The Relationship Between Early Exposure to Pornography and Later Pornography Consumption: A Systematic Literature Review

The rapid digitalisation and technological advancements associated with Industry 4.0 are transforming work environments, job demands, and employee expectations across sectors. While these changes create new opportunities for flexibility, innovation, and productivity, they also introduce increased pressures that can affect workers’ psychological well-being in different ways. Emerging literature highlights mental health and well-being as critical concerns in the digital era, yet limited attention has been given to how these changes are experienced differently by men and women. This conceptual paper aims to examine gender differences in psychological well-being within the context of Industry 4.0, with a focus on work demands, work–life balance, and organisational support. Through a critical review of existing empirical and theoretical studies, a conceptual framework is proposed, drawing on the Job Demands–Resources (JD–R) theory and supported by Ryff’s Psychological Well-Being model. This framework provides an understanding of how demands and resources associated with Industry 4.0 shape the well-being of men and women in both similar and different ways. The study offers insights for policymakers, organisations, and researchers in developing more inclusive and gender-sensitive strategies to support employee well-being in technology-driven workplaces and contributes to discussions on sustainable work and mental health in the Fourth Industrial Revolution.

This research study was conducted to provide a comparative analysis of the writing skills of intellectually disabled boys and girls studying at the secondary level. The primary objective of the study was to test the hypothesis that "intellectually disabled boys at the secondary level will exhibit higher writing skills compared to intellectually disabled girls." A total of 60 intellectually disabled students (30 boys and 30 girls, aged 12–18 years) were selected from special and inclusive schools in the Raipur district (Chhattisgarh) using purposive random sampling. Data were collected using a standardized 'Writing Skill Assessment Scale' (WSAS), which evaluated fine motor skills, shape imitation, clarity of letters/words, and copying speed. Statistical analysis of the data was performed using the mean, standard deviation (SD), and t-test. The results indicated no statistically significant difference between the scores of boys (M=54.20, SD=8.15) and girls (M=52.80, SD=8.40) (t=0.65, p=.518). Consequently, the formulated hypothesis is rejected. The study concludes that, in the context of intellectual disability, the development of writing skills is not gender-dependent but rather relies on individual motor coordination and regular practice.

Human well-being has received increasing attention as an indicator of individual and social health and as a consideration in public policy. Gender differences in subjective well-being (SWB), a widely accepted indicator of human well-being, have long been documented. However, explanations of these gender differences remain varied and inconclusive. This study utilizes Gallup World Poll data comprising 1,911,212 observations from 2009 to 2022. Employing advanced machine-learning techniques within an Exogenous Switching Treatment Effect Model (ESTEM) framework, we decompose the gender gap in SWB into differences in characteristics and differences in regime-specific returns. Conditional on observed characteristics and under a common predictive regime, the model predicts higher SWB for men. In contrast, the regime-specific returns component is associated with lower predicted well-being under the male regime. This component also increases over time, widening the estimated gender gap in SWB, while its magnitude varies across countries. The results suggest the potential relevance of institutional flexibility and reduced gender-role pressures for addressing gender disparities in human well-being.

Background Sleep duration is an important component of healthy aging, yet gender differences in short and long sleep among older adults remain insufficiently understood. This study aimed to examine gender differences in sleep duration among Chinese older adults and quantify the contributions of socioeconomic, behavioral, functional, and health-related factors to these differences. Methods Data were obtained from 9,590 adults aged ≥65 years who participated in the 2018 wave of the Chinese Longitudinal Healthy Longevity Survey. Sleep duration was self-reported and categorized as short (<6 h), normal (6–8 h), or long (>8 h). Multinomial logistic regression was used to identify factors associated with short and long sleep, with weighted analyses and Poisson regression performed as sensitivity analyses. Separate Fairlie decomposition analyses were conducted for short and long sleep to quantify the contributions of observed characteristics to gender differences. Results Overall, 44.95% of participants had abnormal sleep duration, with a higher prevalence among women than men (46.87% vs. 42.66%, p < 0.001). Compared with men, women had a higher relative risk of short sleep (RRR = 1.399, 95% CI: 1.204–1.625) but a lower relative risk of long sleep (RRR = 0.856, 95% CI: 0.754–0.972). The association with short sleep remained significant in the weighted analysis (RRR = 1.530, 95% CI: 1.210–1.935), whereas the gender difference in long sleep was attenuated (RRR = 0.821, 95% CI: 0.661–1.021). For short sleep, observed characteristics explained 21.65% of the gender disparity. Education (22.75%), depressive symptoms (11.07%), IADL limitation (6.02%), and self-assessed health (4.82%) contributed positively to the disparity, whereas smoking status (−22.57%), drinking status (−12.45%), and exercise (−4.87%) partially offset it. The gender difference in long sleep was negligible, with substantial offsetting contributions across factors. Conclusion Gender differences in sleep duration among Chinese older adults were primarily concentrated in short sleep, with women experiencing a higher risk. Socioeconomic, behavioral, psychological, and functional characteristics contributed to this disparity, although most of the short-sleep difference remained unexplained. Gender-sensitive interventions addressing educational disadvantage, depressive symptoms, functional limitations, and health behaviors may help reduce inequalities in sleep duration among older adults.

Gender inequality in higher education remains a concern in rural Pakistan, where women’s education opportunities are shaped by social expectations concerning mobility, family responsibilities, and appropriate gender roles. This study examined how social stigmatization associated with staying at home and performing domestic roles is experienced by rural females and how public and self-stigma relate to their participation in higher education. A qualitative descriptive phenomenological design was employed. Data were collected by semi-structured interviews from 30 participants in rural Pakistan, including eight female students and nine female family members, and 13 male family and community members. Thematic analysis identified four interrelated themes: restricted mobility and chaperonage, conditional educational and career aspirations, internalized domestic identity, and protectionist concerns surrounding coeducation. The findings indicate that female education was generally valued, but support was often conditional on family approval, proximity to home, supervision, and conformity with socially accepted roles as daughters, wives, and mothers. Public stigma was reflected in shared expectations that restricted women’s mobility, educational location, and career choices. While self-stigma through self-censorship became apparent when some female students anticipated these judgments and adjusted their educational aspirations accordingly. These findings suggest that educational inequality in the setting examined is associated not only with material and institutional barriers but also with social judgments and their internalization. By applying a stigma perspective, the study provides a context-specific account of how public stigma, self-stigma, and self-censorship may interact with gendered expectations to narrow higher education opportunities for rural females.