Development and Validation of Caring Based HIV Counseling Training Program for Nurses: A Delphi Methodology

This article analyzes Brazilian academic production on Food and Nutrition Education (FNE) and teacher education based on theses and dissertations available in the Brazilian Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations, published between 2006 and 2024. The review was conducted in seven stages and used content analysis to investigate the selected studies. The results highlight the contribution of different fields of knowledge to the area, with a predominance of female researchers holding degrees in Nutrition or teacher education programs. Most studies focused on Elementary Education, particularly within the Natural Sciences curriculum, and employed participatory methodologies such as action research and ethnography. The teacher education initiatives analyzed were generally grounded in the Reference Framework for Food and Nutrition Education and the Dietary Guidelines for the Brazilian Population, fostering reflective and contextualized approaches. Thus, the present study found that teacher education in Food and Nutrition Education should promote autonomy, critical reflection, and the collective construction of knowledge, in line with contemporary educational perspectives.

Background: Prolonged screen exposure, after-hours connectivity, and sedentary work are linked to poor sleep and occupational burnout among Indian working professionals. Ayurvedic Dinacharya regulates waking, Vyayama, Bhojana Vidhi, and Nidra Vidhi; however, digital-era disruption of these domains among working adults remains unstudied. This study aimed to assess digital lifestyle behaviours mapped to Dinacharya principles as behavioural markers of Pragyaparadha, in relation to sleep quality and occupational burnout among working adults, and to identify behaviours independently associated with poor sleep and higher burnout. Methods: A cross-sectional analytical survey (STROBE-reported) was conducted at the All-India Institute of Ayurveda (AIIA), New Delhi, during (January 2026 to July 2026), among 400 working adults aged 25-40 years with ≥1 year of occupational experience. A structured proforma captured sociodemographic details and Dinacharya-mapped digital behaviours across five domains (morning routine, bedtime device use, after-hours connectivity, screen breaks/sedentary time, mealtime practices). Sleep quality and burnout were assessed using the PSQI and Copenhagen burnout inventory. Results: Of 400 participants, 56.8% had poor sleep quality, 61% personal burnout, and 55.8% work-related burnout. Bedtime device use and inadequate screen breaks/sedentary behaviour independently predicted poor sleep (aOR 1.76 and 1.98). After-hours connectivity, sedentary behaviour, and mealtime digital engagement predicted personal burnout; bedtime device use, sedentary behaviour, mealtime digital engagement, and digital overload predicted work-related burnout (all p<0.05). Conclusions: Digital lifestyle behaviours reflect patterns of Pragyaparadha in daily digital conduct. Interpreted through Dinacharya and Nidra, the findings support a culturally grounded, preventive Digital Dinacharya framework for digital-era occupational health.

The present study investigated the mediating effect of spiritual wellbeing on the relationship between mindfulness and emotion dysregulation among young adults. The sample N=200 were selected for the present research. A cross-sectional correlational research design was used for the present study. Through the convenience sampling technique, data were gathered by using the Five Facet Mindfulness Questionnaire (FFMQ) by Baer et al. (2006), the Spiritual Well-Being Scale (SWBS) by Paloutzian and Ellison (1982) Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale (DERS) by Gratz and Roemer (2004). According to the results, spiritual well-being is positively correlated with mindfulness and its dimensions (observing, describing, acting with awareness, non-judging, non-reactivity). Emotional dysregulation is negatively linked to mindfulness. Mediation analysis showed a significant prediction by mindfulness of spiritual well-being and emotional dysregulation. It was also found that spiritual well-being predicts emotional dysregulation. In addition, spiritual well-being was found to be a mediating factor through which emotional dysregulation and mindfulness are linked. According to the study, interventions aimed at enhancing emotional resilience and well-being in people will be of interest for the mental health section.

Objective: The study aimed to evaluate the internalised stigma and self-esteem in adult outpatients with major depressive disorder (MDD) attending a psychiatric outpatient clinic in Iraq, and to explore the relationship between these variables. Methods: A cross-sectional correlational study among 120 adults with MDD who attended psychiatric outpatient clinics of Azadi Teaching Hospital in Kirkuk, Iraq. All participants filled out a sociodemographic and clinical questionnaire, the Internalised Stigma of Mental Illness Scale (ISMI), and the Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale (RSES). Data were analysed using descriptive statistics, Pearson's correlation coefficient and simple linear regression. Results: The overall mean ISMI score was 2.90 (SD = 0.42), with the highest scores for stereotype endorsement (M = 3.16) and alienation (M = 3.14) and the lowest for stigma resistance (M = 2.19). The overall mean RSES score was 2.29 (SD = 0.38). There was a negative correlation between internalised stigma and self-esteem (r = −0.338, p < 0.001). Self-esteem was statistically associated with internalised stigma (β = −0.338, t = −3.897, p < 0.001), explaining 11.4% of the variance (R² = 0.114) in simple linear regression. Conclusions: In this single-centre sample of adults with MDD, internalised stigma and self-esteem were inversely related. Since the study is a cross-sectional design, the association observed cannot be considered a causal relationship. The results provide a basis for consideration of the psychosocial aspects of routine psychiatric care (stigma and self-esteem) and for further longitudinal and multicentre research to establish temporal relationships and to determine potentially modifiable factors.

Nurses delivered much of the direct care to COVID-19 patients and were repeatedly exposed to death, infection risk, and shortages of equipment, yet little is known about how Pakistani nurses experienced and managed posttraumatic stress symptoms (PTSS). This qualitative study explored PTSS, experiences of trauma, perceived psychological impact, and coping strategies among nurses who cared for COVID-19 patients during peak pandemic waves. Eight registered nurses working in COVID wards and intensive care units of public hospitals in Islamabad and Rawalpindi were recruited through purposive sampling and took part in individual semi-structured interviews conducted in Urdu and basic English. Data were analysed using Braun and Clarke’s thematic analysis. Four themes were generated: (a) symptoms related to trauma (altered sleep, changes in temperament, emotional reactivity, diminished interest in social life, flashbacks); (b) threats and stress due to COVID-19 (increased workload, direct threat to self and others, sense of isolation, lack of knowledge and equipment); (c) psychological impact of trauma (increased mental health concerns, burnout and compassion fatigue, elevated death anxiety, lack of optimism about the future); and (d) strategies to cope (sharing workload with the team, emotional support from colleagues). Seven of eight nurses described flashbacks, and accounts spanned several DSM-5 symptom clusters, although no diagnostic assessment was used. Peer teamwork and emotional support were the only coping resources reported, and no participant had received formal counselling. Peer solidarity seems to have been an informal resource of resilience where organizational support was absent and institutional psychological services should be built around it.