدف این پژوهش، توسعهٔ E-LKPD مبتنی بر PBL با استفاده از وب‌سایت Canva برای آموزش IPA پایهٔ پنجم و تعیین روایی، کاربردپذیری و اثربخشی محصول توسعه‌یافته بود. این پژوهش از روش تحقیق و توسعه (R&D) با استفاده از مدل ADDIE شامل مراحل تحلیل، طراحی، توسعه، اجرا و ارزیابی بهره برد. ابزارهای پژوهش شامل برگه‌های ارزیابی روایی، پرسشنامه‌های کاربردپذیری معلمان و دانش‌آموزان و آزمون‌های پیشرفت تحصیلی بودند. نتایج نشان داد که E-LKPD میانگین نمرهٔ روایی ۸۷.۲۷٪ را کسب کرد که در دستهٔ بسیار معتبر قرار گرفت. نمرات کاربردپذیری بر اساس پاسخ‌های معلمان و دانش‌آموزان به ترتیب ۹۵.۸۴٪ و ۸۸.۳۶٪ بود که هر دو در دستهٔ بسیار کاربردی قرار گرفتند. آزمون اثربخشی نیز بهبود نتایج یادگیری دانش‌آموزان پس از استفاده از E-LKPD را نشان داد. بر اساس این یافته‌ها، E-LKPD مبتنی بر PBL با استفاده از وب‌سایت Canva معتبر، کاربردی و مؤثر ارزیابی شد و به عنوان مادهٔ آموزشی دیجیتال برای آموزش IPA پایهٔ پنجم در مدارس ابتدایی مناسب است.

This study aims to develop interactive technology-based Indonesian map media for Pancasila Education learning in 5th-grade elementary school and to describe its feasibility and effectiveness. This research employs the Research and Development (R&D) method using the ADDIE development model, which consists of five stages: analysis, design, development, implementation, and evaluation. The results show that material expert validation obtained a percentage of 93.7% ("Very Good" category), media expert validation reached 80% ("Good" category), and subject teacher validation achieved 100% ("Very Good" category). Based on field trials, the overall product feasibility score reached 82.8%, which falls into the "Very Feasible" category. Furthermore, the effectiveness test using the N-Gain Score showed an average of 0.78, categorized as high, along with an increase in students' average scores from pretest (51.5) to posttest (90.4). These findings indicate that the interactive Indonesian map media is highly feasible and effective for supporting Pancasila Education learning in elementary schools.

هدف این پژوهش، توسعه رسانه نقشه تعاملی مبتنی بر فناوری برای آموزش درس پانتشاسیلا در پایه پنجم دبستان و توصیف میزان شایستگی و اثربخشی آن است. این پژوهش با استفاده از روش تحقیق و توسعه (R&D) و مدل توسعه ADDIE که شامل پنج مرحله تحلیل، طراحی، توسعه، اجرا و ارزیابی است، انجام شده‌است. نتایج نشان داد که اعتبارسنجی توسط متخصص محتوا با کسب درصد ۹۳.۷٪ (در دسته «بسیار خوب»)، اعتبارسنجی توسط متخصص رسانه با ۸۰٪ (در دسته «خوب») و اعتبارسنجی توسط معلم موضوعی با ۱۰۰٪ (در دسته «بسیار خوب») ارزیابی شد. بر اساس آزمون‌های میدانی، امتیاز کلی شایستگی محصول به ۸۲.۸٪ رسید که در دسته «بسیار شایسته» قرار می‌گیرد. همچنین، آزمون اثربخشی با استفاده از امتیاز N-Gain میانگین ۰.۷۸ را نشان داد که در دسته بالا قرار دارد و افزایش میانگین نمرات دانش‌آموزان از پیش‌آزمون (۵۱.۵) به پس‌آزمون (۹۰.۴) مشاهده شد. این یافته‌ها نشان می‌دهد که رسانه نقشه تعاملی اندونزی از شایستگی و اثربخشی بالایی برای حمایت از آموزش پانتشاسیلا در مدارس ابتدایی برخوردار است.

Ouys AlkharaniPostgraduate School, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, IndonesiaCorrespondence: Ouys Alkharani, Doctoral Program in Human Resource Development, Airlangga University, Surabaya, 60115, Indonesia, Fax +62 31-5956027, Email ouys.alkharani-2022@pasca.unair.ac.id

اویس الخَرَنی، دانشکده تحصیلات تکمیلی، دانشگاه ایرلانگا، سورابایا، اندونزی. نویسنده مسئول: اویس الخَرَنی، برنامه دکتری توسعه منابع انسانی، دانشگاه ایرلانگا، سورابایا، ۶۰۱۱۵، اندونزی، فکس: +۶۲ ۳۱-۵۹۵۶۰۲۷، ایمیل: ouys.alkharani-2022@pasca.unair.ac.id

Introduction Research Methodology education in higher education presents persistent andragogical challenges, including conceptual complexity, limited student engagement, inconsistent curriculum structures and weak connections to authentic inquiry. This study compares Research Methods curricula in Australia and South Africa to examine how curricula can be designed through constructivist learning theory. Methods Using a constructivist quadethnographic approach, four educators from two institutions engaged in collaborative autoethnographic dialogue over five months, critically reflecting on curriculum structures, teaching experiences and student learning behaviours. Results The analysis identified shared challenges across both contexts, including learning outcomes oriented towards lower-order cognitive skills, theoretical content-dominated teaching, limited scaffolded and collaborative inquiry, uneven temporal structures, superficial treatment of ethics and weak connections between research skills and professional practice. These limitations resulted primarily in formal or technical alignment rather than meaningful constructive alignment. Discussion The study proposes the Constructivist Engagement Framework for Research Methods Education, comprising Curriculum Intent, Learning Design, Andragogical Practice and Learning Culture. The framework provides a conceptual and practical guide for curriculum development and highlights implications for curriculum reform, professional learning and institutional support. Further empirical research is recommended to evaluate and refine the framework across disciplines and programmes.

مقدمه: آموزش روش تحقیق در آموزش عالی با چالش‌های مداوم آندرگوژیکی مواجه است، از جمله پیچیدگی مفهومی، مشارکت محدود دانشجویان، ساختارهای نامنسجم برنامه درسی و ارتباط ضعیف با پژوهش اصیل. این مطالعه به مقایسه برنامه‌های درسی روش تحقیق در استرالیا و آفریقای جنوبی می‌پردازد تا بررسی کند چگونه می‌توان برنامه‌های درسی را بر اساس نظریه یادگیری سازه‌گرایانه طراحی کرد. روش‌ها: با بهره‌گیری از رویکرد چهارنفره‌نگاری سازه‌گرایانه، چهار مدرس از دو مؤسسه طی پنج ماه در گفت‌وگوی خوداتنوگرافیک مشارکتی شرکت کردند و به طور انتقادی به بازتاب ساختارهای برنامه درسی، تجارب تدریس و رفتارهای یادگیری دانشجویان پرداختند. یافته‌ها: تحلیل انجام‌شده چالش‌های مشترکی را در هر دو زمینه شناسایی کرد، از جمله نتایج یادگیری مبتنی بر مهارت‌های شناختی سطح پایین‌تر، غلبه محتوای نظری بر تدریس، محدودیت در پژوهش تدریجی و مشارکتی، ساختارهای زمانی نامنظم، پرداخت سطحی به اخلاق و ارتباط ضعیف میان مهارت‌های پژوهشی و عمل حرفه‌ای. این محدودیت‌ها عمدتاً منجر به همسویی صوری یا فنی به جای همسویی سازنده معنادار می‌شوند. بحث: این مطالعه چارچوب مشارکت سازه‌گرایانه برای آموزش روش تحقیق را پیشنهاد می‌کند که شامل هدف برنامه درسی، طراحی یادگیری، عمل آندرگوژیکی و فرهنگ یادگیری است. این چارچوب راهنمای مفهومی و عملی برای توسعه برنامه درسی ارائه می‌دهد و پیامدهایی برای اصلاح برنامه درسی، یادگیری حرفه‌ای و حمایت نهادی برجسته می‌کند. انجام پژوهش‌های تجربی بیشتر برای ارزیابی و اصلاح این چارچوب در رشته‌ها و برنامه‌های مختلف توصیه می‌شود.