This systematic literature review synthesizes empirical evidence on the relationship between instructional leadership and teacher self-efficacy and identifies the key mechanisms that mediate this relationship across diverse educational contexts. Following the PRISMA guidelines, a systematic search was conducted in the Scopus, ScienceDirect, and Google Scholar databases for empirical studies published between 2015 and 2025, using quantitative, qualitative, or mixed-methods designs and focusing on school-level instructional leadership and teacher self-efficacy. A total of 21 primary empirical studies met the inclusion criteria and were selected for qualitative synthesis. The review revealed a consistent positive relationship between instructional leadership and teacher self-efficacy. This relationship is supported by interconnected organizational, professional, and psychological mechanisms, including professional learning opportunities, teacher collaboration, supportive school environments, and trust in leadership. The findings indicate that effective instructional leadership is associated with stronger teacher confidence in their professional capabilities by fostering conducive conditions for learning and growth. Based on the synthesized evidence, this study proposes a Multi-Pathway Model that conceptualizes instructional leadership as a multi-level capacity-building process associated with stronger teacher self-efficacy. The review contributes to the educational leadership literature by providing an integrative explanation of the relationship between instructional leadership and teacher self-efficacy. It also offers practical implications for policymakers and school leaders to promote collaboration, continuous professional learning, and a positive school climate to enhance teacher capacity and sustain school improvement. Keywords: educational leadership, instructional leadership, teacher self-efficacy, professional learning, systematic literature review.
این مرور نظام‌مند ادبیات پژوهشی، شواهد تجربی مربوط به رابطه رهبری آموزشی و خودکارآمدی معلمان را تلفیق کرده و سازوکارهای کلیدی میانجی این رابطه را در زمینه‌های آموزشی متنوع شناسایی می‌کند. با پیروی از دستورالعمل‌های PRISMA، جستجوی نظام‌مند در پایگاه‌های Scopus، ScienceDirect و Google Scholar برای مطالعات تجربی منتشرشده بین سال‌های ۲۰۱۵ تا ۲۰۲۵ انجام شد که از طرح‌های کمی، کیفی یا آمیخته استفاده کرده و بر رهبری آموزشی در سطح مدرسه و خودکارآمدی معلمان تمرکز داشتند. در مجموع، ۲۱ مطالعه تجربی اولیه که معیارهای ورود را داشتند، برای سنتز کیفی انتخاب شدند. مرور انجام‌شده، رابطه مثبت و ثابتی میان رهبری آموزشی و خودکارآمدی معلمان نشان داد. این رابطه توسط سازوکارهای سازمانی، حرفه‌ای و روان‌شناختی به‌هم‌پیوسته، از جمله فرصت‌های یادگیری حرفه‌ای، همکاری معلمان، محیط‌های حمایتی مدرسه و اعتماد به رهبری پشتیبانی می‌شود. یافته‌ها نشان می‌دهد که رهبری آموزشی مؤثر با تقویت شرایط مناسب برای یادگیری و رشد، با اعتماد بیشتر معلمان به توانمندی‌های حرفه‌ای خود همراه است. بر اساس شواهد تلفیق‌شده، این مطالعه مدل چندمسیره‌ای را پیشنهاد می‌کند که رهبری آموزشی را به‌عنوان یک فرایند ظرفیت‌سازی چندسطحی مرتبط با خودکارآمدی قوی‌تر معلمان مفهوم‌سازی می‌کند. این مرور با ارائه تبیینی تلفیقی از رابطه رهبری آموزشی و خودکارآمدی معلمان، به ادبیات رهبری آموزشی کمک می‌کند. همچنین پیامدهای عملی برای سیاست‌گذاران و رهبران مدارس جهت ارتقای همکاری، یادگیری حرفه‌ای مستمر و اقلیم مثبت مدرسه به‌منظور افزایش ظرفیت معلمان و تداوم بهبود مدرسه ارائه می‌دهد.
This study examines the implementation of Problem-Based Learning (PBL) assisted by flashcard media to improve third-grade elementary students’ critical thinking skills in Landscape (Bentang Alam) material. Methods: This study used a quantitative approach with a quasi-experimental, nonequivalent control-group design. The sample consisted of 44 third-grade students from SD Negeri in Semarang, divided into an experimental class (22 students) taught using PBL assisted by flashcards and a control class (22 students) taught using conventional learning. Data were collected using pretest and posttest instruments with 120 multiple-choice items (30 per skill) and analyzed using normality and homogeneity tests, paired-sample t-tests, independent-sample t-tests, Normalized Gain (N-Gain) analysis, and analysis of Covariance (ANCOVA) with the pretest as the covariate. Because of third-grade students' cognitive capacity, the test was administered in four separate sessions on four different days, with each session lasting approximately 45 minutes. Effect size was reported using Partial Eta Squared to measure the magnitude of the intervention’s impact. Both groups showed increased critical thinking ability after treatment, but the experimental group's increase was significantly higher than the control group's. After controlling for pretest scores, the ANCOVA results showed a significant difference between groups (F = 16989.679; p < .001; η²p = .998), indicating a large effect size. The experimental group's average N-Gain score was 0.7336, categorized as high and fairly effective, while the control group's average was 0.3784, categorized as medium and less effective. The greatest improvement occurred in the analysis and evaluation indicators. Implementing PBL assisted by flashcards effectively improves students’ critical thinking skills on Landscape material, as flashcards function not merely as visual media but as contextual problem triggers integrated into each stage of the PBL syntax. Keywords: problem-based learning, flashcard, critical thinking, landscape, elementary school.
This study aimed to develop and examine the validity, practicality, and preliminary effectiveness of the Outcome-Based Authentic Learning Model (OBALM) for strengthening the professional competence of prospective vocational educators. This Research and Development (R&D) study employed the ADDIE model and involved 54 third-semester students of the Vocational Makeup Education Study Program at the Indonesian Institute of the Arts Padangpanjang. Data were collected through expert validation, implementation observations, student responses, and a professional performance rubric, and were analyzed using Aiken’s V, percentage scores, N-gain, and inferential statistics. OBALM comprises six stages: Authentic Problem Orientation, Problem Analysis, Strategy Design, Implementation, Feedback, and Reflection. Expert validation yielded an Aiken’s V of 0.89, indicating high content validity, while the overall practicality score was 85.0%. Students’ mean professional competence score increased from 62.18 to 82.94, with an N-gain of 0.55. The pretest–posttest difference was statistically significant, t(53) = 13.44, p < .001, with a very large effect size (Cohen’s dz = 1.83). Improvements were observed across the seven targeted professional competence dimensions. These findings provide initial empirical support for OBALM as a structured learning approach that integrates outcome-based learning, authentic problems, practical performance, feedback, and reflection in vocational higher education. Keywords: outcome-based education, authentic learning, professional competence, vocational education, instructional model.
This study aims to examine the impact of parental involvement and socioeconomic status (SES) on academic achievement at public senior high schools in Tangerang Municipality. The study used a cross-sectional survey design. The study population consisted of students from public senior high schools in Tangerang Municipality. We applied Weighted Regression analysis utilizing a sample size of 893 participants. We used a validated questionnaire that was distributed via WhatsApp groups. The findings showed that parents with high SES tended to be more involved in their children's learning; however, high parental SES did not guarantee high academic achievement for their children. The mean difference tests revealed that academic achievement did not differ significantly by parental involvement, whereas it did differ significantly by parental SES. Researchers also found that parents’ involvement in education significantly boosted students' academic achievement. In contrast, parents' SES did not have a significant impact. Intensive discussions, good communication, full attention, giving gifts, and providing learning facilities are effective parental involvement actions that encourage increases in children's academic achievement. Parental involvement matters more than parental SES in improving students’ academic achievement. Therefore, maintaining strong relationships between schools and parents is essential to support students’ educational outcomes. Local governments need to strengthen regulations governing parents' roles at home and at school. Keywords: academic achievement, parental involvement, SES.
