educational supervision

This study assessed the extent of instructional supervision practices among head teachers in public primary schools in Kibondo District, Tanzania. The study was guided by the positivist research paradigm and employed a mixed-methods approach using a convergent parallel research design. A total of 294 participants were involved in the study, comprising 12 head teachers, 272 primary school teachers, 9 Ward Education Officers (WEOs), and 1 District Education Officer (DEO). Head teachers, WEOs, and the DEO were selected using purposive sampling, while primary school teachers were selected through simple random sampling. Quantitative data were collected using structured questionnaires administered to teachers, while qualitative data were obtained through interviews with head teachers, WEOs, and the DEO. Documentary review was also used to examine supervision schedules, classroom-observation records, lesson-plan monitoring records, and teachers’ feedback records. Quantitative data were analysed using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) through descriptive statistics, particularly means and standard deviations, while qualitative data were analysed thematically. The findings revealed that instructional supervision practices were generally implemented at low to moderate levels. Maintaining written supervision records received the highest rating (M = 2.80, SD = 1.40), followed by organising school-based professional development (M = 2.65, SD = 1.40) and encouraging peer observation and mentoring (M = 2.61, SD = 1.44). In contrast, classroom-focused activities recorded relatively lower ratings, including reviewing teachers’ schemes of work (M = 2.26, SD = 1.51), classroom observation (M = 2.27, SD = 1.48), checking lesson plans (M = 2.29, SD = 1.47), and monitoring continuous assessment practices (M = 2.29, SD = 1.53). Qualitative and documentary evidence indicated that competing administrative responsibilities, staffing constraints, and other school-level demands constrained the consistent implementation of classroom-focused supervision. The study concludes that instructional supervision was implemented unevenly, with relatively greater emphasis on administrative documentation and professional development activities than on direct classroom-focused supervision. The study recommends strengthening head teachers’ instructional leadership competencies, reducing competing administrative workloads, addressing staffing constraints, and establishing systematic mechanisms for regular classroom observation, constructive feedback, professional development, and follow-up of instructional practices.

This study determined the administrative strategies employed by school leaders in implementing enhanced digital-based literacy instruction in selected public elementary schools in the City of Naga, Cebu (Region VII), and Calubian, Leyte (Region VIII), during School Year 2025–2026. It examined the respondents’ demographic and professional profiles; the level of implementation of digital-based literacy instruction in terms of curriculum integration, technological infrastructure and resources, and teacher pedagogical competence; the administrative strategies employed in resource allocation and maintenance, capacity building and professional development, and instructional supervision and monitoring; and the issues and concerns encountered. The study employed a quantitative descriptive-correlational and descriptive-comparative research design. The respondents comprised 110 school heads and teachers from six public elementary schools, consisting of six school heads (5.45%) and 104 teachers (94.55%). Data were gathered using a researcher-made structured questionnaire anchored on the Technological Pedagogical Content Knowledge (TPACK) framework and the Philippine Professional Standards for School Heads (PPSSH). Frequency, percentage, weighted mean, and standard deviation were used for descriptive analysis, while an independent-samples t-test or analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Pearson’s correlation coefficient were proposed for examining differences and relationships. The findings revealed that digital-based literacy instruction was implemented to a great extent (overall weighted mean = 3.45, SD = 0.42), while administrative strategies were employed to a great extent (overall weighted mean = 3.51, SD = 0.39). Instructional supervision and monitoring were revealed to be the most frequently implemented administrative strategy, whereas technological infrastructure and resources were revealed to be the area requiring the greatest improvement. A significant positive relationship was revealed between administrative strategies and the level of implementation (r = 0.62, p < 0.001). Limited internet connectivity, insufficient digital equipment, and the need for continuous teacher training were revealed to be the major implementation concerns. These findings suggest the value of an enhanced digital-based literacy instruction framework emphasizing strategic resource allocation, sustained professional development, reliable technological infrastructure, and consistent instructional supervision.

This study examines how educational supervision and educational evaluation can be integrated to improve the quality of Islamic educational institutions at the madrasah tsanawiyah (MTs) level in Samarinda. The problem addressed is that supervision and evaluation are often discussed and managed as separate routines, so supervision findings rarely serve as evidence for institutional quality decisions. The study aims to explain the relationship between the two, to formulate an integration model, and to identify supporting and inhibiting factors. It employed a qualitative library research design. Data were drawn from scientific articles published between 2021 and 2026, a government regulation on national education standards, and a local study conducted at an MTs in Samarinda, and were analyzed through data reduction, data display, and conclusion drawing with source triangulation. The results show that supervision supplies process evidence, while evaluation turns that evidence into quality decisions. Integration is best designed as a five-stage cycle: quality mapping, supervision planning, supervision implementation, evaluation of results and impacts, and follow-up coaching. An illustrative application shows that a small MTs can run this cycle through a quality team, a shared instrument, and a collaborative coaching approach. Leadership, quality culture, time management, and documentation of follow-up determine its success. The model is conceptual and requires empirical testing in further field research.

این مطالعه به بررسی چگونگی ادغام نظارت آموزشی و ارزیابی آموزشی به منظور ارتقای کیفیت مؤسسات آموزش اسلامی در سطح مدرسه متوسطه اول (مدرسه تسناویّه، MTs) در شهر ساماریندا می‌پردازد. مسئله مورد بررسی این است که نظارت و ارزیابی غالباً به عنوان فعالیت‌هایی جداگانه مورد بحث و مدیریت قرار می‌گیرند، به‌گونه‌ای که یافته‌های نظارت به ندرت به عنوان شواهدی برای تصمیم‌گیری‌های مرتبط با کیفیت مؤسسه مورد استفاده قرار می‌گیرند. هدف پژوهش، تبیین رابطه میان این دو، تدوین یک مدل ادغام و شناسایی عوامل تسهیل‌کننده و بازدارنده است. این پژوهش با رویکرد کیفی و روش مطالعه کتابخانه‌ای انجام شده است. داده‌ها از مقالات علمی منتشرشده بین سال‌های 2021 تا 2026، یک مقرره دولتی درباره استانداردهای ملی آموزش و یک مطالعه محلی انجام‌شده در یک مدرسه MTs در ساماریندا گردآوری و از طریق کاهش داده‌ها، نمایش داده‌ها و نتیجه‌گیری با استفاده از مثلث‌سازی منابع تحلیل شده‌اند. نتایج نشان می‌دهد که نظارت شواهد فرایندی را فراهم می‌کند، در حالی که ارزیابی این شواهد را به تصمیمات مرتبط با کیفیت تبدیل می‌کند. ادغام به بهترین نحو به صورت یک چرخه پنج‌مرحله‌ای طراحی می‌شود: نقشه‌برداری کیفیت، برنامه‌ریزی نظارت، اجرای نظارت، ارزیابی نتایج و پیامدها و پیگیری و هدایت بعدی. یک کاربرد نمونه نشان می‌دهد که یک مدرسه MTs کوچک می‌تواند این چرخه را از طریق یک تیم کیفیت، ابزار مشترک و رویکرد هدایت مشارکتی اجرا کند. رهبری، فرهنگ کیفیت، مدیریت زمان و مستندسازی پیگیری‌ها موفقیت این مدل را تعیین می‌کنند. این مدل مفهومی است و نیازمند آزمون تجربی در پژوهش‌های میدانی بعدی می‌باشد.

Background-Principals in inclusive schools must supervise instruction for students with special needs (SEN), yet little is known about how supervision reaches differentiated literacy instruction where specialist staff are scarce. Objectives- This study analyzes how a principal, as supervisor and educator, manages the instructional program and oversees differentiated literacy learning for SEN students. Methods- An instrumental single-case study was conducted at SDN 8 Sintang, an inclusive elementary school in West Kalimantan, Indonesia. Participants included one principal, one classroom teacher, one special assistant teacher (SAT), and five SEN students. Interviews, observations, and documents were analyzed using NVivo 15. Results-Participants described scheduled supervision aimed at differentiation and a redefinition of literacy achievement as individual progress. Differentiation appeared divided between the classroom teacher (content) and the SAT (process and assessment), although observed collaboration was inconsistent and students' communication about reading content was limited. Reported barriers were structural: the SAT ratio, incomplete individualized education program documentation, and limited special-pedagogy training. Conclusions-Within this school, the principal's dual role was perceived to support differentiated literacy work; the findings are tentative given one informant per adult role and five heterogeneous students. The study offers a context-bound proposition linking supervision, teacher SAT collaboration, and affective literacy habituation for testing.

زمینه و هدف: مدیران مدارس فراگیر باید بر آموزش دانش‌آموزان با نیازهای ویژه (SEN) نظارت کنند، اما اطلاعات اندکی درباره چگونگی رسیدن نظارت به آموزش سوادآموزی تفکیکی در شرایط کمبود کارکنان متخصص وجود دارد. اهداف: این پژوهش تحلیل می‌کند که چگونه یک مدیر، به عنوان ناظر و آموزگار، برنامه آموزشی را مدیریت کرده و بر یادگیری سوادآموزی تفکیکی برای دانش‌آموزان SEN نظارت می‌کند. روش‌ها: یک مطالعه موردی ابزاری منفرد در دبستان SDN 8 Sintang، یک مدرسه ابتدایی فراگیر در کالیمانتان غربی اندونزی انجام شد. شرکت‌کنندگان شامل یک مدیر، یک معلم کلاس، یک معلم دستیار ویژه (SAT) و پنج دانش‌آموز SEN بودند. مصاحبه‌ها، مشاهدات و اسناد با استفاده از نرم‌افزار NVivo 15 تحلیل شدند. یافته‌ها: شرکت‌کنندگان نظارت برنامه‌ریزی‌شده با هدف تفکیک و بازتعریف موفقیت سوادآموزی به عنوان پیشرفت فردی را توصیف کردند. تفکیک میان معلم کلاس (محتوا) و SAT (فرآیند و ارزیابی) تقسیم شده بود، هرچند همکاری مشاهده‌شده ناپایدار بود و ارتباط دانش‌آموزان درباره محتوای خواندن محدود بود. موانع گزارش‌شده ساختاری بودند: نسبت SAT، ناقص بودن مستندسازی برنامه آموزش فردی و محدودیت آموزش تخصصی در حوزه آموزش ویژه. نتیجه‌گیری: در این مدرسه، نقش دوگانه مدیر به عنوان حمایت‌کننده از کار سوادآموزی تفکیکی تلقی می‌شود؛ یافته‌ها با توجه به یک مطلع برای هر نقش بزرگسال و پنج دانش‌آموز ناهمگون، موقتی هستند. این پژوهش یک گزاره زمینه‌مند درباره ارتباط نظارت، همکاری معلم و SAT و عادت‌دهی عاطفی به سوادآموزی برای آزمون ارائه می‌دهد.