continuous assessment

This study assessed the extent of instructional supervision practices among head teachers in public primary schools in Kibondo District, Tanzania. The study was guided by the positivist research paradigm and employed a mixed-methods approach using a convergent parallel research design. A total of 294 participants were involved in the study, comprising 12 head teachers, 272 primary school teachers, 9 Ward Education Officers (WEOs), and 1 District Education Officer (DEO). Head teachers, WEOs, and the DEO were selected using purposive sampling, while primary school teachers were selected through simple random sampling. Quantitative data were collected using structured questionnaires administered to teachers, while qualitative data were obtained through interviews with head teachers, WEOs, and the DEO. Documentary review was also used to examine supervision schedules, classroom-observation records, lesson-plan monitoring records, and teachers’ feedback records. Quantitative data were analysed using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) through descriptive statistics, particularly means and standard deviations, while qualitative data were analysed thematically. The findings revealed that instructional supervision practices were generally implemented at low to moderate levels. Maintaining written supervision records received the highest rating (M = 2.80, SD = 1.40), followed by organising school-based professional development (M = 2.65, SD = 1.40) and encouraging peer observation and mentoring (M = 2.61, SD = 1.44). In contrast, classroom-focused activities recorded relatively lower ratings, including reviewing teachers’ schemes of work (M = 2.26, SD = 1.51), classroom observation (M = 2.27, SD = 1.48), checking lesson plans (M = 2.29, SD = 1.47), and monitoring continuous assessment practices (M = 2.29, SD = 1.53). Qualitative and documentary evidence indicated that competing administrative responsibilities, staffing constraints, and other school-level demands constrained the consistent implementation of classroom-focused supervision. The study concludes that instructional supervision was implemented unevenly, with relatively greater emphasis on administrative documentation and professional development activities than on direct classroom-focused supervision. The study recommends strengthening head teachers’ instructional leadership competencies, reducing competing administrative workloads, addressing staffing constraints, and establishing systematic mechanisms for regular classroom observation, constructive feedback, professional development, and follow-up of instructional practices.

This study evaluated the effectiveness of the ARAL-Reading Tool in improving reading fluency and comprehension among Grade Six learners in the Third District of Bohol during School Year 2025–2026. Anchored on Automaticity Theory, Schema Theory, and Sociocultural Theory, the study employed a quasi-experimental pretest-posttest control-group design involving 15 purposively selected learners. Seven learners received the eight-week ARAL-Reading Plus intervention, while eight received regular reading instruction. Data were gathered using the Philippine Informal Reading Inventory (Phil-IRI) and the Division of Bohol District Reading Assessment Template. Descriptive statistics and paired-samples and independent-samples t-tests were employed. Before the intervention, both groups demonstrated Frustration-level performance in reading fluency and comprehension. Following the intervention, the experimental group achieved 98.48% in fluency and 85.71% in comprehension, while the control group obtained 96.21% and 57.14%, respectively. Both groups demonstrated significant pretest-posttest improvements. However, between-group comparisons revealed a significant difference in comprehension (p = .019), but not in fluency (p = .185). The findings indicate that the ARAL-Reading Tool supported reading development, particularly comprehension. Strengthening structured reading interventions, instructional resources, teacher support, parental involvement, and continuous assessment was recommended. The study aligns with Sustainable Development Goal 4 (Quality Education) by addressing foundational literacy gaps and promoting equitable learning opportunities. Its contribution to educational and institutional sustainability emphasizes evidence-based reading interventions, stakeholder collaboration, and continued support for improving elementary learners' literacy outcomes and strengthening school-based educational recovery initiatives. The findings also provide a basis for school heads and education officials to refine implementation, allocate resources, and monitor reading progress.

This study aims to analyze the implementation of Deep Learning based on Teaching at the Right Level (TaRL) in creating meaningful learning in elementary schools. The diversity of students’ abilities requires teachers to provide learning experiences that are appropriate to students’ initial competencies, needs, and characteristics. TaRL focuses on identifying students’ actual learning levels through diagnostic assessment, flexible grouping, and appropriate learning interventions, while Deep Learning emphasizes three main principles: mindful, meaningful, and joyful learning. This study uses a literature review method to examine various previous studies on the implementation of Deep Learning based on Teaching at the Right Level (TaRL) in fostering meaningful learning in elementary schools. The findings indicate that the integration of TaRL and Deep Learning can support differentiated learning by aligning learning materials, activities, media, and assistance with students’ ability levels. Previous studies also report improvements in learning outcomes, student engagement, motivation, conceptual understanding, and participation. However, its implementation faces several challenges, including the accuracy of diagnostic assessments, limited instructional time, large class sizes, teacher readiness, preparation of differentiated learning resources, and students’ and parents’ acceptance of ability-based grouping. Therefore, the integration of Deep Learning and TaRL has the potential to create adaptive, active, contextual, and meaningful learning experiences in elementary schools through continuous assessment, flexible grouping, appropriate learning strategies, and strong teacher and school support.

هدف این پژوهش تحلیل اجرای یادگیری عمیق مبتنی بر آموزش در سطح مناسب (Teaching at the Right Level یا TaRL) در ایجاد یادگیری معنادار در مدارس ابتدایی است. تنوع توانایی‌های دانش‌آموزان ایجاب می‌کند که معلمان تجربیات یادگیری متناسب با شایستگی‌های اولیه، نیازها و ویژگی‌های دانش‌آموزان فراهم کنند. TaRL بر شناسایی سطح واقعی یادگیری دانش‌آموزان از طریق ارزیابی تشخیصی، گروه‌بندی انعطاف‌پذیر و مداخلات آموزشی مناسب تمرکز دارد، در حالی که یادگیری عمیق سه اصل اصلی را مورد تأکید قرار می‌دهد: یادگیری آگاهانه، معنادار و لذت‌بخش. این پژوهش با استفاده از روش مرور ادبیات به بررسی مطالعات پیشین درباره اجرای یادگیری عمیق مبتنی بر آموزش در سطح مناسب (TaRL) در تقویت یادگیری معنادار در مدارس ابتدایی می‌پردازد. یافته‌ها نشان می‌دهد که ادغام TaRL و یادگیری عمیق می‌تواند از یادگیری تفکیکی با همسویی مواد آموزشی، فعالیت‌ها، رسانه‌ها و حمایت‌ها با سطح توانایی دانش‌آموزان حمایت کند. مطالعات پیشین همچنین بهبود در نتایج یادگیری، مشارکت دانش‌آموزان، انگیزش، درک مفهومی و حضور را گزارش کرده‌اند. با این حال، اجرای آن با چالش‌هایی همچون دقت ارزیابی‌های تشخیصی، محدودیت زمان تدریس، تعداد زیاد دانش‌آموزان در کلاس، آمادگی معلمان، تهیه منابع یادگیری تفکیکی و پذیرش گروه‌بندی مبتنی بر توانایی توسط دانش‌آموزان و والدین مواجه است. بنابراین، ادغام یادگیری عمیق و TaRL این پتانسیل را دارد که از طریق ارزیابی مستمر، گروه‌بندی انعطاف‌پذیر، راهبردهای یادگیری مناسب و حمایت قوی معلم و مدرسه، تجربیات یادگیری سازگار، فعال، زمینه‌مند و معنادار را در مدارس ابتدایی ایجاد کند.

This descriptive qualitative study, supplemented by quantitative data, evaluated advanced mathematics instruction and assessment on conic sections for Grade XII (Phase F) students. The participants included one teacher and 12 students. Data were collected through semi-structured interviews, direct observations, and document analysis. Findings revealed uneven conceptual mastery (mean: 74.17), with hyperbolas identified as the most challenging topic. Students struggled to transform algebraic equations into graphical models, where only 50.00% accurately identified essential characteristic points. Furthermore, performance on contextual problem-solving (mean: 65.83) was significantly lower than on procedural tasks (mean: 80.00). The integration of dynamic digital visualization enhanced visual comprehension, achieving a higher mean score (82.08) compared to written assessments (73.75). Continuous and differentiated assessment demonstrated a positive learning progression, increasing mean scores from diagnostic (64.58) to final tests (79.17) with 83.33% mastery. Consequently, evaluating conic sections requires continuous, differentiated approaches combining technology-assisted visualization and contextual tasks to foster higher-order mathematical reasoning.

این پژوهش کیفی توصیفی که با داده‌های کمی تکمیل شده است، به ارزیابی آموزش و ارزشیابی ریاضیات پیشرفته در موضوع مقاطع مخروطی برای دانش‌آموزان پایه دوازدهم (مرحله F) پرداخت. شرکت‌کنندگان شامل یک معلم و ۱۲ دانش‌آموز بودند. داده‌ها از طریق مصاحبه‌های نیمه‌ساختاریافته، مشاهده مستقیم و تحلیل اسناد گردآوری شد. یافته‌ها نشان داد تسلط مفهومی دانش‌آموزان یکنواخت نبوده است (میانگین: ۷۴٫۱۷) و مبحث هذلولی‌ها به عنوان چالش‌برانگیزترین موضوع شناسایی شد. دانش‌آموزان در تبدیل معادلات جبری به مدل‌های گرافیکی دچار مشکل بودند، به‌طوری‌که تنها ۵۰٫۰۰٪ نقاط مشخصه اساسی را به‌درستی شناسایی کردند. همچنین عملکرد در حل مسائل زمینه‌محور (میانگین: ۶۵٫۸۳) به طور معناداری پایین‌تر از وظایف رویه‌ای (میانگین: ۸۰٫۰۰) بود. ادغام تجسم دیجیتال پویا موجب ارتقای درک بصری شد و میانگین نمره بالاتری (۸۲٫۰۸) نسبت به ارزشیابی‌های کتبی (۷۳٫۷۵) به دست آمد. ارزشیابی مستمر و تفکیکی، پیشرفت مثبت یادگیری را نشان داد و میانگین نمرات از آزمون تشخیصی (۶۴٫۵۸) تا آزمون نهایی (۷۹٫۱۷) با ۸۳٫۳۳٪ تسلط افزایش یافت. بنابراین، ارزشیابی مقاطع مخروطی نیازمند رویکردهای مستمر و تفکیکی است که ترکیبی از تجسم مبتنی بر فناوری و وظایف زمینه‌محور را برای پرورش استدلال ریاضی مرتبه بالاتر به کار می‌گیرد.