graphic design

Introduction: Drug use and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection remain major public health challenges, particularly among adolescents and young adults. Educational materials supported by artificial intelligence (AI) represent an innovative approach to health promotion strategies. Objective: To develop and validate an artificial intelligence-supported educational brochure for the prevention of drug use and HIV infection among adolescents and young adults. Methods: A technological development study with a mixed-methods approach was conducted at the Universidad de Ciencias Médicas de Santiago de Cuba between August and October 2026. The development of the brochure comprised three phases: literature review and scientific content curation, AI-assisted graphic design, and expert validation. Means, standard deviations, and the Content Validity Index (CVI) were calculated. Results: An educational brochure was developed in both printed and digital formats addressing the prevention of drug use and HIV infection. The overall CVI was 0.96, and mean scores ranged from 4.63 to 4.88. Overall, 93.8% of responses were rated as "Agree" or "Strongly Agree." Conclusions: The educational brochure demonstrated adequate content validity and represents a useful educational resource for strengthening the prevention of drug use and HIV infection. Artificial intelligence proved to be an effective supportive tool when its use was accompanied by expert supervision and validation.

Synchronous video conferencing (VC) has become an established mode of higher education, but sustaining student engagement remains challenging, particularly in practice-oriented disciplines such as graphic design. This study examined the effects of three gamification mechanisms, including animated badges, experience points, and level upgrades, on behavioural, emotional, and cognitive engagement in synchronous VC learning. Guided by Self-Determination Theory (SDT), a quasi-experimental non-equivalent control group design was implemented with 124 first-year graphic design students from three public universities in China. Participants were distributed equally across a non-gamified control condition and three gamified conditions (n = 31 per group). Engagement was assessed before and after a four-week instructional intervention. Significant improvements were observed within the engagement components across all three gamified conditions, with no statistically significant change observed within the control condition. Participant-level total scores for each dimension of engagement were then used to estimate baseline-adjusted regression models. The models accounted for 97.4% of the variance in post-intervention behavioural engagement, 96.6% in emotional engagement, and 98.8% in cognitive engagement. Relative to the control condition and after controlling for baseline engagement, animated badges, experience points, and level upgrades were associated with increases of 40.35, 46.90, and 49.36 points in behavioural engagement; 48.82, 51.76, and 52.48 points in emotional engagement; and 95.86, 105.46, and 107.36 points in cognitive engagement, respectively. The results suggest that gamification mechanisms vary in the strength and direction of their relationship with engagement, with the strongest adjusted relationships being found between progression-based gamification and the cognitive dimension of engagement. The study extends the analysis beyond significance testing by introducing a quantitative, baseline-adjusted model to estimate post-intervention engagement given gamification condition and baseline engagement and offers a more precise basis for the design of gamified VC interfaces.

Legal acts containing the graphic designs of traffic signs also include accompanying texts that officially name these signs and provide explanations, for instance, by specifying the behavior they communicate to road users. However, the question of whether mutual adequacy or correspondence has been upheld among the triad of traffic signs’ graphic designs, their legal names, and explanations has heretofore been practically omitted. The study presented here fulfills this noticeable gap in the research on traffic signs. It comments on selected results coming from a thorough, current review of 183 Polish warning, prohibitory, obligatory, and informative traffic signs. This focused comparison of graphic designs with names and explanations yields many insights and further implications, some of which are practical. Cases of adequacy maintained between the design, name, and explanation are ultimately infrequent. More common are cases of different types of inadequacy. The study carefully and critically discusses found instances of complete inadequacy (when a given traffic sign’s design, name, and explanation are all misaligned in terms of their content) and examples of middle categories (when two elements out of the triad of design, name, and explanation, correspond while the remaining one stands out). Moreover, the study considers the practical (traffic sign comprehension-related and legal) relevance of inadequacy, its potential sources, how cases of inadequacy can be approached from the regulator’s perspective, how the discussed issue can be related to other relevant empirical research on traffic signs, and what other research avenues it opens.

متون حقوقی که شامل طراحی‌های گرافیکی علائم راهنمایی و رانندگی هستند، همچنین متون همراهی را در بر می‌گیرند که به طور رسمی این علائم را نام‌گذاری کرده و توضیحاتی ارائه می‌دهند؛ برای مثال، رفتار مورد انتظار از کاربران جاده را مشخص می‌کنند. با این حال، پرسش از این که آیا کفایت یا تطابق متقابل میان سه‌گانه‌ی طراحی گرافیکی علائم راهنمایی و رانندگی، نام‌های قانونی آن‌ها و توضیحات ارائه‌شده رعایت شده است یا خیر، تاکنون عملاً نادیده گرفته شده است. پژوهش حاضر این خلأ قابل توجه را در تحقیقات مربوط به علائم راهنمایی و رانندگی پوشش می‌دهد. این پژوهش به نتایج منتخب حاصل از بازبینی جامع و به‌روز ۱۸۳ علامت راهنمایی و رانندگی هشداردهنده، بازدارنده، الزامی و اطلاعاتی در لهستان می‌پردازد. این مقایسه متمرکز میان طراحی‌های گرافیکی با نام‌ها و توضیحات، بینش‌ها و پیامدهای متعددی را به دست می‌دهد که برخی از آن‌ها جنبه عملی دارند. مواردی که در آن‌ها تطابق میان طراحی، نام و توضیح حفظ شده باشد، در نهایت نادر هستند. موارد شایع‌تر، انواع مختلفی از عدم کفایت را نشان می‌دهند. این مطالعه با دقت و به صورت انتقادی به بررسی نمونه‌های عدم کفایت کامل (زمانی که طراحی، نام و توضیح یک علامت راهنمایی و رانندگی همگی از نظر محتوایی ناسازگار هستند) و نمونه‌هایی از دسته‌های میانی (زمانی که دو عنصر از سه‌گانه طراحی، نام و توضیح با یکدیگر مطابقت دارند اما عنصر سوم متفاوت است) می‌پردازد. افزون بر این، پژوهش حاضر به اهمیت عملی (مرتبط با درک علائم راهنمایی و رانندگی و جنبه‌های حقوقی) عدم کفایت، منابع بالقوه آن، نحوه برخورد قانون‌گذار با موارد عدم کفایت، ارتباط موضوع مورد بحث با سایر پژوهش‌های تجربی مرتبط با علائم راهنمایی و رانندگی و مسیرهای پژوهشی جدیدی که این موضوع می‌گشاید، می‌پردازد.