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Purpose: The present study aimed to compare the effectiveness of positive parenting training and Choice Theory–based parenting training on the parent–child relationship. Methods and Materials: This study employed a quasi-experimental design with a pretest–posttest control group and a follow-up assessment. The statistical population consisted of all mothers of boys aged 6 to 9 years enrolled in schools within Educational District 6 of the Mashhad Department of Education during the 2025–2026 academic year. Participants were selected using purposive non-probability sampling based on the inclusion and exclusion criteria (Group 1: positive parenting training, n = 15; Group 2: Choice Theory–based parenting training, n = 15; Group 3: control, n = 15). Following selection, participants were randomly assigned by lottery to the positive parenting training and Choice Theory–based parenting training intervention groups. Data were collected using the short form of the Mother–Child Relationship Scale developed by Pianta (1994). Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics (mean and standard deviation) and inferential statistics (repeated-measures analysis of variance). Findings: The findings indicated that both interventions had a positive and statistically significant effect on improving the parent–child relationship. However, Choice Theory–based parenting training was more effective in strengthening the parent–child relationship. These effects remained stable at the follow-up assessment. Conclusion: Both educational approaches demonstrated practical effectiveness in improving the parent–child relationship. However, the Choice Theory approach, with its emphasis on empathic communication and understanding children's psychological needs, was more effective in fostering a deeper emotional bond between mothers and their children. It is recommended that future parent education programs integrate both approaches to maximize intervention effectiveness.

هدف: پژوهش حاضر با هدف مقایسه اثربخشی آموزش فرزندپروری مثبت و آموزش فرزندپروری مبتنی بر نظریه انتخاب بر رابطه والد–کودک انجام شد. روش‌ها و مواد: این پژوهش از نوع شبه‌آزمایشی با طرح پیش‌آزمون–پس‌آزمون با گروه کنترل و ارزیابی پیگیری بود. جامعه آماری شامل کلیه مادران پسران ۶ تا ۹ ساله مشغول به تحصیل در مدارس ناحیه ۶ آموزش و پرورش مشهد در سال تحصیلی ۲۰۲۵–۲۰۲۶ بود. نمونه‌ها با استفاده از روش نمونه‌گیری هدفمند غیرتصادفی و بر اساس معیارهای ورود و خروج انتخاب شدند (گروه ۱: آموزش فرزندپروری مثبت، n = ۱۵؛ گروه ۲: آموزش فرزندپروری مبتنی بر نظریه انتخاب، n = ۱۵؛ گروه ۳: کنترل، n = ۱۵). پس از انتخاب، شرکت‌کنندگان به صورت تصادفی با قرعه‌کشی به گروه‌های مداخله آموزش فرزندپروری مثبت و آموزش فرزندپروری مبتنی بر نظریه انتخاب تخصیص یافتند. داده‌ها با استفاده از فرم کوتاه مقیاس رابطه مادر–کودک Pianta (۱۹۹۴) جمع‌آوری شد. داده‌ها با استفاده از آمار توصیفی (میانگین و انحراف معیار) و آمار استنباطی (تحلیل واریانس با اندازه‌گیری مکرر) تحلیل گردید. یافته‌ها: نتایج نشان داد هر دو مداخله تأثیر مثبت و معناداری بر بهبود رابطه والد–کودک داشتند. با این حال، آموزش فرزندپروری مبتنی بر نظریه انتخاب در تقویت رابطه والد–کودک اثربخش‌تر بود. این اثرات در ارزیابی پیگیری نیز پایدار ماند. نتیجه‌گیری: هر دو رویکرد آموزشی اثربخشی عملی در بهبود رابطه والد–کودک نشان دادند. با این حال، رویکرد نظریه انتخاب با تأکید بر ارتباط همدلانه و درک نیازهای روان‌شناختی کودکان، در ایجاد پیوند عاطفی عمیق‌تر میان مادران و فرزندانشان مؤثرتر بود. پیشنهاد می‌شود برنامه‌های آتی آموزش والدین، هر دو رویکرد را برای حداکثرسازی اثربخشی مداخلات ادغام نمایند.

Religious education is often expected to promote tolerance, but respect for religious difference does not necessarily ensure accurate understanding of religious others. This study examines how religious education policies in Indonesia and England emphasize different forms of cognitive tolerance. Using qualitative document analysis and comparative policy analysis, the study analyzes selected legal, curricular, and pedagogical documents through four components: Knowledge of Religious Others, Recognition of Internal Diversity, Critical Reflection, and Understanding Commonalities and Differences. Indonesian policy gives greater relative emphasis to understanding commonalities and differences within religion-specific formation, social harmony, and responsible citizenship. English policy gives greater emphasis to critical reflection and knowledge of religious and non-religious worldviews through shared enquiry. Recognition of Internal Diversity appears in similar proportions in both datasets, but it serves different curricular functions. The findings show differently configured pathways toward cognitive tolerance, combining the same cognitive components with different relative emphases and curricular purposes.

Background: Emergency nurses in earthquake prone regions require psychological resources to maintain resilience, manage occupational stress, and deliver effective care during disasters. Self confidence may contribute to their ability to adapt to challenging clinical situations. Objectives: This study examined the association between self confidence and resilience among emergency department nurses at Sayang Regional General Hospital, Cianjur Regency, Indonesia. Methods: A quantitative cross sectional study involved 50 emergency department nurses recruited through total sampling. Self confidence and resilience were assessed using structured questionnaires. Associations were examined using the Chi square test, with odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) calculated to estimate association strength. Results: High self confidence was reported by 34 nurses (68.0%), while 35 nurses (70.0%) demonstrated high resilience. Statistical analysis revealed a significant association between self confidence and resilience (p = 0.005; OR = 6.00; 95% CI: 1.60–22.55), indicating greater odds of high resilience among nurses with high self confidence. Conclusion: Self confidence was significantly associated with resilience among emergency nurses. Integrating psychological capacity building into hospital disaster preparedness programs may strengthen nurses' adaptive capabilities and support emergency care readiness.

زمینه: پرستاران اورژانس در مناطق زلزله‌خیز به منابع روان‌شناختی برای حفظ تاب‌آوری، مدیریت استرس شغلی و ارائه مراقبت مؤثر در هنگام بلایا نیاز دارند. اعتماد به نفس ممکن است به توانایی آن‌ها در سازگاری با موقعیت‌های بالینی چالش‌برانگیز کمک کند. اهداف: این مطالعه ارتباط بین اعتماد به نفس و تاب‌آوری را در میان پرستاران بخش اورژانس بیمارستان عمومی منطقه‌ای Sayang، شهرستان Cianjur، اندونزی مورد بررسی قرار داد. روش‌ها: یک مطالعه مقطعی کمی با مشارکت ۵۰ پرستار بخش اورژانس که از طریق نمونه‌گیری کل انتخاب شدند، انجام شد. اعتماد به نفس و تاب‌آوری با استفاده از پرسشنامه‌های ساختاریافته ارزیابی شد. ارتباطات با استفاده از آزمون کای دو بررسی شد و نسبت شانس (OR) و فاصله اطمینان ۹۵٪ (CI) برای برآورد قدرت ارتباط محاسبه گردید. نتایج: ۳۴ پرستار (۶۸٫۰٪) اعتماد به نفس بالا و ۳۵ پرستار (۷۰٫۰٪) تاب‌آوری بالا را گزارش کردند. تحلیل آماری ارتباط معناداری بین اعتماد به نفس و تاب‌آوری نشان داد (p = 0.005؛ OR = 6.00؛ 95% CI: 1.60–22.55)، که نشان‌دهنده شانس بیشتر تاب‌آوری بالا در میان پرستارانی با اعتماد به نفس بالا است. نتیجه‌گیری: اعتماد به نفس با تاب‌آوری در میان پرستاران اورژانس ارتباط معناداری داشت. ادغام برنامه‌های توانمندسازی روان‌شناختی در برنامه‌های آمادگی بیمارستان برای بلایا می‌تواند قابلیت‌های سازگاری پرستاران را تقویت کرده و آمادگی مراقبت اورژانس را حمایت کند.

Background: Awareness of youth-friendly sexual and reproductive health services (YFSRHS) is an important starting point for enabling young people to identify and seek appropriate sexual and reproductive health information and care. However, awareness of these services may vary across settings, including higher education institutions. Objective: To determine the level of awareness of YFSRHS among undergraduate students at Saint Augustine University of Tanzania (SAUT), Malimbe Campus. Methods: A quantitative descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted among undergraduate students at SAUT Malimbe Campus. Data were collected using a structured, self-administered questionnaire. Of 109 questionnaires distributed, 108 completed questionnaires were included in the analysis. Descriptive statistics were used to summarize students’ awareness and reported sources of information. Results: Of the 108 respondents, 96 (88.9%) reported having heard of YFSRHS, while 12 (11.1%) had not. Social media was the most frequently reported source of information (44.0%), followed by friends or peers (41.0%) and health facilities (36.0%). University programmes and posters or advertisements were reported less frequently. Conclusion: Most respondents had heard of YFSRHS, with social media and peer networks serving as prominent information channels. Strengthening accurate information through these channels, alongside university-based communication, may help address the awareness gap among students who remain unreached.

Although physical activity enjoyment is associated with athletes’ psychological outcomes, the mechanisms underlying its relationship with mental well-being remain unclear. This study examined the mediating role of loneliness among athletes. A correlational survey design was employed. The participants consisted of 350 athletes selected through criterion sampling, including 178 females (Mage= 20.58 ± 1.99) and 172 males (Mage= 21.91 ± 4.88). Data were collected using the Physical Activity Enjoyment Scale, UCLA Loneliness Scale–Short Form, and Warwick-Edinburgh Mental Well-Being Scale. Pearson correlation analysis and PROCESS Macro Model 4 mediation analysis were conducted, and indirect effects were tested using 5,000 bootstrap samples. Physical activity enjoyment was positively associated with mental well-being (r= .586, p< .01) and negatively associated with loneliness (a= −.196, p< .01). Loneliness was negatively associated with mental well-being (b= −.447, p< .01). The mediation analysis revealed a significant indirect effect of physical activity enjoyment on mental well-being through loneliness (indirect effect= .088, 95% CI [.026, .147]). These findings indicate that enjoyment of physical activity contributes to athletes’ mental well-being and that loneliness partially explains this relationship. The results emphasize the importance of considering social connectedness and psychological experiences in understanding athletes’ well-being.

The article substantiates a four-stage theoretical model for developing critical thinking competence in pre-service English teachers. Each stage is linked to problem-based, project-based, collaborative learning and reflective writing; indicators and a three-level scale are proposed.

این مقاله یک مدل نظری چهارمرحله‌ای برای توسعه شایستگی تفکر انتقادی در معلمان آینده زبان انگلیسی را توجیه می‌کند. هر مرحله به یادگیری مبتنی بر مسئله، یادگیری مبتنی بر پروژه، یادگیری مشارکتی و نوشتن تأملی مرتبط است؛ شاخص‌ها و یک مقیاس سه‌سطحی پیشنهاد شده‌اند.

In this paper, we present findings from an interactive workshop at the 2024 International Society for the Scholarship of Teaching and Learning (ISSOTL) conference that aimed to develop a global roadmap to advance the awareness and appreciation of the scholarship of teaching and learning (SoTL). While some institutions have successfully embedded SoTL into their cultural fabric, challenges persist in many academic contexts where SoTL remains misunderstood as a cross-discipline field of scholarship and research as well as undervalued as a change-making enterprise. Through collaborative activities, workshop participants explored systemic barriers, misunderstandings, and effective strategies from diverse institutional perspectives. The findings highlight actionable steps for institutions, administrators, and faculty to align their efforts, bridge knowledge gaps, and further elevate SoTL as a recognized scholarly pursuit. We also propose practical suggestions to support SoTL initiatives, enhance institutional commitment, and foster cross-institutional collaborations.

در این مقاله، یافته‌های حاصل از کارگاه تعاملی در کنفرانس بین‌المللی انجمن دانش‌پژوهی تدریس و یادگیری (ISSOTL) سال ۲۰۲۴ را ارائه می‌دهیم که با هدف تدوین یک نقشه راه جهانی برای ارتقای آگاهی و قدردانی از دانش‌پژوهی تدریس و یادگیری (SoTL) برگزار شد. اگرچه برخی نهادهای آموزشی موفق به نهادینه‌سازی SoTL در بافت فرهنگی خود شده‌اند، چالش‌هایی در بسیاری از زمینه‌های آکادمیک همچنان پابرجاست که در آن‌ها SoTL به‌عنوان یک حوزه دانش‌پژوهی و پژوهش میان‌رشته‌ای درک نادرستی شده و به‌عنوان یک کوشش تغییرآفرین نیز دست‌کم گرفته می‌شود. شرکت‌کنندگان کارگاه از طریق فعالیت‌های مشارکتی، موانع سیستمی، برداشت‌های نادرست و راهبردهای مؤثر را از دیدگاه‌های نهادی متنوع بررسی کردند. یافته‌ها گام‌های عملیاتی را برای نهادهای آموزشی، مدیران و اعضای هیئت علمی جهت همسوسازی تلاش‌ها، پر کردن شکاف‌های دانشی و ارتقای بیشتر جایگاه SoTL به‌عنوان یک پیگیری علمی شناخته‌شده برجسته می‌سازند. ما همچنین پیشنهادهای کاربردی را برای حمایت از ابتکارات SoTL، تقویت تعهد نهادی و ترویج همکاری‌های میان‌نهادی ارائه می‌دهیم.

Inclusive education is one of the main challenges facing contemporary educational systems. This article analyzes inclusive education as an educational paradigm shift, and examines the relationship between diversity, educational inclusion, and the right to education. Drawing on different theoretical perspectives, it explores how traditional educational and pedagogical practices have historically sustained mechanisms of normalization and exclusion within schools. It also discusses the transition from the integration paradigm to inclusive education, understood as a transformation of institutional cultures, policies, and practices, aimed at ensuring the full exercise of the right to education. Finally, it argues that building inclusive schools requires profound cultural, political, and pedagogical transformations, that promote participation, learning, and the recognition of diversity as a constitutive principle of democratic education.

آموزش فراگیر یکی از چالش‌های اصلی نظام‌های آموزشی معاصر است. این مقاله، آموزش فراگیر را به‌عنوان یک دگرگونی پارادایم آموزشی تحلیل کرده و رابطه میان تنوع، آموزش فراگیر و حق به آموزش را بررسی می‌کند. با استناد به دیدگاه‌های نظری مختلف، این مقاله کاوش می‌کند که چگونه شیوه‌های آموزشی و پداگوژیک سنتی، به‌طور تاریخی مکانیسم‌های عادی‌سازی و طرد را در مدارس حفظ کرده‌اند. این مقاله همچنین گذار از پارادایم ادغام به آموزش فراگیر را مورد بحث قرار می‌دهد؛ رویکردی که به‌عنوان دگرگونی فرهنگ‌ها، سیاست‌ها و شیوه‌های نهادی در نظر گرفته می‌شود و هدف آن تضمین اعمال کامل حق به آموزش است. در نهایت، استدلال می‌شود که ساخت مدارس فراگیر مستلزم دگرگونی‌های عمیق فرهنگی، سیاسی و پداگوژیک است که مشارکت، یادگیری و به رسمیت شناختن تنوع را به‌عنوان یک اصل سازنده در آموزش دموکراتیک ترویج می‌دهد.

This study is a survey research that aims to determine students’ critical thinking skills in science learning at Madrasah Tsanawiyah (MTs) in Somba Opu District during the 2024/2025 academic year. The population of this study consisted of eighth-grade students totaling 229 students. The sample included 146 students from three schools: MTs Aisyiyah Sungguminasa 47 students, MTs Madani Pao-pao 87 students, and MTs Guppi Samata with 12 students. The indicators of critical thinking skills analyzed consisted of five aspects: providing simple explanations, building basic skills, drawing conclusions, providing further explanations, and organizing strategies and tactics. The data collection technique used was a critical thinking ability test in the form of multiple-choice questions, and the data were analyzed using descriptive statistical analysis. The results show that students’ critical thinking skills in science learning at MTs in Somba Opu District are categorized as low, with an average score of 7.40. The percentage of achievement shows that providing simple explanations reached 42.61% (fair), building basic skills reached 39.72% (low), drawing conclusions reached 31.41% (low), providing further explanations reached 41.93% (fair), and organizing strategies and tactics reached 27.33% (low). These results indicate that students’ critical thinking skills need improvement.

Abstract Knowing where to find what kind of food, and when, is essential for survival and reproduction. Studying animals’ foraging strategies thus provides insights into the cognitive processes underlying real-world problem solving. We investigated whether free-ranging Guinea baboons ( Papio papio ) keep track of the spatio-temporal availability of a preferred food resource, the Natal orange ( Strychnos spinosa ). An exceptional wildfire that destroyed most ripe fruits in 2019 provided a quasi-experimental opportunity to assess whether Guinea baboons flexibly adjusted their space use to an unexpected change in resource availability or instead continued to follow habitual routines. The animals’ space use patterns shifted significantly following the wildfire. After one single visit, they stopped going to the area during the period when Natal oranges would normally be available. In the following year, when Natal oranges were available again, the baboons resumed regular space use patterns. We also assessed travel linearity, speed, and departure time from sleeping sites towards the target area with and without ripe fruit. Guinea baboons travelled more linearly, 14% faster, and ca. 40 min earlier toward the target area when S. spinosa was in season than when it was not. In conclusion, Guinea baboons rapidly adjusted their space use patterns in response to changes in the availability of a high-value food resource. These results underscore their capacity for flexible, reward-sensitive decision-making and goal-directed foraging.

Children draw on multiple sources of information during word learning, including speaker testimony and lexical expectations. Yet, little is known about how these cues jointly influence children’s ability to learn new words. The present study examined the combined effect of speaker accuracy and mutual exclusivity (ME) on short-term retention of label-object associations in 4- to 7-year-old monolingual English speaking children. Children were presented novel and familiar object pairs, and were taught novel labels by either an accurate speaker (one who previously labeled familiar objects correctly) or an inaccurate speaker (one who previously labeled familiar objects incorrectly). Novel labels were introduced under two conditions: Align-with-ME (speakers labeled the novel object with novel names) and Conflict-with-ME (speakers labeled the familiar object with novel names, conflicting with ME). Results showed that children retained novel labels for novel objects from both accurate and inaccurate speakers when speaker testimony aligned with ME expectations. This suggests that children are open to learning novel words from speakers regardless of their prior accuracy and may also draw on other available cues, such as label–object co-occurrences, during learning. However, when speaker testimony violated ME expectations, children performed poorly, possibly due to difficulty disambiguating between speaker testimony and their existing lexical knowledge. Together, these findings suggest that children’s short-term retention of label–object associations is supported when available cues align, irrespective of speaker accuracy status. These associations, however, become less robust when ME and speaker cues provide conflicting information.

Abstract Objectives We hypothesized that benzodiazepine/z-drug (BZRA) dose, insomnia symptoms, and obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) risk are associated with cognitive performance above and beyond other modifiable dementia risk factors. Methods In this cross-sectional study, we used baseline data from recruited patients without dementia from one VA site and one academic site to analyze regression models based on previously published risk factors for cognitive impairment, adapted to include sleep and benzodiazepine usage interactions. Changes in R 2 and model fit (F-tests) were examined for four nested regression models predicting Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE), Trail Making Test (TMT)-A, TMT-B, and Digit Symbol Substitution Test (DSST). Base Models included common dementia risk factors. Model-2 = Base + Insomnia Severity Index; Model-3 = Model-2 + dose; Model-4 = Model-3 + OSA risk; and Model-5 = Model-4 + OSA-BZRA. Results R 2 for the base model predicting MMSE was 0.139 (n = 313), 0.241 for TMT-A (n = 298), 0.229 for TMT-B (n = 287), and 0.189 for DSST (n = 285). Model-5 R 2 was 0.142 for MMSE, 0.246 for TMT-A, 0.238 for TMT-B, and 0.190 for DSST, with all F-test p-values >.145. Conclusions Sleep disorder variables did not significantly explain additional variation in cognition performance. Studies with a wider range of cognitive performance are needed.

Perceptual expertise is widely assumed to refine multisensory perception, yet the empirical literature appears inconsistent. Trained musicians show narrower audiovisual temporal integration windows and quicker segregation, whereas experienced wine tasters seem more influenced by a wine's color in their aroma and flavor judgments than novices are. We argue that the inconsistency arises from a conflation of two formally distinct quantities: the prior probability that concurrent signals arise from a common source, and the coupling between the values of signals that share one. We present a generative model in which both are free parameters, along with channel precision and a decision criterion, that contains causal-inference and coupling-prior models as special cases. The model shows that the correlation between the values of two signals across an environment reflects only the product of the two priors, so that a correlation-tracking learner acquires the coupling when the signals always share a source, whereas separating the two priors requires representing causal structure; that binary common-source reports confound the common-cause prior with the decision criterion; that the coupling trades off against the measurement noise of the influencing channel unless its precision is measured independently; and that the two priors leave distinct signatures in how cross-modal influence varies with disparity. When the source is fixed, as for the color and odor of a wine, tighter coupling alone produces the conjunction of greater displacement by color and better discrimination between wines reported for experienced tasters, which no change in odor precision can produce. Simulations of a test battery combining continuous estimates, common-source reports and discrimination thresholds show that the parameters can be recovered, that a within-subject dissociation can be detected with conventional sample sizes under illustrative effect sizes, and that recovery fails in certain cases. The account yields a rule classifying environments by their base rate of common causation and their coupling strength, and the same ambiguity attends claims about altered multisensory processing in autism and aging. We also show that the most cited demonstration of expert susceptibility to color contains no expertise manipulation, and suggest that apparent expert biases may reflectwind calibration to real-world statistics.

Introduction This simulation-based computational study develops a non-linear state-space framework for stress-related negative cognitive bias and multivariate EEG/ERP observations. Methods A three-state model represents negative bias, cognitive control, and arousal, while symptom load and normalized model stress input reshape a quartic bias potential. N2, P3, late positive potential, frontal theta, frontal alpha asymmetry (FAA), and frontoparietal phase locking provide complementary observation channels. Additional checks distinguish the non-linear benchmark from additive and interaction-only competing generators, examine equilibria of the full coupled system, and perturb the observation model. Results We establish bounded stochastic dynamics, a conditional scalar multistability boundary, stable-branch stress sensitivity, and a sufficient local state-observability condition. A seeded benchmark with 180 simulated participants yields model-implied stress-by-symptom slopes of 66.83 ms for response time, 1.12 μV for LPP, 0.775 dB for frontal theta, 0.133 for FAA, and 0.0769 for frontoparietal PLV. Under a non-linear generating process, mean held-out RMSE was 0.060 for the pre-specified quartic candidate vs. 0.436 for the interaction-only candidate. State-reconstruction RMSE increased from 0.152 under the nominal loading matrix to 0.232 under 15% loading perturbations. Discussion These results demonstrate implementation consistency and characterize model sensitivity; they are not clinical effect estimates or evidence of empirical parameter identifiability.

As AI virtual influencers (AIVIs) proliferate, understanding human-AI emotional engagement is vital for advancing affective computing. To examine whether AIVIs evoke comparable affective responses to human influencers (HIs), we analyzed 156,918 Instagram comments that received 12+ million likes, integratinglarge language model (LLM)-derived knowledge graphs, emotion analysis, and machine learning. HI-directed discourse shows more differentiated emotional expression and a pattern consistent with more cohesive semantic networks than AIVI-directed discourse. AIVI-directed comments are less likely to express positive affect (24.8% vs. 41.5%) and also less likely to express negative affect (5.8% vs. 9.3%), indicating reduced affective expression of either valence rather than heightened negativity. This group-level tendency is not uniform: affective engagement varies substantially across AIVIs, and that variation is more closely associated with positive than with negative expression. Our Multi-Signal Embedding Network (MSEN), incorporating behavioral metrics and OpenAI semantic embeddings, classified influencer types from behavioral, affective and semantic features (F1 = 0.89), outperforming baselines including a state-of-the-art zero-shot LLM. These findings identify a boundary condition for the Computers Are Social Actors (CASA) paradigm: human-like appearance can elicit social responses without producing affective and semantic response patterns as rich as those elicited by HIs.

Cognitive flexibility enables individuals to navigate unpredictable situations and rapid changes. Because the prefrontal cortex governs both cognitive flexibility and emotional input, lifetime traumatic experiences may influence its development. Despite this, research examining the impact of childhood trauma on cognitive flexibility in early adulthood remains limited. This study investigates the relationship using a sequential explanatory approach. A total of 275 undergraduate and diploma students (ages 18–25) from Gadjah Mada University completed the Adverse Childhood Experiences-International Questionnaire (ACE-IQ) and the Cognitive Flexibility Scale (CFS). Simple linear regression and thematic analysis indicated that childhood trauma predicts cognitive flexibility in early adulthood. These findings highlight the importance of understanding the long-term impact of childhood trauma on cognitive adaptability, which may inform interventions to enhance resilience in early adulthood. Future research should consider developmental timing, sociocultural environment, education, socioeconomic status, and spirituality, as well as experimental performance measures.

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Nature-based extreme sports are often framed through sensation seeking, thrill, and voluntary exposure to risk, yet this framing can obscure the meanings participants attach to prolonged engagement with demanding natural environments. This study explored how experienced South African participants interpreted the relationship between nature-based extreme sport participation and eco-sensitivity. In this article, eco-sensitivity refers to participants' reported environmental attention, affective connection with nature, recognition of ecological dependence, concern about degradation, and efforts to reduce personal impact. A qualitative design using interpretative phenomenological analysis was applied to semi-structured interviews conducted between 29 April and 4 July 2019 with 10 experienced participants, five men and five women, who represented 11 nature-based extreme sport activities and reported two to 22 years of experience. Four interconnected themes were identified: risk as a managed component of participation; connection rather than conquest; sensory sensitivity and experiences consistent with mindfulness and flow; and eco-sensitivity and self-reported pro-environmental orientation. Participants described risk as something to calculate and manage through competence, preparation, and situational judgement. They also described respect for natural forces, heightened bodily and environmental attention, and a stronger sense of ecological dependence. Reported pro-environmental practices were self-reported and were not independently observed. The findings provide an interpretive account of how participants made sense of environmental meanings within prolonged outdoor sport involvement. They do not establish a causal developmental mechanism. The results suggest propositions for athlete education, outdoor recreation management, environmental learning, and future longitudinal research. Keywords: eco-sensitivity; extreme sport; interpretative phenomenological analysis; nature connectedness; pro-environmental behaviour; risk management.

Introduction Event nominalizations are a central feature of academic language: they compress complex events into nominal structures, increasing informational density while reducing the transparency of thematic-role assignment. The present eye-tracking study examined whether nominalizations impose greater processing demands than corresponding active and passive constructions in developing readers, and whether these effects vary across readers with different linguistic and literacy profiles. Methods Seventy-nine fifth- and sixth-grade children participated in the study: 28 typically developing monolingual Italian children, 21 monolingual Italian children with developmental dyslexia, and 30 typically developing bilingual children with migrant background and Italian as the societal language. Participants silently read short passages in which the same target event was expressed either as a nominalization, a passive construction, or an active construction, and then answered comprehension questions while their eye movements were recorded. Accuracy, standard eye-movement measures, and scanpaths were analyzed to capture comprehension outcomes and online reading strategies. Results Nominalizations did not significantly reduce comprehension accuracy, but they affected online processing during both initial reading and the question-answering phase. Scanpath dissimilarity was higher for nominalizations than for both verbal constructions during initial reading, and than for passives during question-answering in correctly answered trials. In these trials, nominalizations were also associated with a higher probability of partial rescanning and a lower probability of minimal rescanning relative to active texts, indicating greater reliance on rereading when answering questions correctly. Moreover, children with dyslexia showed a generalized increase in processing effort, whereas bilingual children displayed an intermediate profile, with increased reliance on rereading during question-answering. Discussion These findings indicate that nominalizations significantly influence online reading processes even when questions are answered correctly, suggesting additional demands in retrieving information about event participants. Overall processing patterns differed across reader groups, and children with dyslexia showed the greatest effort in both online reading and question-answering.

Introduction Deception elicits measurable cognitive and linguistic changes, yet accurately identifying deceptive language in high-stakes environments remains a persistent challenge. Although natural language processing (NLP) and machine learning (ML) techniques have shown promise in detecting misinformation and low-stakes deception, their performance on spontaneous, stress-induced speech remains poorly understood. This study investigates linguistic markers of deception and evaluates the performance of supervised ML models and a knowledge-grounded language model, FranklinAsk™, across both synthetic and real-world datasets. Methods Linguistic analyses were conducted on responses from a National Center for Credibility Assessment (NCCA) military training exercise involving truthful and deceptive participants. A synthetic dataset was generated using MOSTLYAI to provide a balanced corpus for ML training. Linguistic features were extracted using pretrained NLP models, and supervised classifiers, including logistic regression, Random Forest, Naïve Bayes, and Support Vector Machine (SVM), were trained using LIWC-22 features with 10-fold cross-validation. The FranklinAsk™ RAG system was evaluated using the same participant responses to compare knowledge-grounded reasoning with statistical learning. Results Two linguistic features, cardinal numbers (nominal p = 0.041) and particles (nominal p = 0.0486), reached the unadjusted significance threshold, each with a moderate effect size ( d = 0.55); neither remained statistically significant after Benjamini-Hochberg FDR correction (adjusted p = 0.668 for both). No significant sentiment differences were observed. On the synthetic dataset, logistic regression performed best (F1 = 0.930; ROC AUC = 0.978), but all supervised models showed substantial performance declines when applied to the real-world dataset. In contrast, FranklinAsk™ achieved the highest F1-score (0.519), highest accuracy (0.487), and second-highest recall (0.700) on the military exercise data. Discussion These findings highlight the limited generalizability of synthetic-trained deception models to real-world, high-stakes communication and motivate further investigation of knowledge-grounded language models as an alternative approach when labeled real-world training data are limited. Future research should prioritize expanding ecologically valid datasets and exploring hybrid approaches that combine statistical modeling with knowledge-grounded reasoning.