Comparative effectiveness of traditional Chinese medicine treatment strategies for insomnia: a systematic review and network meta-analysis

Background: Awareness of youth-friendly sexual and reproductive health services (YFSRHS) is an important starting point for enabling young people to identify and seek appropriate sexual and reproductive health information and care. However, awareness of these services may vary across settings, including higher education institutions. Objective: To determine the level of awareness of YFSRHS among undergraduate students at Saint Augustine University of Tanzania (SAUT), Malimbe Campus. Methods: A quantitative descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted among undergraduate students at SAUT Malimbe Campus. Data were collected using a structured, self-administered questionnaire. Of 109 questionnaires distributed, 108 completed questionnaires were included in the analysis. Descriptive statistics were used to summarize students’ awareness and reported sources of information. Results: Of the 108 respondents, 96 (88.9%) reported having heard of YFSRHS, while 12 (11.1%) had not. Social media was the most frequently reported source of information (44.0%), followed by friends or peers (41.0%) and health facilities (36.0%). University programmes and posters or advertisements were reported less frequently. Conclusion: Most respondents had heard of YFSRHS, with social media and peer networks serving as prominent information channels. Strengthening accurate information through these channels, alongside university-based communication, may help address the awareness gap among students who remain unreached.

Improving educational quality requires human resource (HR) management that supports teachers’ continuous professional development and adaptation to global demands. This study aims to describe the management of educational HR transformation toward global quality at SMP Muhammadiyah 15 Surabaya and identify its supporting and inhibiting factors. A qualitative approach was employed, with data collected through non-participant observation, interviews, and documentation. Informants were selected through purposive sampling and included the vice principal, the vice principal for curriculum, two teachers, and two students. Data were analyzed through data reduction, data display, conclusion drawing, and verification. The findings indicate that HR transformation is managed through planning, organizing, implementation, supervision, and evaluation. Development programs include internal and external training, a teacher learning community, weekly learning reflection, monthly coaching, and academic supervision. Supporting factors include a collaborative culture, regular professional guidance, and school support. Inhibiting factors comprise limited time, insufficient openness in reflection, short coaching sessions, delayed follow-up, and some teachers’ extrinsic motivation. These findings provide contextual insights into school-level HR management but do not establish program effectiveness in improving student learning outcomes or achieving global quality standards. ABSTRAK Peningkatan mutu pendidikan membutuhkan manajemen sumber daya manusia (SDM) yang mampu mengembangkan kompetensi guru secara berkelanjutan dan adaptif terhadap tuntutan global. Penelitian ini bertujuan mendeskripsikan manajemen transformasi SDM pendidikan menuju mutu global di SMP Muhammadiyah 15 Surabaya serta mengidentifikasi faktor pendukung dan penghambatnya. Penelitian menggunakan pendekatan kualitatif dengan teknik pengumpulan data berupa observasi non-partisipan, wawancara, dan dokumentasi. Informan dipilih secara purposive, meliputi wakil kepala sekolah, wakil kepala sekolah bidang kurikulum, dua guru, dan dua peserta didik. Data dianalisis melalui reduksi data, penyajian data, serta penarikan kesimpulan dan verifikasi. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa transformasi SDM dikelola melalui perencanaan, pengorganisasian, pelaksanaan, pengawasan, dan evaluasi. Program pengembangan mencakup pelatihan internal dan eksternal, komunitas belajar, learning reflection mingguan, coaching bulanan, dan supervisi akademik. Faktor pendukung meliputi budaya kolaborasi, pembinaan rutin, serta dukungan sekolah, sedangkan hambatannya mencakup keterbatasan waktu, keterbukaan refleksi, durasi coaching, keterlambatan tindak lanjut, dan motivasi ekstrinsik sebagian guru. Temuan ini bersifat kontekstual dan belum membuktikan efektivitas program terhadap hasil belajar atau pencapaian standar mutu global.

Religious education is often expected to promote tolerance, but respect for religious difference does not necessarily ensure accurate understanding of religious others. This study examines how religious education policies in Indonesia and England emphasize different forms of cognitive tolerance. Using qualitative document analysis and comparative policy analysis, the study analyzes selected legal, curricular, and pedagogical documents through four components: Knowledge of Religious Others, Recognition of Internal Diversity, Critical Reflection, and Understanding Commonalities and Differences. Indonesian policy gives greater relative emphasis to understanding commonalities and differences within religion-specific formation, social harmony, and responsible citizenship. English policy gives greater emphasis to critical reflection and knowledge of religious and non-religious worldviews through shared enquiry. Recognition of Internal Diversity appears in similar proportions in both datasets, but it serves different curricular functions. The findings show differently configured pathways toward cognitive tolerance, combining the same cognitive components with different relative emphases and curricular purposes.

Although Kurikulum Merdeka promotes flexible, student-centered learning, the implementation of Natural and Social Sciences (IPAS) instruction in elementary schools continues to face various challenges. This study aimed to describe the challenges in implementing IPAS instruction under Kurikulum Merdeka in Grade V at SD Negeri 005 Desa Baru, Kampar Regency. The study employed a descriptive qualitative approach involving two fifth-grade teachers and six purposively selected students. Three students had IPAS scores above 75, and three had scores below 75. Data were collected through nonparticipant observation, structured interviews, and documentation and analyzed through data reduction, data display, and conclusion drawing. Data trustworthiness was assessed through triangulation of sources and data collection techniques. The findings identified three domains of challenges related to students, teachers, and learning assessment. Student-related challenges were the most prominent, including differences in understanding, declining attention after approximately 15–20 minutes of lecturing, interest that depended on the type of activity, uneven participation, dependence on external motivation, inconsistent task management, and varying levels of learning readiness. Teacher-related challenges included the breadth of integrated science and social studies content and classroom management during group activities. Assessment involved oral quizzes and student worksheets, supplemented by remedial instruction and enrichment. Achievement scores ranged from 60 to 96, with a mastery threshold of 75. These findings underscore the need for differentiated instruction, concrete and contextually relevant instructional media, clearly assigned group roles, time management, and the use of assessment results to improve instruction. This study provides a contextual account of challenges in IPAS instruction and the need to adapt fifth-grade teaching practices. Its restriction to one school and a focused observation period highlights the need for further research covering more lessons and IPAS topics.

Although physical activity enjoyment is associated with athletes’ psychological outcomes, the mechanisms underlying its relationship with mental well-being remain unclear. This study examined the mediating role of loneliness among athletes. A correlational survey design was employed. The participants consisted of 350 athletes selected through criterion sampling, including 178 females (Mage= 20.58 ± 1.99) and 172 males (Mage= 21.91 ± 4.88). Data were collected using the Physical Activity Enjoyment Scale, UCLA Loneliness Scale–Short Form, and Warwick-Edinburgh Mental Well-Being Scale. Pearson correlation analysis and PROCESS Macro Model 4 mediation analysis were conducted, and indirect effects were tested using 5,000 bootstrap samples. Physical activity enjoyment was positively associated with mental well-being (r= .586, p< .01) and negatively associated with loneliness (a= −.196, p< .01). Loneliness was negatively associated with mental well-being (b= −.447, p< .01). The mediation analysis revealed a significant indirect effect of physical activity enjoyment on mental well-being through loneliness (indirect effect= .088, 95% CI [.026, .147]). These findings indicate that enjoyment of physical activity contributes to athletes’ mental well-being and that loneliness partially explains this relationship. The results emphasize the importance of considering social connectedness and psychological experiences in understanding athletes’ well-being.