International Journal of Education, Research, and Innovation Perspectives

This study determined the effectiveness of the leadership styles employed by the school heads in addressing school management challenges in the public elementary schools in the Division of City Schools, Iriga City during the School Year 2025–2026. Specifically, it examined the extent to which leadership styles such as autocratic, democratic, laissez faire, transformational, transactional, and servant leadership were manifested by school heads in managing school operations. It also determined the extent to which these leadership styles were effective in addressing school management challenges in terms of teacher motivation and performance, resource management, learners’ discipline and behavioral concerns, parental and community involvement, implementation of educational reforms and innovations, and communication and collaboration within the school. Furthermore, the study determined the level of agreement among the respondents regarding the ranking of the leadership styles and their effectiveness in addressing school management challenges in the public elementary schools within the Division of City Schools, Iriga City. In this study, a total of ninety-four (94) Elementary Teachers and School Heads from the Thirty-three (33) public elementary schools in the Division of Iriga City who served as respondents who participated in the study. The statistical tools used were weighted mean, verbal interpretation, frequency count, Kendall Coefficient of Concordance W and its corresponding Chi-Square. The level of significance was set 0.05.

این پژوهش اثربخشی سبک‌های رهبری به‌کاررفته توسط مدیران مدارس در مواجهه با چالش‌های مدیریت مدرسه در مدارس ابتدایی دولتی منطقه آموزشی شهر Iriga در سال تحصیلی ۲۰۲۵–۲۰۲۶ را تعیین می‌کند. به طور مشخص، میزان بروز سبک‌های رهبری از جمله رهبری اقتدارگرا، دموکراتیک، رهاسازی (laissez faire)، تحول‌آفرین (transformational)، مبادله‌ای (transactional) و خدمتگزار (servant leadership) توسط مدیران مدارس در مدیریت عملیات مدرسه مورد بررسی قرار گرفت. همچنین، میزان اثربخشی این سبک‌های رهبری در مواجهه با چالش‌های مدیریت مدرسه از نظر انگیزش و عملکرد معلمان، مدیریت منابع، انضباط و مسائل رفتاری دانش‌آموزان، مشارکت والدین و جامعه، اجرای اصلاحات و نوآوری‌های آموزشی و ارتباط و همکاری درون مدرسه‌ای تعیین شد. افزون بر این، سطح توافق میان پاسخ‌دهندگان درباره رتبه‌بندی سبک‌های رهبری و اثربخشی آن‌ها در مواجهه با چالش‌های مدیریت مدرسه در مدارس ابتدایی دولتی منطقه آموزشی شهر Iriga بررسی شد. در این پژوهش، مجموعاً نود و چهار (۹۴) معلم و مدیر مدرسه از سی و سه (۳۳) مدرسه ابتدایی دولتی منطقه Iriga که به عنوان پاسخ‌دهنده شرکت کردند، مورد مطالعه قرار گرفتند. ابزارهای آماری مورد استفاده شامل میانگین وزنی، تفسیر لفظی، شمارش فراوانی، ضریب توافق Kendall (W) و آزمون مربع کای مربوطه بود. سطح معناداری ۰٫۰۵ در نظر گرفته شد.

This study determined public school teachers’ level of awareness of the Expanded Career Progression (ECP) System and examined its relationship with job satisfaction in Bislig 1-B District, Division of Bislig City. A quantitative descriptive-correlational design was employed among 78 public school teachers selected from nine schools in the district using purposive eligibility criteria and complete coverage of the identified teacher population. An adapted and contextualized survey questionnaire measured ECP awareness across promotion pathways, professional development opportunities, competency-based evaluation, and compensation, incentives, and benefits, and measured job satisfaction across work environment, salary and benefits, career advancement opportunities, and administrative and institutional support. Data were analyzed using frequency, percentage, weighted mean, standard deviation, independent-samples t-test, one-way ANOVA, and Pearson product-moment correlation. Teachers were generally aware of the ECP system (WM = 3.93), with the highest awareness in professional development opportunities (WM = 4.14) and compensation, incentives, and benefits (WM = 4.13). They were generally satisfied with their jobs (WM = 3.80), with administrative and institutional support receiving the highest rating (WM = 3.99). Significant differences in both ECP awareness and job satisfaction were found according to age, educational attainment, and job position/rank, but not according to sex or teaching assignment. ECP awareness was moderately and positively related to job satisfaction (r = .482, p = .001). The findings indicate that clearer communication of promotion and evaluation mechanisms, accessible professional development, manageable workloads, transparent career opportunities, and continuing institutional support may strengthen teacher satisfaction and engagement.

این پژوهش سطح آگاهی معلمان مدارس دولتی از نظام توسعه‌یافته‌ی پیشرفت شغلی (ECP) را تعیین کرده و رابطه‌ی آن را با رضایت شغلی در ناحیه Bislig 1-B، اداره آموزش و پرورش شهر Bislig مورد بررسی قرار داده است. طرح پژوهش کمی از نوع توصیفی-همبستگی بر روی ۷۸ معلم مدارس دولتی که از میان نه مدرسه‌ی این ناحیه با استفاده از معیارهای هدفمند و پوشش کامل جمعیت معلمان شناسایی‌شده انتخاب شدند، اجرا شد. پرسشنامه‌ای اقتباس‌شده و بومی‌سازی‌شده، آگاهی از ECP را در محورهای مسیرهای ارتقاء، فرصت‌های توسعه حرفه‌ای، ارزیابی مبتنی بر شایستگی و جبران خدمات، مشوق‌ها و مزایا و همچنین رضایت شغلی را در محورهای محیط کار، حقوق و مزایا، فرصت‌های پیشرفت شغلی و حمایت اداری و نهادی اندازه‌گیری کرد. داده‌ها با استفاده از فراوانی، درصد، میانگین وزنی، انحراف معیار، آزمون t مستقل، تحلیل واریانس یک‌طرفه (ANOVA) و همبستگی حاصل‌ضرب لحظه‌ای پیرسون تحلیل شدند. معلمان به طور کلی از نظام ECP آگاهی داشتند (WM = 3.93)، که بیشترین آگاهی مربوط به فرصت‌های توسعه حرفه‌ای (WM = 4.14) و جبران خدمات، مشوق‌ها و مزایا (WM = 4.13) بود. آن‌ها به طور کلی از شغل خود رضایت داشتند (WM = 3.80)، که بالاترین امتیاز مربوط به حمایت اداری و نهادی (WM = 3.99) بود. تفاوت معناداری در هر دو متغیر آگاهی از ECP و رضایت شغلی بر اساس سن، سطح تحصیلات و موقعیت/رتبه شغلی مشاهده شد، اما بر اساس جنسیت یا نوع تدریس تفاوت معناداری وجود نداشت. آگاهی از ECP با رضایت شغلی رابطه‌ای مثبت و متوسط داشت (r = .482, p = .001). یافته‌ها نشان می‌دهد که شفافیت بیشتر در ارتباط با سازوکارهای ارتقاء و ارزیابی، دسترسی به توسعه حرفه‌ای، حجم کار قابل مدیریت، فرصت‌های شغلی شفاف و حمایت نهادی مستمر می‌تواند رضایت و مشارکت معلمان را تقویت کند.

This study determined the challenges encountered, coping mechanisms adopted, and work performance of security guards at Naga College Foundation, Inc., City of Naga, during School Year 2024-2025 and used the findings as the basis for intervention strategies. A descriptive-correlational design was employed with all 33 eligible security guards deployed in the academic campuses of the institution. Data were gathered through a validated researcher-made questionnaire and unstructured interviews; the questionnaire obtained a Cronbach alpha reliability coefficient of .86 and a reported validity coefficient of .93. Weighted means, Pearson product-moment correlation, and coefficients of determination were used for analysis. Results showed that the guards generally experienced moderately low challenges in physical and mental demands, work environment and operations, and job satisfaction and corporation. Coping mechanisms were reported as often practiced in the emotional and social domains and sometimes practiced in the physical domain, while performance was rated very good in personality and personal behavior, work behavior, and productivity. Significant associations were reported between the challenge domains and emotional coping (r = .93, p = .022), while job satisfaction and corporation was significantly associated with personality and personal behavior (r = .98, p = .003), work behavior (r = .91, p = .035), and productivity (r = .92, p = .027). Coefficients of determination further indicated very strong influence on emotional coping and on the three performance dimensions. The study concluded that, although challenges were generally manageable, structured interventions remain important for sustaining guards’ coping capacity and performance. Intervention strategies organized through the Analyze, Design, and Develop components of the modified ADDIE model were therefore proposed for implementation, monitoring, and evaluation.

این پژوهش به تعیین چالش‌های مواجه‌شده، راهبردهای مقابله‌ای اتخاذشده و عملکرد شغلی نگهبانان امنیتی بنیاد کالج ناگا، شهر ناگا، در سال تحصیلی ۲۰۲۴-۲۰۲۵ پرداخته و یافته‌ها را به‌عنوان مبنایی برای تدوین راهبردهای مداخله‌ای مورد استفاده قرار داده است. طرح پژوهش توصیفی-همبستگی بوده و کلیه ۳۳ نگهبان امنیتی واجد شرایط که در پردیس‌های آموزشی این مؤسسه مستقر بودند، در مطالعه شرکت داشتند. داده‌ها از طریق پرسشنامه محقق‌ساخته با روایی گزارش‌شده ۰٫۹۳ و ضریب پایایی آلفای کرونباخ ۰٫۸۶ و همچنین مصاحبه‌های بدون ساختار گردآوری شد. برای تحلیل داده‌ها از میانگین‌های وزنی، همبستگی حاصل‌ضرب لحظه‌ای پیرسون و ضرایب تعیین استفاده گردید. نتایج نشان داد که نگهبانان به طور کلی با چالش‌های نسبتاً پایینی در حوزه‌های الزامات جسمی و روانی، محیط و عملیات کاری و رضایت شغلی و همکاری مواجه بودند. راهبردهای مقابله‌ای در حوزه‌های هیجانی و اجتماعی غالباً و در حوزه جسمانی گاهی اوقات به کار گرفته می‌شدند و عملکرد در ابعاد شخصیت و رفتار فردی، رفتار کاری و بهره‌وری بسیار خوب ارزیابی شد. بین حوزه‌های چالش و مقابله هیجانی (r = .93, p = .022) ارتباط معناداری مشاهده شد و همچنین رضایت شغلی و همکاری با شخصیت و رفتار فردی (r = .98, p = .003)، رفتار کاری (r = .91, p = .035) و بهره‌وری (r = .92, p = .027) ارتباط معناداری داشت. ضرایب تعیین نیز نشان‌دهنده تأثیر بسیار قوی بر مقابله هیجانی و سه بعد عملکرد بودند. پژوهش نتیجه گرفت که اگرچه چالش‌ها عموماً قابل مدیریت بودند، اما مداخلات ساختاریافته برای حفظ ظرفیت مقابله‌ای و عملکرد نگهبانان اهمیت دارد. بر این اساس، راهبردهای مداخله‌ای مبتنی بر اجزای تحلیل، طراحی و توسعه مدل تعدیل‌شده ADDIE برای اجرا، پایش و ارزیابی پیشنهاد شد.

This study determined the organizational climate of Rizal High School and the leadership styles manifested by its administrators during School Year 2017-2018 as a basis for a transformational leadership training program. The thesis characterized the inquiry as a mixed quantitative-qualitative study and operationalized it primarily through a descriptive-correlational survey design. The entire population of 170 Junior High School student-leaders served as respondents. Leadership style was assessed using the 37-item Multifactor Leadership Questionnaire 5X-Short, while school climate was measured using the 42-item Student Development Program-School Climate Survey for High School-Revised Edition. Weighted mean was used to describe leadership styles and school climate; Pearson product-moment correlation and a t-test of the correlation coefficient were used to test relationships. Administrators were perceived to always manifest idealized influence-attributed (M = 3.24) and inspirational motivation (M = 3.26), often manifest idealized influence-behavior, intellectual stimulation, individual consideration, contingent reward, and active management-by-exception, and sometimes exhibit passive management-by-exception and avoidance. Student-leaders described sharing of resources (M = 3.14) and student-teacher relations (M = 3.32) as positive, while order and discipline, school building, student interpersonal relations, and parent involvement were somewhat positive. Significant relationships were reported between transformational leadership and physical climate (r = .98, p < .05), transactional leadership and academic climate (r = 1.00, p < .05), and laissez-faire leadership and social climate (r = 1.00, p < .05). The findings supported the development of a transformational leadership training program for administrators, teachers, and student-leaders to strengthen the school’s physical, social, and academic climate.

این پژوهش به تعیین اقلیم سازمانی دبیرستان Rizal و سبک‌های رهبری بروز یافته توسط مدیران آن در سال تحصیلی ۲۰۱۷-۲۰۱۸ به‌عنوان مبنایی برای برنامه آموزشی رهبری تحول‌آفرین پرداخت. این پایان‌نامه پژوهش را به‌عنوان مطالعه‌ای ترکیبی (کمی-کیفی) توصیف کرده و عمدتاً از طریق طرح پژوهش توصیفی-همبستگی عملیاتی شده است. کل جامعه آماری شامل ۱۷۰ نفر از دانش‌آموزان رهبر مقطع متوسطه اول به‌عنوان پاسخ‌دهندگان انتخاب شدند. سبک رهبری با استفاده از پرسشنامه ۳۷ ماده‌ای Multifactor Leadership Questionnaire 5X-Short ارزیابی شد و اقلیم مدرسه با پرسشنامه ۴۲ ماده‌ای Student Development Program-School Climate Survey for High School-Revised Edition سنجیده شد. برای توصیف سبک‌های رهبری و اقلیم مدرسه از میانگین وزنی استفاده شد؛ برای آزمون روابط از همبستگی پیرسون و آزمون t ضریب همبستگی بهره گرفته شد. مدیران از دیدگاه پاسخ‌دهندگان همواره نفوذ ایده‌آل-منتسب (M = 3.24) و انگیزش الهام‌بخش (M = 3.26) را نشان می‌دهند، غالباً نفوذ ایده‌آل-رفتاری، تحریک فکری، ملاحظه فردی، پاداش مشروط و مدیریت فعال بر اساس استثنا را بروز می‌دهند و گاهی مدیریت منفعل بر اساس استثنا و اجتناب را نشان می‌دهند. دانش‌آموزان رهبر، اشتراک منابع (M = 3.14) و روابط دانش‌آموز-معلم (M = 3.32) را مثبت توصیف کردند، در حالی که نظم و انضباط، ساختمان مدرسه، روابط بین‌فردی دانش‌آموزان و مشارکت والدین تا حدی مثبت ارزیابی شد. روابط معناداری بین رهبری تحول‌آفرین و اقلیم فیزیکی (r = .98, p < .05)، رهبری تبادلی و اقلیم آموزشی (r = 1.00, p < .05)، و رهبری عدم مداخله و اقلیم اجتماعی (r = 1.00, p < .05) گزارش شد. یافته‌ها از توسعه برنامه آموزشی رهبری تحول‌آفرین برای مدیران، معلمان و دانش‌آموزان رهبر به‌منظور تقویت اقلیم فیزیکی، اجتماعی و آموزشی مدرسه حمایت می‌کند.

This qualitative study employed Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis (IPA) as its research design and centered on eight mathematics educators from the Negros Island Region in the Philippines. These educators were officially enrolled in master's or doctoral programs at Higher Education Institutions (HEIs) during the academic year 2024-2025. The researcher employed purposive-convenience sampling, selecting readily accessible mathematics educators who also met specific criteria: they had conducted at least one research study, had presented a study, and had taught in a public high school for at least two years. The study sought to understand their lived experiences related to research engagement, using in-depth interviews to capture their motivations, challenges, coping mechanisms, perceived benefits, and insights. The mathematics educators' primary motivator stemmed from a genuine desire to improve their learners' lives, focusing on strategies to enhance comprehension, reduce anxiety, and promote equity. However, these educators faced considerable challenges, including time constraints due to heavy workloads and limited resources, particularly in public schools and part-time positions. To overcome these obstacles, they demonstrated resourcefulness and relied on collaboration, sharing ideas and leveraging networks for support. Despite the hardships, research engagement brought significant rewards, most notably witnessing learners' "lightbulb moments" and experiencing professional growth. Ultimately, the study highlighted the dedication and resilience of these educators, emphasizing the urgent need for institutional support to foster a research culture that empowers them to advance mathematics education in the Philippines.

این مطالعه کیفی با به‌کارگیری طرح پژوهشی تحلیل پدیدارشناختی تفسیری (IPA) انجام شده و بر هشت آموزگار ریاضی از منطقه جزیره نِگروس در فیلیپین متمرکز است. این آموزگاران به طور رسمی در برنامه‌های کارشناسی ارشد یا دکتری در مؤسسات آموزش عالی (HEIs) در سال تحصیلی ۲۰۲۴-۲۰۲۵ ثبت‌نام کرده بودند. پژوهشگر از نمونه‌گیری هدفمند-سهولت‌محور استفاده کرد و آموزگاران ریاضی را که به آسانی در دسترس بودند و همچنین معیارهای خاصی را دارا بودند انتخاب نمود: انجام حداقل یک مطالعه پژوهشی، ارائه یک پژوهش و داشتن سابقه تدریس در دبیرستان دولتی به مدت حداقل دو سال. هدف این مطالعه، فهم تجارب زیسته آنان در ارتباط با مشارکت پژوهشی بود و برای ثبت انگیزه‌ها، چالش‌ها، سازوکارهای مقابله‌ای، فواید ادراک‌شده و بینش‌های آنان از مصاحبه‌های عمیق بهره گرفته شد. انگیزه اصلی آموزگاران ریاضی، تمایل واقعی برای بهبود زندگی یادگیرندگان‌شان بود که بر راهبردهایی برای ارتقای درک، کاهش اضطراب و ترویج عدالت تمرکز داشت. با این حال، این آموزگاران با چالش‌های قابل توجهی از جمله محدودیت زمانی ناشی از حجم بالای کار و کمبود منابع، به ویژه در مدارس دولتی و موقعیت‌های پاره‌وقت، مواجه بودند. برای غلبه بر این موانع، آنان با ابتکار عمل و تکیه بر همکاری، به اشتراک‌گذاری ایده‌ها و بهره‌گیری از شبکه‌های حمایتی پرداختند. علی‌رغم دشواری‌ها، مشارکت پژوهشی پاداش‌های قابل توجهی به همراه داشت که مهم‌ترین آن مشاهده «لحظات روشن‌شدن ذهن» یادگیرندگان و تجربه رشد حرفه‌ای بود. در نهایت، این مطالعه بر تعهد و تاب‌آوری این آموزگاران تأکید کرده و نیاز فوری به حمایت نهادی برای تقویت فرهنگ پژوهش به منظور توانمندسازی آنان در پیشبرد آموزش ریاضی در فیلیپین را برجسته می‌کند.

This study assessed the instructional skills of Master Teachers, organizational commitment, and school performance in public junior high schools in the Division of Bacoor City and used the findings as the basis for a capability-building program. A descriptive-comparative-correlational design was employed using a validated researcher-made survey questionnaire and documentary analysis of school performance records. The study involved 878 respondents comprising 11 Education Program Supervisors, 21 school administrators, 50 Master Teachers, and 796 teachers. Percentage, weighted mean, one-way analysis of variance, Tukey-Kramer post-hoc test, Pearson correlation, and regression analysis were used. Master Teachers’ instructional skills were rated highly evident overall (grand mean = 4.50), with classroom management receiving the highest composite mean (4.67) and innovation and research the lowest (4.15). Organizational commitment was rated very committed (grand mean = 4.46), led by affective commitment (4.57). Significant differences were found among respondent groups across all seven instructional-skill domains. School performance showed varying enrollment, school-leaver, retention, and promotion patterns across schools over three school years. Instructional skills were significantly related to organizational commitment (R = .935, F = 9.234, p = .049), but instructional skills and organizational commitment did not significantly predict school performance. Challenges in instructional skills and organizational commitment were moderately encountered, with composite means of 2.65 and 2.40, respectively. The proposed capability-building program was rated highly suitable, highly acceptable, and highly feasible, each with an overall mean of 4.61. The findings support sustained professional development focused on research, innovation, mentoring, instructional leadership, and organizational engagement.

این پژوهش به ارزیابی مهارت‌های آموزشی معلمان راهنما، تعهد سازمانی و عملکرد مدرسه در دبیرستان‌های دولتی دوره اول متوسطه در منطقه Bacoor City پرداخته و یافته‌ها را به عنوان مبنایی برای برنامه توانمندسازی مورد استفاده قرار داده است. طرح پژوهش توصیفی-مقایسه‌ای-همبستگی با استفاده از پرسشنامه محقق‌ساخته معتبر و تحلیل اسنادی سوابق عملکرد مدارس به کار گرفته شد. جامعه پژوهش شامل ۸۷۸ نفر از جمله ۱۱ ناظر برنامه آموزشی، ۲۱ مدیر مدرسه، ۵۰ معلم راهنما و ۷۹۶ معلم بود. از درصد، میانگین وزنی، تحلیل واریانس یک‌طرفه، آزمون پس از hoc توکی-کرامر، همبستگی پیرسون و تحلیل رگرسیون استفاده شد. مهارت‌های آموزشی معلمان راهنما در مجموع بسیار مشهود ارزیابی شد (میانگین کل = ۴٫۵۰)، که مدیریت کلاس بالاترین میانگین ترکیبی (۴٫۶۷) و نوآوری و پژوهش پایین‌ترین (۴٫۱۵) را داشتند. تعهد سازمانی در سطح بسیار متعهد (میانگین کل = ۴٫۴۶) ارزیابی شد و تعهد عاطفی (۴٫۵۷) در صدر قرار داشت. تفاوت معناداری میان گروه‌های پاسخ‌دهنده در تمامی هفت حوزه مهارت آموزشی مشاهده شد. عملکرد مدرسه در سه سال تحصیلی مختلف، الگوهای متفاوتی از ثبت‌نام، ترک تحصیل، ماندگاری و ارتقاء را نشان داد. مهارت‌های آموزشی با تعهد سازمانی رابطه معناداری داشتند (R = .935, F = 9.234, p = .049)، اما مهارت‌های آموزشی و تعهد سازمانی پیش‌بینی‌کننده معناداری برای عملکرد مدرسه نبودند. چالش‌های مربوط به مهارت‌های آموزشی و تعهد سازمانی در حد متوسط تجربه شدند، با میانگین ترکیبی به ترتیب ۲٫۶۵ و ۲٫۴۰. برنامه پیشنهادی توانمندسازی از نظر تناسب، پذیرش و امکان‌پذیری، هر یک با میانگین کل ۴٫۶۱، بسیار مطلوب ارزیابی شد. یافته‌ها بر توسعه حرفه‌ای مستمر با تمرکز بر پژوهش، نوآوری، مشاوره، رهبری آموزشی و مشارکت سازمانی تأکید دارند.

This study examined the implementation of higher-order thinking skills (HOTS)-based instruction, teachers’ competencies, and learners’ critical reading abilities in eight public secondary schools in Silang 2 District, Cavite, as a basis for an intervention program. A descriptive-correlational design was used, with purposive sampling involving 316 respondents composed of 4 supervisors, 48 school administrators, and 264 junior high school English teachers. A researcher-made, expert-validated and pilot-tested survey questionnaire assessed HOTS implementation, teacher competencies, perceived learners’ critical reading abilities, implementation problems, and the proposed intervention program. Percentage, weighted mean, analysis of variance, and Pearson product-moment correlation were used. HOTS-based instruction was implemented across all domains (overall WM = 4.00), while teachers were generally competent (overall WM = 4.01), with communication competence rated highest (WM = 4.24). Learners’ critical reading ability was reported as evident (overall mean = 3.99), with evaluation and judgment obtaining the highest domain mean (3.88). No significant differences were found in HOTS implementation or teacher competencies across respondent groups. HOTS implementation was strongly and significantly related to learners’ critical reading ability (r = .838), whereas its relationship with teacher competencies and the relationship between teacher competencies and critical reading ability were weak and nonsignificant (r = .339). Problems in implementation were encountered (M = 3.53), particularly technological-skill and pedagogical-support limitations. The proposed intervention was rated highly suitable (4.44), highly acceptable (4.56), and feasible (4.19). The findings support sustained, aligned HOTS pedagogy, technology-focused professional development, and integrated critical reading interventions.

این پژوهش به بررسی اجرای آموزش مبتنی بر مهارت‌های تفکر سطح بالاتر (HOTS)، شایستگی‌های معلمان و توانایی‌های خواندن انتقادی یادگیرندگان در هشت دبیرستان دولتی منطقه Silang 2 در استان Cavite به عنوان مبنایی برای یک برنامه مداخله‌ای پرداخت. طرح پژوهش توصیفی-همبستگی بود و نمونه‌گیری هدفمند با مشارکت ۳۱۶ نفر شامل ۴ سرپرست، ۴۸ مدیر مدرسه و ۲۶۴ معلم زبان انگلیسی دوره متوسطه اول انجام شد. پرسشنامه‌ای محقق‌ساخته، اعتبارسنجی‌شده توسط خبرگان و آزمون مقدماتی، برای ارزیابی اجرای HOTS، شایستگی معلمان، توانایی خواندن انتقادی ادراک‌شده یادگیرندگان، مشکلات اجرای برنامه و برنامه مداخله‌ای پیشنهادی به کار رفت. از درصد، میانگین وزنی، تحلیل واریانس و ضریب همبستگی پیرسون استفاده شد. آموزش مبتنی بر HOTS در تمامی حوزه‌ها اجرا شد (میانگین وزنی کل = ۴٫۰۰) و معلمان عموماً شایسته ارزیابی شدند (میانگین وزنی کل = ۴٫۰۱) که بالاترین امتیاز مربوط به شایستگی ارتباطی بود (میانگین وزنی = ۴٫۲۴). توانایی خواندن انتقادی یادگیرندگان مشهود گزارش شد (میانگین کل = ۳٫۹۹) و بالاترین میانگین حوزه مربوط به ارزیابی و داوری بود (۳٫۸۸). تفاوت معناداری در اجرای HOTS یا شایستگی معلمان بین گروه‌های پاسخ‌دهنده مشاهده نشد. اجرای HOTS با توانایی خواندن انتقادی یادگیرندگان رابطه قوی و معناداری داشت (r = .838)، در حالی که رابطه آن با شایستگی معلمان و همچنین رابطه بین شایستگی معلمان و توانایی خواندن انتقادی ضعیف و غیرمعنادار بود (r = .339). مشکلاتی در اجرای برنامه مشاهده شد (میانگین = ۳٫۵۳)، به‌ویژه در زمینه محدودیت‌های مهارت‌های فناورانه و حمایت‌های آموزشی. برنامه مداخله‌ای پیشنهادی از نظر تناسب (۴٫۴۴)، مقبولیت (۴٫۵۶) و امکان‌پذیری (۴٫۱۹) امتیاز بالایی کسب کرد. یافته‌ها از تداوم و همسویی آموزش مبتنی بر HOTS، توسعه حرفه‌ای با تمرکز بر فناوری و مداخلات یکپارچه خواندن انتقادی حمایت می‌کند.

This study explored how learning standards alignment, supervisory sense-making, and instructional support coherence collectively shaped curriculum leadership at scale in Region II, Philippines. A quantitative explanatory design employing partial least squares structural equation modeling was developed to assess the relationships among these constructs. The study involved 320 education program supervisors, curriculum implementers, public schools district supervisors, school heads, master teachers, and selected teachers, with participants selected through simple random sampling. Data were represented through a structured questionnaire and analyzed using descriptive statistics, measurement model assessment, and structural path analysis. The findings indicated high levels of learning standards alignment (M = 3.75), supervisory sense-making (M = 3.72), instructional support coherence (M = 3.52), and curriculum leadership at scale (M = 3.58). All three explanatory constructs demonstrated positive relationships with curriculum leadership, with instructional support coherence emerging as the strongest predictor (β = 0.38), followed by supervisory sense-making (β = 0.29) and learning standards alignment (β = 0.24). The proposed model accounted for 58.5% of the variance in curriculum leadership outcomes (R² = 0.585). These findings suggest that effective curriculum leadership depends not only on the interpretation and alignment of educational standards but also on the consistency of instructional assistance across administrative levels. Strengthening coordinated technical support, collaborative supervisory decisions, and sustained professional learning may contribute to more coherent curriculum implementation in Region II.

این مطالعه به بررسی چگونگی تأثیر هم‌ترازی استانداردهای یادگیری، معنا‌بخشی نظارتی و انسجام حمایت‌های آموزشی بر رهبری برنامهٔ درسی در مقیاس وسیع در منطقهٔ دوم فیلیپین پرداخت. یک طرح کمی تبیینی با بهره‌گیری از مدل‌سازی معادلات ساختاری حداقل مربعات جزئی برای ارزیابی روابط میان این سازه‌ها تدوین شد. جامعهٔ پژوهش شامل ۳۲۰ نفر از ناظران برنامه‌های آموزشی، مجریان برنامهٔ درسی، ناظران نواحی مدارس دولتی، مدیران مدارس، معلمان راهنما و برخی معلمان منتخب بود که با روش نمونه‌گیری تصادفی ساده انتخاب شدند. داده‌ها از طریق پرسشنامهٔ ساختاریافته گردآوری و با استفاده از آمار توصیفی، ارزیابی مدل اندازه‌گیری و تحلیل مسیر ساختاری تحلیل شدند. یافته‌ها نشان دادند که سطوح هم‌ترازی استانداردهای یادگیری (M = 3.75)، معنا‌بخشی نظارتی (M = 3.72)، انسجام حمایت‌های آموزشی (M = 3.52) و رهبری برنامهٔ درسی در مقیاس وسیع (M = 3.58) بالا بود. هر سه سازهٔ تبیینی رابطهٔ مثبت با رهبری برنامهٔ درسی نشان دادند و انسجام حمایت‌های آموزشی قوی‌ترین پیش‌بین (β = 0.38) بود، سپس معنا‌بخشی نظارتی (β = 0.29) و هم‌ترازی استانداردهای یادگیری (β = 0.24) قرار داشتند. مدل پیشنهادی ۵۸.۵٪ از واریانس نتایج رهبری برنامهٔ درسی را تبیین کرد (R² = 0.585). این یافته‌ها نشان می‌دهد که رهبری مؤثر برنامهٔ درسی نه تنها به تفسیر و هم‌ترازی استانداردهای آموزشی بلکه به انسجام حمایت‌های آموزشی در سطوح مختلف اداری وابسته است. تقویت حمایت فنی هماهنگ، تصمیم‌گیری نظارتی مشارکتی و یادگیری حرفه‌ای مستمر می‌تواند به اجرای منسجم‌تر برنامهٔ درسی در منطقهٔ دوم کمک کند.

This study examined the practices and initiatives in implementing the Work Immersion Program (WIP) in private Senior High Schools in Batangas Province and used the findings as the basis for a sustainable management program. A descriptive mixed-methods design was employed. Quantitative data were gathered through a researcher-developed questionnaire from 352 students, 29 school heads, and 29 immersion focal persons from 29 participating private schools; qualitative data were generated through a focus group discussion with six directly involved program implementers. The instrument was expert-validated and demonstrated strong internal consistency, with Cronbach’s alpha coefficients ranging from .867 to .918 across the three immersion phases and .959 overall. Frequency, percentage, weighted mean, standard deviation, independent-samples t-test, and one-way analysis of variance were used for quantitative analysis, while focus-group responses were subjected to thematic analysis. The schools predominantly offered the ABM strand, used the 80-hour Model A delivery, maintained fewer than three partner industries, partnered mainly with local government units and private establishments, and were commonly located in rural town-proper areas. Pre-immersion, immersion proper, and post-immersion practices were implemented to a great extent. Assessments of the three respondent groups differed significantly across all phases, while most school-profile variables did not produce significant differences; exceptions involved the number of students per track during immersion proper and the number of partner industries during pre-immersion. Qualitative findings highlighted partnership strengthening, monitoring and learning support, as well as logistical, safety, behavioral, and financial challenges. These findings informed LINK, a holistic and sustainable Work Immersion Management Program designed to strengthen support, career guidance, resilience, industry linkages, and skills development.

این پژوهش به بررسی رویکردها و ابتکارات در اجرای برنامه کارآموزی (Work Immersion Program - WIP) در دبیرستان‌های غیرانتفاعی استان باتانگاس پرداخته و یافته‌ها را مبنایی برای تدوین یک برنامه مدیریت پایدار قرار داده است. طرح پژوهش توصیفی با رویکرد ترکیبی به کار گرفته شد. داده‌های کمی از طریق پرسشنامه محقق‌ساخته از ۳۵۲ دانش‌آموز، ۲۹ مدیر مدرسه و ۲۹ مسئول کارآموزی از ۲۹ مدرسه غیرانتفاعی جمع‌آوری شد؛ داده‌های کیفی نیز از طریق بحث گروهی متمرکز با شش نفر از مجریان مستقیم برنامه به دست آمد. ابزار پژوهش توسط خبرگان اعتبارسنجی شد و از پایایی داخلی بالایی برخوردار بود، به طوری که ضرایب آلفای کرونباخ برای سه مرحله کارآموزی بین ۰.۸۶۷ تا ۰.۹۱۸ و در مجموع ۰.۹۵۹ بود. برای تحلیل داده‌های کمی از فراوانی، درصد، میانگین وزنی، انحراف معیار، آزمون t مستقل و تحلیل واریانس یک‌طرفه استفاده شد و پاسخ‌های گروه متمرکز با تحلیل تماتیک بررسی گردید. مدارس عمدتاً رشته ABM را ارائه می‌دادند، از مدل ۸۰ ساعته A استفاده می‌کردند، کمتر از سه صنعت همکار داشتند، عمدتاً با واحدهای دولتی محلی و مؤسسات خصوصی همکاری می‌کردند و معمولاً در مناطق روستایی واقع بودند. رویکردهای پیش از کارآموزی، حین کارآموزی و پس از کارآموزی تا حد زیادی اجرا می‌شد. ارزیابی سه گروه پاسخ‌دهنده در تمام مراحل تفاوت معناداری داشت، در حالی که بیشتر متغیرهای مشخصات مدرسه تفاوت معناداری ایجاد نکرد؛ استثناها شامل تعداد دانش‌آموزان هر رشته در مرحله کارآموزی و تعداد صنایع همکار در مرحله پیش از کارآموزی بود. یافته‌های کیفی بر تقویت همکاری‌ها، پایش و حمایت آموزشی، و همچنین چالش‌های لجستیکی، ایمنی، رفتاری و مالی تأکید داشت. این یافته‌ها مبنای طراحی برنامه جامع و پایدار مدیریت کارآموزی LINK قرار گرفت که با هدف تقویت حمایت، راهنمایی شغلی، تاب‌آوری، پیوند با صنعت و توسعه مهارت‌ها تدوین شده است.

This study examined how educational leaders navigated systemic barriers and harnessed data to advance transformative, equitable, and sustainable educational leadership. A qualitative descriptive design under an interpretivist paradigm was employed at Branchville High School in the Orangeburg County School District, South Carolina, USA. Eight school administrators were purposively selected based on their direct involvement in data-informed decision-making, instructional leadership, policy implementation, and equity-related initiatives. Data were generated through approximately 60-minute semi-structured interviews, audio-recorded with consent and transcribed verbatim. Analysis integrated Colaizzi’s phenomenological procedures for identifying significant statements and formulated meanings with Braun and Clarke’s thematic analysis for coding, clustering, reviewing, and defining themes. Credibility was strengthened through member checking, peer debriefing, reflexivity, and an audit trail. Three interconnected themes emerged: leading transformative change through student-centered decision-making, collaboration, and continuous improvement; ethical and responsive leadership through data-informed service, equity, collaboration, and student-centered decision-making; and integrating relational ethics, responsibility, and data-informed leadership for equitable and responsive educational practice. The findings showed that leaders treated data as meaningful only when interpreted within students’ lived realities, stakeholder relationships, and ethical responsibilities. The study culminated in the C.A.R.E.S. Leadership Framework, which integrates collaborative partnerships, accountability and attentiveness, reflective and responsible data use, inclusive learning communities, and sustainable innovation. The study concludes that ethical, relational, and evidence-informed leadership can strengthen equitable school improvement and advance Sustainable Development Goal 4.

این مطالعه به بررسی چگونگی عبور رهبران آموزشی از موانع نظام‌مند و بهره‌گیری از داده‌ها برای پیشبرد رهبری آموزشی تحول‌آفرین، عادلانه و پایدار پرداخته است. طرح پژوهش توصیفی کیفی در چارچوب پارادایم تفسیرگرایانه در دبیرستان Branchville واقع در منطقه آموزشی شهرستان Orangeburg، ایالت کارولینای جنوبی، ایالات متحده آمریکا اجرا شد. هشت نفر از مدیران مدرسه به صورت هدفمند و بر اساس مشارکت مستقیم در تصمیم‌گیری مبتنی بر داده، رهبری آموزشی، اجرای سیاست‌ها و ابتکارات مرتبط با عدالت انتخاب شدند. داده‌ها از طریق مصاحبه‌های نیمه‌ساختاریافته حدوداً ۶۰ دقیقه‌ای، با رضایت شرکت‌کنندگان ضبط صوتی و به صورت کلمه‌به‌کلمه پیاده‌سازی گردید. تحلیل داده‌ها با ادغام روش‌های پدیدارشناسانه Colaizzi برای شناسایی گزاره‌های معنادار و استخراج معانی، و تحلیل تماتیک Braun و Clarke برای کدگذاری، خوشه‌بندی، بازبینی و تعریف تم‌ها انجام شد. اعتبار پژوهش از طریق بازبینی اعضا، بحث گروهی با همتایان، تأمل‌پذیری و ثبت مسیر حسابرسی تقویت گردید. سه تم مرتبط استخراج شد: رهبری تحول‌آفرین از طریق تصمیم‌گیری دانش‌آموزمحور، همکاری و بهبود مستمر؛ رهبری اخلاقی و پاسخگو از طریق خدمت مبتنی بر داده، عدالت، همکاری و تصمیم‌گیری دانش‌آموزمحور؛ و ادغام اخلاق رابطه‌ای، مسئولیت‌پذیری و رهبری مبتنی بر داده برای عمل آموزشی عادلانه و پاسخگو. یافته‌ها نشان داد رهبران زمانی داده‌ها را معنادار تلقی می‌کنند که در بستر واقعیت‌های زیسته دانش‌آموزان، روابط ذینفعان و مسئولیت‌های اخلاقی تفسیر شوند. این مطالعه به چارچوب رهبری C.A.R.E.S. انجامید که مشارکت‌های تعاملی، پاسخگویی و توجه، استفاده بازتابی و مسئولانه از داده، جوامع یادگیری فراگیر و نوآوری پایدار را دربرمی‌گیرد. نتیجه‌گیری پژوهش آن است که رهبری اخلاقی، رابطه‌ای و مبتنی بر شواهد می‌تواند بهبود عادلانه مدارس و پیشبرد هدف توسعه پایدار ۴ را تقویت کند.

This qualitative descriptive case study examined the financial management experiences, challenges, and proposed solutions of school heads in Claveria North District, Masbate, and used the findings as basis for a Financial Management Capacity Enhancement Program. Ten public school heads with at least five years of leadership experience were purposively selected from principals, head teachers, and teachers-in-charge. Data were gathered through semi-structured one-on-one interviews and review of pertinent school financial documents, then analyzed thematically. Findings showed that school heads managed persistent resource inadequacy, delayed fund releases, unexpected expenditures, geographic and logistical constraints, limited formal financial management training, procurement bottlenecks, and demanding documentation and liquidation requirements. Despite these conditions, they developed competence through prioritization, strategic budget allocation, community fundraising, income-generating activities, adaptive procurement practices, peer learning, and close stakeholder coordination; some also relied on personal funds when official resources were delayed. The study concludes that the resourcefulness of rural school heads cannot substitute for institutionalized support. Context-responsive financial training, clearer and more adaptive procedures, timely releases, stronger supplier and stakeholder networks, and standardized accounting and liquidation support are therefore necessary. These findings informed a capacity enhancement program intended to strengthen transparency, accountability, compliance, and efficient financial governance in geographically isolated rural schools.

این مطالعه موردی توصیفی کیفی به بررسی تجارب، چالش‌ها و راهکارهای پیشنهادی مدیران مدارس در زمینه مدیریت مالی در منطقه شمالی Claveria، استان Masbate پرداخت و یافته‌های به‌دست‌آمده را مبنایی برای طراحی برنامه ارتقاء ظرفیت مدیریت مالی قرار داد. ده نفر از مدیران مدارس دولتی با حداقل پنج سال سابقه رهبری، به‌صورت هدفمند از میان مدیران، معاونان و مسئولان مدارس انتخاب شدند. داده‌ها از طریق مصاحبه‌های نیمه‌ساختاریافته فردی و بررسی اسناد مالی مرتبط مدارس گردآوری و به‌صورت تماتیک تحلیل شدند. یافته‌ها نشان داد که مدیران مدارس با کمبود مداوم منابع، تأخیر در تخصیص بودجه، هزینه‌های پیش‌بینی‌نشده، محدودیت‌های جغرافیایی و لجستیکی، آموزش رسمی محدود در زمینه مدیریت مالی، گلوگاه‌های تأمین کالا و الزامات دشوار مستندسازی و تسویه حساب مواجه بودند. با وجود این شرایط، آن‌ها از طریق اولویت‌بندی، تخصیص راهبردی بودجه، جمع‌آوری کمک‌های مردمی، فعالیت‌های درآمدزا، شیوه‌های تطبیقی در تأمین کالا، یادگیری از همتایان و هماهنگی نزدیک با ذینفعان، شایستگی لازم را کسب کردند؛ برخی نیز در صورت تأخیر منابع رسمی، از منابع شخصی خود استفاده می‌کردند. مطالعه نتیجه می‌گیرد که ابتکار و خلاقیت مدیران مدارس روستایی جایگزین حمایت‌های نهادی نمی‌شود. بنابراین، آموزش مالی متناسب با زمینه، رویه‌های شفاف و تطبیقی‌تر، تخصیص به‌موقع منابع، شبکه‌های قوی‌تر تأمین‌کنندگان و ذینفعان و پشتیبانی استانداردشده حسابداری و تسویه حساب ضروری است. این یافته‌ها مبنای برنامه ارتقاء ظرفیت با هدف تقویت شفافیت، پاسخگویی، رعایت مقررات و حکمرانی مالی کارآمد در مدارس روستایی دورافتاده قرار گرفت.

This study examined parent assessments of teachers’ practices in preparing study guides and extension menus for learners with special educational needs (LSENs), with the objective of informing tools for independent study. A descriptive survey combining correlational and comparative analyses involved 45 parent-respondents of learners at Manggahan Elementary School, General Trias, Cavite. A researcher-developed and expert-reviewed questionnaire used a four-point response scale. Frequencies, percentages, weighted means, the reported Kendall and chi-square statistics, and Kruskal–Wallis tests were used. Most respondents were female (80%) and identified as parents rather than grandparents or guardians (93%); ages 35–39 and 40–44 each comprised 27%. Parents rated teachers’ preparation of study guides (M = 3.37) and extension menus (M = 3.28) favorably, with an overall mean of 3.34 (SD = 0.47). The reported Kendall statistic was 0.0150 (χ² = 0.6757, p = .4111), indicating no statistically significant association or concordance between the two practice assessments under the stated test. Comparisons by age, sex, and family role were likewise nonsignificant (all p > .05). These findings describe favorable parent perceptions but do not establish improvements in learners’ independent-study outcomes. The study supports coordinated planning of accessible study guides and differentiated extension-menu choices, professional development in inclusive instructional design, and stronger family–school communication.

این پژوهش به ارزیابی والدین از شیوه‌های معلمان در آماده‌سازی راهنماهای مطالعه و منوهای گسترش برای دانش‌آموزان با نیازهای ویژه آموزشی (LSENs) پرداخت، با هدف اطلاع‌رسانی برای ابزارهای مطالعه مستقل. این مطالعه توصیفی با ترکیب تحلیل‌های همبستگی و مقایسه‌ای، شامل ۴۵ والد پاسخ‌دهنده از دانش‌آموزان دبستان Manggahan، شهر General Trias، استان Cavite بود. پرسشنامه‌ای که توسط پژوهشگر تدوین و توسط خبرگان بازبینی شده بود، از مقیاس پاسخ‌دهی چهار درجه‌ای استفاده کرد. فراوانی‌ها، درصدها، میانگین‌های وزنی، آمار گزارش‌شده Kendall و مجذور کای، و آزمون‌های Kruskal–Wallis به کار رفتند. اکثر پاسخ‌دهندگان زن بودند (۸۰٪) و خود را والدین معرفی کردند نه پدربزرگ/مادربزرگ یا سرپرست (۹۳٪)؛ گروه‌های سنی ۳۵–۳۹ و ۴۰–۴۴ هر یک ۲۷٪ را تشکیل دادند. والدین، آماده‌سازی راهنماهای مطالعه توسط معلمان را (M = 3.37) و منوهای گسترش را (M = 3.28) مطلوب ارزیابی کردند، با میانگین کلی 3.34 (SD = 0.47). آماره گزارش‌شده Kendall برابر با 0.0150 (χ² = 0.6757, p = .4111) بود که نشان‌دهنده عدم وجود ارتباط یا توافق معنادار آماری بین دو ارزیابی عملی تحت آزمون مذکور است. مقایسه‌ها بر اساس سن، جنس و نقش خانوادگی نیز معنادار نبودند (همه p > .05). این یافته‌ها برداشت‌های مطلوب والدین را توصیف می‌کند اما بهبود در پیامدهای مطالعه مستقل دانش‌آموزان را اثبات نمی‌کند. این پژوهش از برنامه‌ریزی هماهنگ برای راهنماهای مطالعه قابل دسترس و انتخاب‌های منوی گسترش تفکیک‌شده، توسعه حرفه‌ای در طراحی آموزشی فراگیر و ارتباط قوی‌تر خانواده و مدرسه حمایت می‌کند.

This descriptive-survey study assessed the readiness of kindergarten learners in Barobo II District, Schools Division of Surigao del Sur, as basis for a School Readiness Enhancement Plan. Using an adopted ECCD-based questionnaire, the study examined seven developmental domains: gross motor, fine motor, self-help adaptive, social/emotional, receptive language, expressive language, and cognitive skills. The supplied data comprised 12 learner readiness records assessed through teacher ratings and analyzed using frequency, percentage, mean, and standard deviation. Results showed an overall High Readiness level (WM = 4.15, SD = 0.47). Gross motor skills (WM = 4.33) and cognitive skills (WM = 4.22) attained Very High Readiness, while fine motor, self-help adaptive, social/emotional, receptive language, and expressive language were rated High Readiness. Specific skills requiring further reinforcement were identified, particularly in self-help adaptive, expressive language, and selected fine motor and receptive language indicators. Based on these findings, a School Readiness Enhancement Plan was proposed to sustain developmental strengths and address areas needing additional support through coordinated school- and home-based interventions.

این پژوهش توصیفی-پیمایشی به ارزیابی میزان آمادگی نوآموزان پیش‌دبستانی در ناحیه باروبو II، اداره آموزش سورگائو دل سور، به‌عنوان مبنایی برای برنامه ارتقاء آمادگی مدرسه پرداخت. با استفاده از پرسشنامه اقتباس‌شده مبتنی بر ECCD، این مطالعه هفت حوزه رشدی را مورد بررسی قرار داد: مهارت‌های حرکتی درشت، مهارت‌های حرکتی ظریف، مهارت‌های خودیاری-انطباقی، اجتماعی/هیجانی، زبان دریافتی، زبان بیانی و مهارت‌های شناختی. داده‌های ارائه‌شده شامل ۱۲ پرونده آمادگی نوآموزان بود که از طریق ارزیابی معلمان گردآوری و با استفاده از فراوانی، درصد، میانگین و انحراف معیار تحلیل شد. نتایج نشان داد که سطح کلی آمادگی «بالا» بوده است (WM = 4.15، SD = 0.47). مهارت‌های حرکتی درشت (WM = 4.33) و مهارت‌های شناختی (WM = 4.22) به سطح «بسیار بالا» دست یافتند، در حالی که مهارت‌های حرکتی ظریف، خودیاری-انطباقی، اجتماعی/هیجانی، زبان دریافتی و زبان بیانی در سطح «بالا» ارزیابی شدند. مهارت‌های خاصی که نیاز به تقویت بیشتر داشتند، به‌ویژه در حوزه‌های خودیاری-انطباقی، زبان بیانی و برخی شاخص‌های مهارت‌های حرکتی ظریف و زبان دریافتی شناسایی شدند. بر اساس این یافته‌ها، برنامه‌ای برای ارتقاء آمادگی مدرسه پیشنهاد شد تا نقاط قوت رشدی حفظ شده و حوزه‌های نیازمند حمایت بیشتر از طریق مداخلات هماهنگ مدرسه‌محور و خانواده‌محور مورد توجه قرار گیرند.

ICT-based teaching and integration refers to the extent to which teachers utilize ICT tools and digital resources as part of their instructional practices to improve lesson delivery, learner engagement, classroom interaction, and achievement of learning objectives. This study assessed the ICT-based teaching and integration in relation to students’ academic achievement of Cuaming Elementary and Cuaming High School during the School Year 2025-2026 as basis for the development of an action plan to improve technology-assisted instruction. Adopting a descriptive quantitative analysis enriched by qualitative insights, the study surveyed 40 elementary and secondary school teachers, focusing on the effectiveness of ICT-based teaching and integration to classroom learning. The study was found out that both ICT-based teaching and ICT integration were highly effective. The study revealed that ICT-based teaching and ICT integration, academic achievement and ICT-based teaching and academic achievement and ICT integration are significantly related to each other, concluding that there was a greatly contribution of ICT-based teaching and integration to the students' academic achievement through its General Scholastic Average and recommends that teachers must undergo training programs, seminars and LAC Sessions on the integration of ICT in teaching and learning to enhance more the students’ academic achievement.

تدریس مبتنی بر فناوری اطلاعات و ارتباطات (ICT) و ادغام آن به میزان استفاده معلمان از ابزارهای ICT و منابع دیجیتال به عنوان بخشی از شیوه‌های آموزشی خود برای بهبود ارائه درس، افزایش مشارکت یادگیرندگان، تعامل کلاسی و دستیابی به اهداف یادگیری اشاره دارد. این پژوهش، تدریس مبتنی بر ICT و ادغام آن را در ارتباط با پیشرفت تحصیلی دانش‌آموزان دبستان و دبیرستان کوامینگ در سال تحصیلی ۲۰۲۵-۲۰۲۶ به عنوان مبنایی برای تدوین برنامه عملیاتی به منظور بهبود آموزش مبتنی بر فناوری مورد ارزیابی قرار داد. با اتخاذ رویکرد توصیفی-کمی و غنی‌سازی یافته‌ها با بینش‌های کیفی، پژوهش حاضر با نظرسنجی از ۴۰ معلم مقطع ابتدایی و متوسطه، بر اثربخشی تدریس مبتنی بر ICT و ادغام آن در یادگیری کلاسی تمرکز داشت. نتایج پژوهش نشان داد که هر دو مؤلفه تدریس مبتنی بر ICT و ادغام ICT بسیار اثربخش بودند. همچنین پژوهش آشکار ساخت که تدریس مبتنی بر ICT و ادغام ICT، پیشرفت تحصیلی و تدریس مبتنی بر ICT و پیشرفت تحصیلی و ادغام ICT با یکدیگر رابطه معناداری دارند و نتیجه‌گیری شد که تدریس مبتنی بر ICT و ادغام آن سهم چشمگیری در پیشرفت تحصیلی دانش‌آموزان از طریق معدل کل تحصیلی آنان دارد و توصیه می‌شود معلمان در برنامه‌های آموزشی، کارگاه‌ها و جلسات LAC در زمینه ادغام ICT در تدریس و یادگیری شرکت کنند تا پیشرفت تحصیلی دانش‌آموزان بیش از پیش ارتقاء یابد.

This descriptive-correlational study examined the relationship between teacher–pupils’ interaction and the academic performance of Grade VI pupils in Edukasyon sa Pagpapakatao (EsP) at Bislig City SPED Center during School Year 2025–2026. The study involved 63 Grade VI pupils selected through complete enumeration. Teacher–pupils’ interaction was assessed in terms of emotional support, classroom management, and instructional support using the adapted Classroom Assessment Scoring System–Student Report (CLASS-SR), while academic performance was measured through official quarterly grades. Findings showed that teacher–pupils’ interaction was generally high, with emotional support consistently demonstrated and classroom management and instructional support often demonstrated. Pupils likewise exhibited generally very satisfactory academic performance. Correlation analysis revealed a statistically significant moderate positive relationship between teacher–pupils’ interaction and academic performance (r = 0.452, p < 0.05), indicating that stronger classroom interactions were associated with better academic outcomes. Based on the findings, interventions emphasizing emotional support, effective classroom management, instructional support, and learner engagement in values-based activities were proposed to further strengthen pupils’ performance in EsP.

این پژوهش توصیفی-همبستگی به بررسی رابطه بین تعامل معلم و دانش‌آموزان و عملکرد تحصیلی دانش‌آموزان پایه ششم در درس آموزش ارزش‌های انسانی (Edukasyon sa Pagpapakatao یا EsP) در مرکز آموزش ویژه بیسلیگ سیتی در سال تحصیلی ۲۰۲۵–۲۰۲۶ پرداخت. جامعه پژوهش شامل ۶۳ دانش‌آموز پایه ششم بود که به روش سرشماری کامل انتخاب شدند. تعامل معلم و دانش‌آموزان از نظر حمایت عاطفی، مدیریت کلاس و حمایت آموزشی با استفاده از نسخه اقتباس‌شده ابزار Classroom Assessment Scoring System–Student Report (CLASS-SR) ارزیابی شد و عملکرد تحصیلی از طریق نمرات رسمی فصلی سنجیده شد. یافته‌ها نشان داد که تعامل معلم و دانش‌آموزان به طور کلی در سطح بالایی قرار دارد، به طوری که حمایت عاطفی به طور مستمر و مدیریت کلاس و حمایت آموزشی اغلب نشان داده می‌شود. همچنین، دانش‌آموزان به طور کلی عملکرد تحصیلی بسیار رضایت‌بخشی از خود نشان دادند. تحلیل همبستگی نشان داد که بین تعامل معلم و دانش‌آموزان و عملکرد تحصیلی رابطه مثبت متوسط و معناداری وجود دارد (r = 0.452, p < 0.05)، که بیانگر آن است که تعاملات قوی‌تر در کلاس با پیامدهای تحصیلی بهتر همراه است. بر اساس یافته‌ها، مداخلاتی با تأکید بر حمایت عاطفی، مدیریت مؤثر کلاس، حمایت آموزشی و مشارکت دانش‌آموزان در فعالیت‌های مبتنی بر ارزش‌ها برای تقویت بیشتر عملکرد دانش‌آموزان در EsP پیشنهاد شد.

This phenomenological study explored the lived experiences of school heads leading Indigenous Peoples (IP) Community Schools in San Agustin and Lianga Districts, Division of Surigao del Sur, during School Year 2025–2026. Seven school heads were purposively selected and interviewed using a semi-structured guide, with data analyzed through thematic analysis. Findings showed that their experiences were shaped by cultural immersion and adaptive leadership, community trust and shared leadership, remote and resource-limited conditions, and fulfillment from learner and community transformation. To address challenges, school heads relied on resourcefulness, stakeholder partnerships, consultation with Indigenous leaders, flexible and participatory governance, and continuous professional learning. The participants also emphasized the need for community-centered governance, culturally responsive and inclusive instructional leadership, sustained Indigenous Peoples Education (IPEd) training and mentoring, adequate resources, and stronger inter-agency support. The study concludes that effective leadership in IP Community Schools is adaptive, relational, culturally responsive, and grounded in sustained collaboration with Indigenous communities and stakeholders.

این پژوهش پدیدارشناختی به بررسی تجربه‌های زیسته مدیران مدارس جامعه اقوام بومی (IP) در مناطق سن آگوستین و لیانگا، حوزه سوریگائو دل سور، در سال تحصیلی ۲۰۲۵–۲۰۲۶ پرداخت. هفت مدیر مدرسه به‌صورت هدفمند انتخاب و با استفاده از راهنمای نیمه‌ساختاریافته مورد مصاحبه قرار گرفتند و داده‌ها از طریق تحلیل تماتیک بررسی شدند. یافته‌ها نشان داد که تجربه‌های آنان تحت تأثیر غوطه‌وری فرهنگی و رهبری تطبیقی، اعتماد جامعه و رهبری مشارکتی، شرایط دورافتاده و کمبود منابع، و احساس رضایت از تحول یادگیرندگان و جامعه شکل گرفته است. برای مواجهه با چالش‌ها، مدیران مدارس بر خلاقیت، همکاری با ذی‌نفعان، مشاوره با رهبران بومی، حکمرانی انعطاف‌پذیر و مشارکتی و یادگیری حرفه‌ای مستمر تکیه داشتند. شرکت‌کنندگان همچنین بر ضرورت حکمرانی مبتنی بر جامعه، رهبری آموزشی پاسخگو و فراگیر نسبت به فرهنگ، تداوم آموزش و هدایت IPEd، منابع کافی و حمایت قوی‌تر بین‌سازمانی تأکید کردند. نتیجه پژوهش نشان می‌دهد که رهبری اثربخش در مدارس جامعه اقوام بومی تطبیقی، رابطه‌محور، پاسخگو به فرهنگ و مبتنی بر همکاری پایدار با جوامع بومی و ذی‌نفعان است.

This study examined the effectiveness of Outcomes-Based Education (OBE) in teaching Grade 8 English and provided a basis for crafting an instructional guide during the academic year 2014–2015. Specifically, it described OBE in terms of objectives, approaches, content, and evaluation; assessed the extent to which these areas were attained and developed; identified instructional activities; and examined their perceived contributions to learners’ competencies. A descriptive research design was employed involving 20 permanent secondary English teachers with at least three years of experience from Cluster/North III, Caloocan City, selected through purposive sampling. Data were collected through questionnaires, supplemented by informal interviews and documentary analysis, and analyzed using frequency, percentage, weighted mean, and ranking. Findings indicated that the four areas of OBE were attained and developed to a high extent. The approach emphasized shared responsibility for learning, student-centered activities, alignment of intended learning outcomes with teaching activities and assessment tasks, and criteria-based evaluation. Teachers identified visual aids, rewards, drills, training, classroom assessments, and challenging learning tasks among the activities supporting implementation. Respondents perceived OBE activities as contributing to communication, critical thinking, creative thinking, and other Grade 8 English learning competencies. The study concluded that OBE practices addressed the identified instructional areas and contributed to improved learning competencies. Based on these findings, an instructional guide was developed to enhance OBE implementation. The study recommended clearer learning outcomes, high expectations, varied opportunities to demonstrate learning, teacher training, administrative support, and improved instructional resources to strengthen classroom instruction and support effective learning.

این پژوهش اثربخشی آموزش مبتنی بر نتایج (OBE) را در تدریس زبان انگلیسی پایه هشتم مورد بررسی قرار داد و مبنایی برای تدوین یک راهنمای آموزشی در سال تحصیلی ۲۰۱۴–۲۰۱۵ فراهم آورد. به طور خاص، OBE از نظر اهداف، رویکردها، محتوا و ارزشیابی توصیف شد؛ میزان تحقق و توسعه این حوزه‌ها ارزیابی گردید؛ فعالیت‌های آموزشی شناسایی شد؛ و نقش ادراک‌شده آن‌ها در ارتقای شایستگی‌های یادگیرندگان بررسی گردید. این پژوهش با طرح توصیفی و با مشارکت ۲۰ معلم رسمی زبان انگلیسی متوسطه با حداقل سه سال سابقه از منطقه Cluster/North III شهر Caloocan که به روش نمونه‌گیری هدفمند انتخاب شدند، انجام شد. داده‌ها از طریق پرسشنامه، مصاحبه‌های غیررسمی و تحلیل اسناد گردآوری و با استفاده از فراوانی، درصد، میانگین وزنی و رتبه‌بندی تحلیل شد. یافته‌ها نشان داد که چهار حوزه OBE در سطح بالایی تحقق یافته و توسعه یافته‌اند. رویکرد مورد نظر بر مسئولیت مشترک در یادگیری، فعالیت‌های دانش‌آموزمحور، همسویی اهداف یادگیری مورد انتظار با فعالیت‌های آموزشی و وظایف ارزشیابی و ارزشیابی مبتنی بر معیار تأکید داشت. معلمان، وسایل بصری، پاداش‌ها، تمرین‌ها، آموزش‌ها، ارزشیابی‌های کلاسی و تکالیف یادگیری چالش‌برانگیز را از جمله فعالیت‌های مؤثر در اجرای OBE شناسایی کردند. پاسخ‌دهندگان فعالیت‌های OBE را در ارتقای شایستگی‌های ارتباطی، تفکر انتقادی، تفکر خلاق و سایر شایستگی‌های یادگیری زبان انگلیسی پایه هشتم مؤثر دانستند. نتیجه‌گیری پژوهش نشان داد که شیوه‌های OBE به حوزه‌های آموزشی شناسایی‌شده پاسخ داده و به بهبود شایستگی‌های یادگیری کمک کرده‌اند. بر اساس این یافته‌ها، یک راهنمای آموزشی برای ارتقای اجرای OBE تدوین شد. پژوهش پیشنهاد کرد که برای تقویت آموزش کلاسی و حمایت از یادگیری مؤثر، اهداف یادگیری شفاف‌تر، انتظارات بالا، فرصت‌های متنوع برای نشان دادن یادگیری، آموزش معلمان، حمایت اداری و منابع آموزشی بهبود یافته فراهم شود.

The competence of teachers plays a significant role in determining the quality of education. The SEAMEO INNOTECH Regional Education Program (SIREP) sets the teaching competence standards in Southeast Asia. Likewise, in the Philippines, the Philippine Professional Standards for Teachers (PPST) are commonly used throughout the country to evaluate the competency levels of teachers. In this context, this study examined the performance of science teachers concerning these two sets of standards. The Descriptive Research Design was employed. The researcher utilized total enumeration as a sampling method, which comprised 30 junior high school science teachers for the academic year 2022-2023. The research instruments used were adopted from the SIREP standards and a survey questionnaire. Findings revealed that the respondents demonstrated outstanding performance in the PPST-RPMS and were rated "very much competent" in the SIREP standards. However, statistical analysis revealed no significant relationship between the Key Result Areas (KRAs) of the RPMS and the SIREP standards. These two sets of standards operate independently, and improvements in one may not necessarily lead to improvements in the other. The researcher proposed a program that will sustain the competence levels of science teachers. This program aims to address both sets of standards individually, promote continuous learning, and ensure that the teachers will continue to meet the benchmark set for education.

شایستگی معلمان نقش مهمی در تعیین کیفیت آموزش ایفا می‌کند. برنامه آموزش منطقه‌ای SEAMEO INNOTECH (SIREP) استانداردهای شایستگی تدریس را در جنوب شرق آسیا تعیین می‌کند. به همین ترتیب، در فیلیپین، استانداردهای حرفه‌ای معلمان فیلیپین (PPST) به طور گسترده‌ای در سراسر کشور برای ارزیابی سطوح شایستگی معلمان مورد استفاده قرار می‌گیرد. در این زمینه، این پژوهش عملکرد معلمان علوم را با توجه به این دو مجموعه استاندارد مورد بررسی قرار داد. طرح پژوهش توصیفی به کار گرفته شد. پژوهشگر از روش سرشماری کامل به عنوان روش نمونه‌گیری استفاده کرد که شامل ۳۰ معلم علوم دوره متوسطه اول در سال تحصیلی ۲۰۲۲-۲۰۲۳ بود. ابزارهای پژوهش برگرفته از استانداردهای SIREP و یک پرسشنامه پیمایشی بودند. یافته‌ها نشان داد که پاسخ‌دهندگان در PPST-RPMS عملکرد برجسته‌ای از خود نشان دادند و در استانداردهای SIREP نیز به عنوان «بسیار شایسته» ارزیابی شدند. با این حال، تحلیل آماری نشان داد که بین حوزه‌های کلیدی نتایج (KRAs) در RPMS و استانداردهای SIREP رابطه معناداری وجود ندارد. این دو مجموعه استاندارد به طور مستقل عمل می‌کنند و بهبود در یکی لزوماً منجر به بهبود در دیگری نمی‌شود. پژوهشگر برنامه‌ای را پیشنهاد کرد که سطح شایستگی معلمان علوم را حفظ کند. هدف این برنامه، پرداختن به هر دو مجموعه استاندارد به طور جداگانه، ترویج یادگیری مستمر و اطمینان از تداوم تحقق معیارهای تعیین‌شده برای آموزش است.

Gifted and talented students need well-trained teachers who will challenge and support them in developing their abilities. However, teachers receive no formal professional learning or development focused on teaching academically advanced students, especially those with disabilities. Consequently, gifted and talented students with disabilities are often not given sufficient opportunity to thrive in the classroom. The study assessed the teaching of gifted and talented learners with disabilities. The respondents were 30 parents of Manggahan Elementary School. The researcher utilized a descriptive correlational design. Statistical treatments used were utilized frequency and percentage, weighted mean, t-test and Pearson correlation coefficient. The findings revealed that parent-respondents were mostly in the 50–54 age bracket, predominantly female, and largely composed of parents rather than grandparents or guardians. The results showed that parent-respondents generally viewed the teaching of gifted learners with disabilities positively. The highest rating was given to teachers providing opportunities for enrichment activities, showing that parents particularly noticed efforts that extend the learners’ abilities and interests. The findings also revealed that parent-respondents also assessed the teaching of talented learners with disabilities positively. The highest-rated indicator was teachers’ creativity in addressing both giftedness and disability, which suggests that parents value innovative and flexible teaching approaches. There is a significant difference in the assessment of the parent-respondents on the teaching of gifted and talented learners with disabilities when grouped according to age, sex, and role in the family. Furthermore, there is no significant relationship in the teaching of gifted and talented learners with disabilities based on the computed correlation coefficient and significance value.

Teacher development is essential for improving instructional quality and supporting sustainable school improvement. This study examined teacher development needs across educational stages in selected schools in the United Arab Emirates (UAE) by focusing on three key domains: classroom practices, family engagement, and school support. Using a quantitative descriptive-comparative research design, data were collected through a structured survey administered to teachers representing the Early Years Foundation Stage (EYFS), Primary, and Secondary levels. Descriptive statistics, One-Way Analysis of Variance (ANOVA), and rank-order analysis were employed to determine the levels of teacher development indicators, examine differences across educational stages, and identify priority areas for professional development. The findings revealed high levels of teacher development across all three domains, with classroom practices receiving the highest ratings, followed by family engagement and school support. No statistically significant differences were found in classroom practices, family engagement, or school support across educational stages, indicating that teachers shared similar professional experiences regardless of teaching level. However, item-level analysis identified important developmental priorities, including strengthening student motivation, enhancing family-school partnerships, improving student well-being monitoring, and expanding opportunities for teacher participation in school decision-making. Based on these findings, the Teacher Development Enhancement Framework (TDEF) was developed to provide stage-specific interventions for EYFS, Primary, and Secondary teachers. The framework offers school leaders and policymakers an evidence-based guide for designing targeted professional development initiatives that strengthen instructional practice, organizational support, and collaborative partnerships, ultimately contributing to sustainable teacher growth and improved educational quality in UAE schools.

Higher education institutions are expected to continuously evaluate graduate programs to ensure that curricular offerings remain relevant, responsive, and aligned with the evolving demands of professional practice. This study assessed the relevance and applicability of the Master of Arts in Educational Management (MAEM) curriculum of Guagua National Colleges to the current professional work of its graduates and identified areas for curriculum enhancement. Using a quantitative descriptive-comparative research design, data were collected from 33 MAEM graduates through a structured survey questionnaire. Descriptive statistics such as frequency, percentage, weighted mean, and ranking were utilized to analyze quantitative data, while thematic analysis was employed to examine graduates' recommendations. Results revealed that most graduates occupy positions closely related to educational leadership and management, with 87.88% indicating that their present work is highly related or related to educational management. The overall relevance and applicability of the curriculum obtained a very high rating (M = 4.69), while the adequacy of competencies developed through the program received a mean rating of 4.67. Human Resource and Organizational Management emerged as the highest-rated competency area (M = 4.76), whereas Problem-Solving and Evidence-Based Decision-Making obtained the lowest mean rating (M = 4.64), though still interpreted as very high. Graduates recommended strengthening content related to digital leadership, educational technology, artificial intelligence, instructional leadership, research utilization, and experiential learning. Based on these findings, a Responsive MAEM Curriculum Enhancement Framework was proposed. The study concludes that the MAEM curriculum remains highly relevant to current professional requirements but should continuously evolve to address emerging educational challenges and technological advancements.

This study assessed the timeliness and delays in the payment of tuition fees among college students at Mallig Plains Colleges, Inc. (MPCI) during the academic year 2026 as the foundational basis for crafting a responsive financial monitoring plan. Employing a quantitative descriptive-correlational research design, the study gathered data from 60 randomly selected college students across six academic programs. Statistical analysis including frequencies, means, t-tests, Pearson correlation, and Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) revealed that gender, course, year level, primary sponsor, and parental occupation exhibited no significant relationship with payment timeliness. Instead, punctuality was strongly tied to situational and behavioral dynamics. The findings demonstrated that timely tuition fee payments exert a very high positive impact on students’ academic and administrative fluidity and psychosocial stability, effectively removing administrative barriers and mitigating social stigmas. Conversely, delayed payments generated severe ramifications, acting as a direct catalyst for significant institutional bottlenecks and profound socio-economic and emotional barriers, including heightened exam-week anxiety and dropout tendencies. Income volatility due to seasonal agricultural livelihoods and emergency health expenses were identified as the primary economic triggers of payment friction. Alongside, clear institutional communication, accessible payment infrastructure, and strict policy enforcement acted as crucial external determinants of student compliance. While payment timeliness remained uniform across demographics, a significant difference emerged between genders regarding their financial responsibility styles and administrative engagement methods. Based on these insights, a comprehensive Monitoring Plan is proposed to transition the institution from a reactive to a proactive financial framework, optimizing collections while safeguarding student well-being.

This qualitative descriptive study examined the perspectives of teachers with direct experience implementing the push-in model in general education classrooms in selected schools in Nevada, California, Arizona, and New Mexico, United States. It explored perceived educational value, implementation challenges, collaborative practices, professional roles, and opportunities for growth, and used the findings to formulate the Collaborative Push-In Enhancement Program (C-PEP). Participants were purposively selected from teachers experienced in push-in delivery or collaboration; the methodology described 11 co-participants, although another part of the dissertation reports a different sample count. Semi-structured interview accounts were examined using the six-phase thematic-analysis approach described in the dissertation. Five overarching themes were developed: push-in as inclusive and collaborative support for diverse learners; navigation of instructional, structural, and relational challenges; collaboration as the foundation of effective implementation; evolving instructional roles and complementary push-in/pull-out functions; and professional growth with holistic student development. Participants described greater classroom participation, confidence, access to grade-level teaching, and belonging, while emphasizing constrained planning time, scheduling, resources, and ambiguous teacher roles. The proposed C-PEP integrates differentiated instruction, problem-solving, co-planning, role clarification, mentoring, learner monitoring, and sustainability measures. Findings concern teachers’ reported experiences rather than independently measured student outcomes. The study highlights how inclusive practice depends on both responsive instruction and organizational support.

This descriptive study examined the reported extent of best teaching practices among private secondary school teachers in the Apostolic Vicariate of Tabuk, Kalinga and Apayao, Philippines. The 2015 investigation involved 70 teachers from 10 private secondary schools and used a five-point survey questionnaire addressing teachers’ professional conduct, subject-matter expertise, student-centered teaching, experiential learning, moral development, critical thinking, and facilitation. Frequencies, percentages, weighted means, and reported analysis-of-variance (ANOVA) comparisons were used. Most respondents were female (74.29%), aged 20–30 years (91.43%), college graduates (65.71%), and had served for 1–10 years (95.71%). The overall reported mean for teaching practices was 4.72, classified as “Very Much Use.” Strongly rated practices included facilitating group dynamics (M = 4.97), demonstrating expertise in the field (M = 4.96), and content knowledge (M = 4.90). The original ANOVA summaries classified differences by civil status (F = 10.1274), educational attainment (F = 8.4656), and years of service (F = 7.1212) as significant, while gender (F = 0.7169) and age (F = 1.602) were not. Because some source calculations, degrees of freedom, and narrative interpretations conflict, inferential decisions require verification from the original data. Overall, teachers reported frequent implementation of professionally grounded, values-oriented, and learner-responsive practices. The findings support continued contextualized faculty development, equitable instructional resources, and careful evaluation of classroom practices.

This study examined the alignment between professional development opportunities and instructional practices among public kindergarten teachers at West City Elementary School, Dumaguete City, during school year 2025–2026. Guided by the integrated Gibbs–ERA reflective framework, it employed a descriptive-correlational design and total enumeration of seven kindergarten teachers. Data were collected through an adapted structured questionnaire administered via Google Forms and analyzed using descriptive statistics and Spearman’s rank-order correlation. Respondents rated trainings and seminars (reported composite mean = 3.29), coaching and mentoring (3.48), classroom management (3.88), and teaching strategies (3.89) positively. Teachers particularly endorsed collaborative coaching, effective use of classroom time, supportive student–teacher relationships, differentiation, and adjustment of teaching strategies. Professional development opportunities had a very strong positive association with reported instructional practices (Spearman’s ρ = .860, p = .013, n = 7). These self-reported findings suggest that professional learning and instructional practice are closely aligned in the school, although the single-school, small-sample design cannot establish causality or verify changes in pupil outcomes. The study recommends sustained, school-based training, peer coaching, mentoring, instructional observation, and structured reflection to support transfer of professional learning to everyday teaching.

This study investigated the relationship between Senior High School mathematics teachers’ epistemological knowledge and mathematical discourse practices, examined differences based on selected profile variables, and determined the predictive influence of epistemological knowledge on discourse practices. Employing a descriptive-correlational research design, the study involved 43 Senior High School mathematics teachers from 13 public secondary schools in the Schools Division of Lipa City, selected through total population sampling. Data were gathered using two researcher-developed instruments: the Epistemological Knowledge in Mathematics Questionnaire (EKMQ) and the Mathematical Discourse Practices Questionnaire (MDPQ), both subjected to expert validation and reliability testing. Following ethical research protocols, questionnaires were administered online. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, independent samples t-test, one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA), Pearson product-moment correlation, and simple linear regression. Findings revealed that teachers demonstrated a high extent of epistemological knowledge and highly practiced mathematical discourse in classroom instruction. No significant differences in epistemological knowledge were observed based on ancillary roles, while mathematical discourse practices differed significantly according to the number of mathematics-related trainings and seminars attended. Furthermore, a strong positive relationship existed between epistemological knowledge and mathematical discourse practices, with epistemological knowledge significantly predicting discourse practices. These findings emphasized the importance of strengthening teachers’ understanding of mathematical knowledge and promoting meaningful classroom communication. Consequently, the Mathematical Discourse Enhancement Program (MDEP) was developed as a research-based professional development initiative designed to enhance teachers’ epistemological knowledge, improve mathematical discourse practices, and support effective mathematics instruction through targeted professional learning opportunities and continuous instructional improvement.

Non-Commissioned Officers (NCOs) provide frontline guidance and support in demanding military environments, where operational workloads can affect personnel well-being and performance. This study described junior enlisted personnel’s assessments of NCO leadership, occupational burnout, and operational performance at the 560th Air Base Group, Brigadier General Benito N. Ebuen Air Base, during 2026, and examined challenges encountered by First Sergeants. A descriptive survey design involved 180 junior enlisted personnel selected from 326 eligible personnel through squadron-stratified sampling, supplemented by qualitative accounts from 11 First Sergeants. Adapted questionnaires measured four leadership dimensions, three burnout dimensions, and four performance dimensions; frequency, percentage, weighted mean, standard deviation, and thematic analysis were used. Leadership ratings ranged from 3.9236 for supervision, mentorship, and welfare support to 4.0361 for task guidance. Emotional exhaustion was moderate (M = 2.7833), whereas depersonalization (M ≈ 2.42) and reduced personal accomplishment (M = 2.1375) were low. Operational performance ratings were favorable (M = 4.0056–4.1667). Interview accounts identified manpower shortages, inadequate resources, strain on personnel welfare, and interpersonal leadership concerns. The findings informed a proposed Leadership Enhancement and Sustainability Framework prioritizing staffing, mentoring, workload management, and leadership integrity. Because the thesis did not report predictive regression or correlation tests, the results support descriptive assessment and an intervention proposal rather than established statistical prediction.

This study examined the use of digitized game-based learning activities to support Grade 7 students’ interest and mathematics achievement at Demetrio L. Alviola National High School, Bindoy, Negros Oriental, during school year 2025–2026. A quantitative quasi-experimental pretest–posttest design with a survey component involved 120 learners, consisting of 60 in the control group and 60 in the experimental group. The control group received conventional mathematics instruction, while the experimental group participated in a four-week digitized game-based approach. A 48-item competency test, an adapted 20-item mathematics-interest questionnaire, and a learning-style inventory informed data collection. Frequency, percentage, mean percentage scores, descriptive statistics, Wilcoxon tests, and Mann–Whitney U tests were used for analysis. The experimental group’s overall mathematics mean percentage score increased from 70.11% to 79.13%, compared with 68.20% to 74.55% in the control group. The experimental group’s composite interest rating rose from 3.33 (moderate) to 3.86 (high), with significant pre–post differences reported across all four interest dimensions. However, the between-group difference in learning gains was significant only for the bar-models-and-equations competency (p = .021); the other three competencies showed no significant between-group differences. The reported interest–competence association was nonsignificant (p = .875). The findings support digitized game-based activities as a supplementary strategy for improving students’ mathematics interest, while indicating more limited evidence of advantages in achievement across all targeted competencies.

This study examined the perceived impact of active learning as a teaching strategy among 20 overseas Filipino teachers working in schools across the United Arab Emirates. Guided by the five Whole Child tenets and an Input-Process-Output framework, the study explored teachers’ experiences with active learning, their views on its classroom application, and its perceived contribution to student learning. A quantitative research design was employed using an adapted questionnaire with a five-point Likert scale. Responses were analyzed through frequency counts and mean scores to describe participants’ perceptions and reported practices. Findings indicated that most respondents regularly incorporated active learning strategies into their teaching and expressed favorable attitudes toward their implementation. Teachers perceived these approaches as encouraging student participation, strengthening the integration of learning, promoting classroom engagement, and supporting improvements in instructional practice. However, respondents also identified practical challenges that constrained implementation, including limited training and experience with active learning methodologies, inadequate funding for instructional materials, and classroom seating arrangements that were not conducive to interactive activities. The findings underscore the importance of institutional support in helping teachers translate favorable perceptions into effective classroom practices. The study recommends targeted professional development to strengthen teachers’ competence in active learning, revisions to departmental plans to facilitate the integration of these strategies, and improved consideration of classroom resources and learning environments. Further investigation from students’ perspectives is recommended to provide additional insight into how active learning is experienced and how it may contribute to learning outcomes in international school settings across the United Arab Emirates.

Early Childhood Care and Development (ECCD) serve as a foundational framework for the holistic growth and lifelong learning of young children. In the Philippines, its implementation is mandated by Republic Act No. 10410 and strengthened by Republic Act No. 12199, which emphasize quality early childhood education delivered by competent Child Development Workers (CDWs) and supported by strong institutional systems; however, implementation continues to face challenges related to limited resources, professional development gaps, administrative constraints, and varying levels of community and parental involvement. This study examined the level of readiness and the challenges encountered by CDWs in implementing the ECCD Curriculum in Barangay Child Development Centers in the Municipality of Mabinay, Negros Oriental. A quantitative descriptive-correlational design was employed, using a validated researcher-made Likert-scale questionnaire administered to ten (10) purposively selected CDWs during School Year 2025–2026. Data were analyzed using frequency, percentage, weighted mean, and Pearson product-moment correlation at the 0.05 level of significance. Findings revealed that the respondents were highly ready in their understanding of the ECCD curriculum (WM = 4.28) and in pedagogical skills and instructional practices (WM = 4.28), but only moderately ready in terms of resources and materials (WM = 3.80) and support, supervision, and professional development (WM = 3.84). Challenges were generally moderate, with insufficient toys and learning materials, varied learning needs of children, and heavy workload and administrative tasks emerging as the most notable concerns. ECCD-related training showed a strong, significant positive relationship with readiness (r = 0.795, p = 0.006), whereas age, educational attainment, and years of experience were not significantly related to readiness, no profile variable was significantly related to the challenges encountered, and readiness was not significantly related to challenges (r = 0.081, p = 0.824). The study concludes that while CDWs are generally prepared to implement the ECCD Curriculum, their effectiveness is constrained by largely systemic and environmental challenges. These findings imply the need for continuous professional development combined with improved resource allocation, reduced administrative workload, strengthened institutional support, and stronger collaboration among local government units, parents, and community stakeholders.

This study examined technological self-efficacy and classroom technology use among early childhood teachers at Cabangahan Elementary School, Siaton, Negros Oriental. Employing a quantitative descriptive-correlational design, the researchers collected self-reported data from five teachers using an expert-reviewed, Google Forms questionnaire. Descriptive frequencies, percentages, and five-point weighted means were used to characterize teachers’ profiles, basic technology skills, confidence in pedagogical integration, troubleshooting ability, frequency of technology use, diversity of digital tools, and perceived effects on children’s learning and engagement. The reported mean scores were 4.56 for basic technology skills, 4.56 for pedagogical integration, and 4.52 for technical troubleshooting, all interpreted as highly confident. Classroom technology use was rated 4.60 for frequency, 4.16 for diversity of tools, and 4.76 for perceived learning engagement. The study reported a very strong positive Pearson correlation between self-efficacy and classroom technology implementation (r = .94); no corresponding significance test was provided. Results suggest that the participating teachers perceived themselves as technologically capable and frequent users of digital resources, although the range of tools used was comparatively limited. The proposed action plan prioritizes device access, technical support, targeted professional learning, and classroom monitoring. Given the five-person, single-school sample and reliance on self-report, the findings should be interpreted as local descriptive evidence, not as proof of causal effects on children’s outcomes.

The main aim of this study is to determine the different challenges encountered by TVL students in learning skill-based subject on Modular Distance Learning. The participant was 20 selected Technical Vocational Livelihood Track who specialized Bread and Pastry Production students on Modular Distance Learning of Luis Y. Ferrer Jr. Senior Highschool School Year 20221-2022. This study used qualitative type of study through interview and focused group discussion. Qualitative data was analyzed using Litchman's 3C's of Analysis (Coding to Categorizing to Conceptualizing) to generate emerging themes. The study revealed that TVL- BPP students encountered challenges in learning skill-based subject on Modular Distance Learning such as lack of knowledge and skills, lack of tools, equipment, financial difficulty and attitude problem. Those mentioned problems affect student's academic performance. Most of them failed to meet the appropriate practical outputs. The study also revealed the different coping mechanism utilized by skill-based students. Part time job, watching informative learning videos and articles from internet, time management and improvising tools and equipment were the coping strategies done by students. The study focused only to the challenges and coping mechanisms of Luis Y. Ferrer Jr. Senior High School Technical Vocational Livelihood - Bread and Pastry Production students in learning skill-based subject on Modular Distance Learning. The result of this study serves as reference or basis for the skill-based teacher to formulate clear, effective and efficient form of teaching for the students to easily learn the subjects on modular distance learning.

Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection remains a growing public health concern in the Philippines, where new infections rose by about 550% between 2010 and 2024 and diagnosis gaps persist in CALABARZON. Nurses are often the first and most sustained point of contact in HIV testing and care, yet knowledge gaps, stigmatizing attitudes, and procedure-focused training may limit their ability to provide compassionate, person-centered counseling. This study aims to develop and validate a Caring-Based HIV Counseling Training Program for Nurses in Laguna, Philippines, using a methodological research design and a modified Delphi technique. Registered nurses from selected government and private healthcare facilities in Laguna will complete a researcher-developed training-needs assessment questionnaire covering six competency domains: HIV-related knowledge; counseling and therapeutic communication; caring behaviors and person-centered practice; ethical and legal responsibilities; cultural sensitivity and stigma reduction; and linkage to prevention, treatment, care, and support. The questionnaire will undergo expert review, pilot testing, and reliability testing using Cronbach’s alpha. The needs-assessment findings, together with a review of current literature and guidelines, will inform a preliminary training program, which a multidisciplinary panel of approximately 15 to 20 experts will evaluate over successive anonymous Delphi rounds for relevance, clarity, comprehensiveness, cultural appropriateness, feasibility, and applicability. Consensus is defined in advance as at least 80% expert agreement, a median rating of at least 3.00, and an interquartile range of no more than 1.00. Content validity will be established through an Item-Level Content Validity Index of at least .78 and a Scale-Level Content Validity Index (average) of at least .90, overall agreement will be measured with Kendall’s coefficient of concordance, and the experts’ qualitative comments will undergo directed content analysis. The study is expected to produce an expert-validated, contextually relevant training program that strengthens nurses’ capacity to deliver compassionate, stigma-free HIV counseling, with its effectiveness to be tested in a future pilot or quasi-experimental study.