Fahmi Ali

The validity of assessment instruments is a crucial aspect in ensuring the quality of learning evaluations in Islamic Religious Education (PAI). However, there are still evaluation instruments that are developed without considering the alignment of indicators, constructs, and measurement objectives, which may result in inaccurate data. This study aims to examine the concepts, types, testing procedures, and methods for determining the validity of assessment instruments through a literature review. The method used is library research with a descriptive qualitative approach. Data were obtained from various books, scientific journals, and relevant documents, and then analyzed descriptively. The results of the study indicate that the validity of an instrument encompasses logical validity and empirical validity, which complement each other in ensuring the accuracy of measurements. Validity testing was conducted systematically through construct definition, development of a test blueprint, expert validation, instrument pilot testing, and statistical analysis. A valid instrument is capable of producing data that is accurate, credible, and supports sound educational decision-making.