Gender Differences in the Use and Benefit of Advanced Learning Technologies for Mathematics

Assessment in Arabic language learning as a foreign language (Arabic as a Foreign Language) is currently undergoing a significant paradigm shift. This transformation is influenced by the development of digital technology, the utilization of Artificial Intelligence (AI), and the implementation of the Merdeka Curriculum in Indonesia, which emphasizes flexibility, differentiation, and learning personalization. This article presents a Systematic Literature Review (SLR) aimed at identifying, examining, and synthesizing developments, innovations, methodological approaches, and various challenges in the assessment of the four Arabic language skills, namely listening, speaking, reading, and writing, during the period from 2020 to early 2026. The review employed the PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses) protocol to identify and analyze relevant literature. The findings indicate a shift from conventional evaluation systems based on discrete tests toward the implementation of Technology-Enhanced Assessment (TEA) and more authentic forms of assessment. The literature synthesis reveals several key findings. First, diagnostic assessment, encompassing both cognitive and non-cognitive aspects, plays an important role in designing differentiated learning within the framework of the Merdeka Curriculum. Second, the development of assessment instruments for Arabic language maharah is increasingly oriented toward measuring higher-order thinking skills (Higher Order Thinking Skills/HOTS). Third, the utilization of Generative AI, including ChatGPT, as well as various gamification-based learning platforms, has introduced new approaches to providing faster, more adaptive, and interactive feedback. Based on the synthesis, the effectiveness of modern assessment is not determined solely by the sophistication of the technology employed, but also by the alignment between technology and pedagogical objectives, the transparency of assessment procedures, and its ability to comprehensively represent learners' communicative competence while maintaining the principles of academic integrity.

Slovak Republic has accumulated significant experience in integrating digital technologies into the professional development of educators, and a systematic analysis of this experience could serve as a resource for modernising the Ukrainian system of postgraduate education. The aim of this article is to provide a theoretical analysis, systematisation and classification of digital technologies for professional development of educators in Slovakia and to justify a model for professional development of educators using digital technologies. General scientific methods such as analysis, classification and systematisation of the results of scientific publications, as well as content analysis of strategic and regulatory documents of the EU and the SR, were employed. The article highlights the results of national and international projects implemented at Comenius University in Bratislava, which are aimed at supporting the professional development of teachers in digital environment. Strategic and regulatory documents, project materials, methodological resources and practices developed within the framework of national and international initiatives have been analysed, with particular attention paid to the DiTEdu project and the digital professional development of educators. Based on the systematisation and comparative analysis of the identified practices, an original structural-functional model of professional development for educators using digital technologies has been developed, and a classification of the main types of digital tools used in the Slovak context has been proposed. The findings have made it possible to identify the key organisational, pedagogical and technological conditions for effective digital professional development, in particular personalised learning, blended formats, professional networking, learning using artificial intelligence, the development of digital competence and ongoing methodological support. Recommendations are proposed at the national, institutional and individual levels for Ukrainian postgraduate education regarding the implementation of the Slovak experience in the using of digital technologies in the professional development of educators.

The emergence of generative artificial intelligence (Generative AI), such as ChatGPT, has brought significant changes to higher education, including Arabic language learning for non-native speakers (Arabic as a Foreign Language). Writing skills (Maharah al-Kitabah) are considered a relatively complex productive skill. Learners are required not only to master word formation (Sarf) and Arabic grammar (Nahwu), but also to organize ideas coherently and logically. This article employs a Systematic Literature Review (SLR) approach based on the PRISMA 2020 standards to map the use of ChatGPT in Arabic writing, examine the reliability of AI in Arabic grammar, and identify research gaps that remain underexplored. The review findings indicate that ChatGPT can serve as a useful writing partner (human-AI co-writer), particularly for generating ideas, enriching vocabulary, and correcting basic grammatical errors. However, AI still frequently produces errors or “hallucinations” when dealing with morphologically complex words, variations in Arabic dialects, and unvocalized texts. As a result, AI-generated writing may appear linguistically polished on the surface while containing grammatical inaccuracies. Furthermore, excessive reliance on AI may pose risks to academic integrity, while AI detection tools themselves often produce inaccurate results when identifying Arabic-language texts (false positives). This review also finds that existing research remains overly focused on English, tends to examine only the final writing outcomes without investigating students’ cognitive processes, and has paid limited attention to AI models specifically developed for the Arab region, such as ALLaM and Jais. Therefore, the approach to AI-assisted learning needs to shift from merely using AI toward purposeful and reflective utilization through frameworks such as the Spiral Learning Model and Genre-Based Pedagogy, so that AI functions as a scaffold without diminishing students’ autonomy and critical thinking.

Higher military educational institutions operating under dispersed learning conditions require effective digital approaches that support both professional training and foreign language development. Accordingly, this study examines the effectiveness of integrating interactive technologies and the Content and Language Integrated Learning (CLIL) approach into physics instruction through the use of Moodle, Google Meet, Google Forms, multimedia presentations, bilingual instructional materials, and video-based laboratory demonstrations. Modern military specialists require not only strong engineering knowledge but also the ability to use English-language technical resources throughout their professional careers. Consequently, physics instruction should integrate subject-specific content with foreign language development from the earliest stages of military education. English language proficiency plays a significant role in physics instruction, since much technical documentation, device manuals, scientific articles, and materials on military technology are provided in English. Considering this, applying the CLIL approach, which enables simultaneous acquisition of physics content and professional English terminology, is well justified. The research employed a quasi-experimental design supported by classroom observation, and comparative analysis. The study involved 69 first-year cadets, divided into an experimental and a control group. The experimental group was taught using a combination of interactive technologies, digital tools, and CLIL elements integrated into lectures, practical sessions, and laboratory work. The experimental group achieved a higher mean score (M = 73.79) than the control group (M = 57.85), indicating the positive impact of integrating interactive technologies and CLIL elements into physics instruction. The study confirms that integrating interactive technologies and CLIL enhances the effectiveness of physics instruction in dispersed learning environments and contributes to the development of both professional and language competencies required for modern military specialists.

This study examined technological self-efficacy and classroom technology use among early childhood teachers at Cabangahan Elementary School, Siaton, Negros Oriental. Employing a quantitative descriptive-correlational design, the researchers collected self-reported data from five teachers using an expert-reviewed, Google Forms questionnaire. Descriptive frequencies, percentages, and five-point weighted means were used to characterize teachers’ profiles, basic technology skills, confidence in pedagogical integration, troubleshooting ability, frequency of technology use, diversity of digital tools, and perceived effects on children’s learning and engagement. The reported mean scores were 4.56 for basic technology skills, 4.56 for pedagogical integration, and 4.52 for technical troubleshooting, all interpreted as highly confident. Classroom technology use was rated 4.60 for frequency, 4.16 for diversity of tools, and 4.76 for perceived learning engagement. The study reported a very strong positive Pearson correlation between self-efficacy and classroom technology implementation (r = .94); no corresponding significance test was provided. Results suggest that the participating teachers perceived themselves as technologically capable and frequent users of digital resources, although the range of tools used was comparatively limited. The proposed action plan prioritizes device access, technical support, targeted professional learning, and classroom monitoring. Given the five-person, single-school sample and reliance on self-report, the findings should be interpreted as local descriptive evidence, not as proof of causal effects on children’s outcomes.