transcendence

The concept of the human person occupies a central position in philosophical anthropology because it raises fundamental questions concerning identity, individuality, relationality, community, moral responsibility, and the meaning of human existence. In Igbo philosophical thought, the person is commonly understood not as an isolated, self-sufficient entity but as one whose existence is embedded in a network of relationships involving the individual, family, community, the spiritual order, and the wider cosmos. This paper examines the concept of the human person in Igbo philosophy through the complementary ontology of Innocent I. Asouzu, particularly his philosophy of Ibuanyidanda and the method of complementary reflection. Rather than presenting Ibuanyidanda as Asouzu’s original, complete theory of philosophical anthropology, the paper develops an anthropological application of his complementary ontology to the question of personhood. It argues that Asouzu’s emphasis on the mutual dependence and non-exclusivity of realities provides resources for reconceptualizing the human person as an existence constituted through complementarity, while preserving personal identity and agency. This study therefore uses the expression “being-in-complementarity” as an interpretive formulation for articulating the anthropological implications of Asouzu’s complementary ontology, rather than assuming it without qualification as a technical equivalent of Heidegger’s being-in-the-world or Mitsein. The paper further examines whether the transcendence associated with Asouzu’s ontology should be identified straightforwardly with indigenous Igbo conceptions of Chukwu, chi, ancestors, and other spiritual realities, or understood as a philosophical reconstruction shaped partly by his Christian and Western philosophical formation. The paper thus proposes Ibuanyidanda as a promising framework for reconstructing Igbo philosophical anthropology while acknowledging the interpretive and philosophical work involved in extending Asouzu’s ontology to personhood.

Background Psychedelic retreats are increasingly used to promote wellbeing outside clinical settings, yet the psychological processes associated with sustained improvements in wellbeing remain poorly understood. From a public mental health perspective, identifying mechanisms that support positive mental health beyond symptom reduction is of growing importance. Methods This naturalistic longitudinal study followed 173 participants attending guided psilocybin retreats conducted within a structured framework of preparation, dosing, and integration. Mental wellbeing was reported before the retreat and across a 12-month follow-up period. Longitudinal changes were examined using linear mixed-effects models. Mediation analyses investigated whether changes in connectedness, neuroticism (anxiety facet), spiritual transcendence, and absorption were associated with changes in wellbeing. Mystical-type experiences were examined as potential predictors of these psychological changes. Results Participants reported substantial and sustained improvements in mental wellbeing over 12 months, moving from levels below Swedish population norms at baseline toward comparable levels at follow-up. Connectedness showed the strongest statistical association with improvements in wellbeing and accounted for the largest proportion of variance in wellbeing change, followed by reductions in the anxiety facet of neuroticism and absorption. Spiritual transcendence was associated with wellbeing improvements when examined separately but did not retain unique effects in the multiple mediation model. More intense mystical-type experiences predicted greater increases in connectedness, spirituality, and absorption, as well as greater reductions in neuroticism (trait anxiety). The association between mystical experiences and wellbeing was substantially attenuated when connectedness was included in the model, suggesting that connectedness may act as a candidate mediator linking mystical-type experiences to longer-term wellbeing, though the observational design precludes causal inference. Conclusions These findings extend prior work on psychedelic-assisted therapy to naturalistic retreat settings, suggesting that connectedness may represent a key psychological process linking psychedelic retreat experiences to sustained improvements in mental wellbeing. From a public mental health perspective, the results highlight the potential importance of social and relational factors in promoting wellbeing beyond the treatment of mental illness. Future controlled studies are needed to clarify the relative contributions of psychedelic, social, and contextual components.

Introduction This study aims to present a detailed empirical investigation of the role of entrepreneurship education in building entrepreneurial intention of business students through competencies, character strengths, and virtues. This study focuses on several business students in a higher education environment. Methods The methodology used in this research is associative research with the study of certain dependent, independent, and mediating variables involving business management students from various state universities in East Indonesia. Sampling used a saturated sample of 397 business management students. According to the research model, the author chose a structural equation model (SEM) to analyze the data and support using character strength and virtues with six traits: wisdom and knowledge, courage, humanity, justice, temperance, and transcendence. Results The research findings indicate that the six variables shaping character strengths, virtues, and lecturer competencies are effective in developing entrepreneurial intentions among students. Meanwhile, direct entrepreneurship education is ineffective in developing student entrepreneurial intentions. Discussion This research provides detailed and robust results regarding entrepreneurial intentions that are more measurable and easily realised by relying on character strengths and virtues that contribute to entrepreneurial intentions within a conducive academic environment. Improving the quality of entrepreneurship education for business management students can utilise the results of this research as a guide. However, to maximise the role of entrepreneurship education in business students’ entrepreneurial intentions, it needs to be mediated by character strengths, virtues, and lecturer competencies. This research demonstrates that entrepreneurship education that relies solely on the transfer of entrepreneurial knowledge and skills to students is ineffective in developing entrepreneurial intentions, which are the foundation for producing graduates who are ready to start businesses.

مقدمه: این مطالعه با هدف ارائه یک بررسی تجربی دقیق از نقش آموزش کارآفرینی در شکل‌دهی نیت کارآفرینانه دانشجویان رشته مدیریت کسب‌وکار از طریق شایستگی‌ها، قوت‌های منش و فضایل انجام شده است. این پژوهش بر چندین دانشجوی رشته مدیریت کسب‌وکار در محیط آموزش عالی تمرکز دارد. روش‌ها: روش‌شناسی مورد استفاده در این پژوهش، پژوهش‌های همبستگی با مطالعه متغیرهای وابسته، مستقل و میانجی خاص است که دانشجویان مدیریت کسب‌وکار از دانشگاه‌های دولتی مختلف در شرق اندونزی را دربرمی‌گیرد. نمونه‌گیری به صورت نمونه اشباع با ۳۹۷ دانشجوی مدیریت کسب‌وکار انجام شد. بر اساس مدل پژوهش، نویسنده مدل معادلات ساختاری (SEM) را برای تحلیل داده‌ها و پشتیبانی از استفاده از قوت منش و فضایل با شش ویژگی: خرد و دانش، شجاعت، انسانیت، عدالت، اعتدال و تعالی انتخاب کرد. یافته‌ها: نتایج پژوهش نشان می‌دهد که شش متغیر شکل‌دهنده قوت منش، فضایل و شایستگی‌های اساتید در توسعه نیت کارآفرینانه دانشجویان مؤثر هستند. در حالی که آموزش مستقیم کارآفرینی در توسعه نیت کارآفرینانه دانشجویان مؤثر نیست. بحث: این پژوهش نتایج دقیق و قوی در خصوص نیت کارآفرینانه ارائه می‌دهد که با تکیه بر قوت منش و فضایل که به نیت کارآفرینانه در محیط دانشگاهی مساعد کمک می‌کنند، قابل سنجش‌تر و تحقق‌پذیرتر است. ارتقای کیفیت آموزش کارآفرینی برای دانشجویان مدیریت کسب‌وکار می‌تواند از نتایج این پژوهش به عنوان راهنما بهره گیرد. با این حال، برای حداکثر کردن نقش آموزش کارآفرینی در نیت کارآفرینانه دانشجویان مدیریت کسب‌وکار، لازم است این نقش از طریق قوت منش، فضایل و شایستگی‌های اساتید میانجی‌گری شود. این پژوهش نشان می‌دهد که آموزش کارآفرینی که صرفاً بر انتقال دانش و مهارت‌های کارآفرینی به دانشجویان متکی است، در توسعه نیت کارآفرینانه که زیربنای تربیت فارغ‌التحصیلان آماده ورود به عرصه کسب‌وکار است، مؤثر نیست.