Research on fitrah-based education is mostly conceptual or situated in early childhood and primary schools; its implementation in junior high schools bound by the national curriculum remains underexplored. This qualitative case study describes the forms of implementation, strategies for developing students' academic and spiritual potential, supporting and inhibiting factors, and implications for students at SMP Ar-Rauf Tangerang. Data came from interviews with seven informants, observation, and documents, analyzed with the Miles, Huberman, and Saldaña model. Four forms of implementation emerged: an integrated curriculum, learning centered on students' uniqueness, narrative assessment (Rapor Fitrah), and a nurturing school culture. Potential was developed through talent mapping, personalized Qur'an memorization, nature-based entrepreneurship, and differentiated instruction. Educator vision, parental involvement, and the environment supported implementation; tension with the national curriculum, teacher workload, and varied parental understanding inhibited it. The study proposes the Formal School Fitrah Ecosystem model.
This study explored collaborative lesson planning practices as part of lesson study-based supervision in selected public primary schools in Bagamoyo District, Tanzania. The study was guided by Social Constructivist Theory and employed a qualitative case study design, with Bagamoyo District as the bounded case and four selected public primary schools as embedded units of analysis. A total of 34 participants, comprising 28 classroom teachers, four head teachers, and two Ward Education Officers, were purposively selected. Data were collected through semi-structured interviews, focus group discussions, observation, and document analysis and were analysed thematically. The findings revealed that collaborative lesson planning was widely practiced in the selected schools through joint preparation of lesson plans, discussion of learning objectives and teaching strategies, development of teaching aids, and sharing of instructional knowledge and resources. Teachers reported that these practices enhanced professional learning, teaching confidence, pedagogical knowledge, and collective problem-solving. However, the implementation of collaborative lesson planning was constrained by heavy teaching workloads, limited time, inadequate instructional resources, and competing administrative responsibilities. The study concludes that collaborative lesson planning constitutes an important foundation of lesson study-based supervision and provides teachers with opportunities for continuous professional learning and improvement of instructional practice. The study recommends that school leaders and education authorities allocate adequate time and resources for collaborative lesson planning, strengthen institutional support, and minimise competing responsibilities that interfere with regular lesson study activities
Background School-aged children that experience social anxiety and have difficulty with interactions among peers can create significant challenges to their development in terms of both psychology and behavior. A team sport such as volleyball provides a common setting that naturally includes all aspects of social interaction (communication, cooperation, role coordination, etc.) and shared goals which is essential to improve the child’s confidence in interacting socially and abilities to interact socially with peers. Objective This research is an examination of the effect that a 12-week collective volleyball cooperative tactical training program will have on social anxiety and peer interaction in children (8–12). Methods A sample of 80 healthy school-age children was obtained via two methods of campus based, voluntary and/or open recruitment. These children were then randomly assigned to either an experimental intervention group ( n = 40) or an active control group receiving standard physical education ( n = 40). For 12 consecutive weeks, participants in the experimental group engaged in a type of volleyball cooperative tactical team training that occurred on 3 days each week at 1 h per day. During this time the participants in the control group engaged in standard physical education classes of matched frequency and duration. Social anxiety was measured by use of the Social Anxiety Scale for Children (SASC); SASC measures include total social anxiety, fear of negative evaluation and social avoidance/distress. Participant peer interaction was evaluated using a study-specific 25-item peer-interaction questionnaire covering interaction initiative, peer acceptance, interaction coordination, interaction openness, and conflict resolution ability. Data collection occurred prior to, as well as subsequent to, the intervention. Statistical analyses were conducted utilizing SPSS version 26.0 software. A 2 × 2 mixed-design ANOVA was conducted to examine Group × Time interaction effects, with group (intervention vs. control) as the between-subjects factor and time (pre-intervention vs. post-intervention) as the within-subject factor. Effect sizes were reported using partial eta squared ( η 2 p ), and post hoc comparisons were performed when significant interactions were identified. Results Group × Time Interaction Effects from a mixed-design ANOVA were found to be statistically significant for both of the outcomes (social anxiety and peer interaction) of this study. Children participating in an intervention that included an instructional program using the Collective Volleyball Cooperative Tactical Training Model showed significantly greater improvement than did those in the Control Condition in reducing their level of social anxiety as well as improving their peer interaction abilities over the course of the 12-weeks. Although we found a statistically-significant improvement in both children’s social anxiety, and their peer interaction skills through a 12-week program, there is no data available for us to understand if those positive results will continue into the future because we did not assess children at later points in time. Thus, future researchers are encouraged to consider extended assessment periods as part of their study designs to determine how long such interventions have an impact. Secondly, as a feasibility study in a controlled environment showed promise for implementation of cooperative tactical volleyball programs, there may be barriers to successful implementation in regular school settings such as lack of facilities, class size and teacher workload. Future research is needed to examine how cooperative tactical volleyball programs can be adapted to encompass large groups of students and incorporated into routine physical education curriculum. Furthermore, although the intervention showed feasibility under controlled conditions, implementation in regular school settings may face practical challenges, including limited facilities, larger class sizes, and teacher workload. Future studies should examine how cooperative volleyball tactical training can be adapted for broader school-based implementation. Conclusion Collective Volleyball Cooperative Tactical Training is an effective method for reducing social anxiety and improving the ability of school aged children to interact with peers. The program offers a viable, school-based model for integrating sport skills acquisition (training) and psychosocial growth through physical activity.
Time poverty plagues schools worldwide. Current research has focussed on the quantitative analysis of accumulated tasks and duties that serve as the symptoms of a phenomenon known as time poverty. Every school is home to a similar yet unique set of complex, hidden temporal patterns created by different and often conflicting social calendars that combine to influence the rhythm of school life for teachers and students alike. The need for these social calendars to structure school time-and-place arrangements inevitably leads to the formation of the temporal paradox of schools: that to function effectively, time must be fixed; yet to succeed, time needs to be fluid. Rhythm analysis and a taxonomy for understanding the subjective experience of time provide novel lenses through which to reconceive time poverty in schools not solely as a quantitative problem, but instead as contextually specific temporal arrythmia. Activity theory provides an analytical framework to be paired with a new taxonomy of temporal experience to create a novel analytical tool to reframe time poverty in the context of teacher workload and develop a temporal empathy for the purposes of meaningful – school-based – intervention.
فقر زمانی مدارس سراسر جهان را درگیر کرده است. پژوهشهای کنونی عمدتاً بر تحلیل کمی وظایف و مسئولیتهای انباشتهشده تمرکز داشتهاند که بهعنوان نشانههای پدیدهای به نام فقر زمانی شناخته میشوند. هر مدرسه میزبان مجموعهای مشابه اما منحصربهفرد از الگوهای زمانی پیچیده و پنهان است که توسط تقویمهای اجتماعی مختلف و اغلب متعارض ایجاد میشوند و با هم ریتم زندگی مدرسهای معلمان و دانشآموزان را تحت تأثیر قرار میدهند. نیاز به این تقویمهای اجتماعی برای ساختاربندی زمان و مکان مدرسه، بهطور اجتنابناپذیری به شکلگیری پارادوکس زمانی مدارس منجر میشود: برای عملکرد مؤثر، زمان باید ثابت باشد؛ اما برای موفقیت، زمان باید سیال باشد. تحلیل ریتم و یک طبقهبندی برای فهم تجربهی ذهنی زمان، دیدگاههای نوینی فراهم میکنند تا فقر زمانی در مدارس نه صرفاً بهعنوان یک مسئلهی کمی، بلکه بهعنوان آریتمی زمانی خاص بافت بازاندیشی شود. نظریه فعالیت چارچوب تحلیلیای فراهم میکند که میتوان آن را با طبقهبندی جدید تجربه زمانی ترکیب کرد تا ابزار تحلیلی نوینی برای بازتعریف فقر زمانی در زمینهی بارکاری معلمان و توسعهی همدلی زمانی بهمنظور مداخلات معنادار مبتنی بر مدرسه ایجاد شود.
This systematic review integrates empirical studies published from 2020 to 2025 to analyze the impact of teacher workload and pedagogical innovations on cognition, motivation, and burnout within Arab educational settings. Teacher well-being is increasingly acknowledged as a pivotal factor influencing instructional quality, while in the Arab region, swift educational reforms converge with socio-cultural intricacies, resulting in distinctive challenges. In accordance with the PRISMA 2020 guidelines, a systematic search was executed across ERIC, Scopus, Web of Science, and Google Scholar, encompassing peer-reviewed empirical and review articles pertaining to K–12 or higher education teachers in Arab countries. Thematic synthesis of the 59 studies that met the inclusion criteria revealed three dominant themes: (a) excessive workload, encompassing both instructional and administrative demands, consistently predicted teacher burnout and cognitive strain; (b) teacher motivation functioned as a mediating resource, buffering or amplifying the effects of workload on well-being; and (c) pedagogical innovations, including educational technology and artificial intelligence, were perceived as both enablers of efficiency and sources of additional stress when poorly supported. The results show that teacher workload is the main thing that hurts motivation and causes burnout in the Arab world. Pedagogical innovations can help relieve stress, but they only work if they are supported by the system and fit with strategies for managing workload. To make sure that educational reforms work in the long run, policy and practice should put teacher well-being first.
این مرور نظاممند با ادغام مطالعات تجربی منتشرشده از سال ۲۰۲۰ تا ۲۰۲۵، تأثیر بار کاری معلمان و نوآوریهای آموزشی را بر شناخت، انگیزش و فرسودگی شغلی در محیطهای آموزشی عربی تحلیل میکند. بهزیستی معلمان به طور فزایندهای به عنوان عاملی محوری در کیفیت تدریس شناخته میشود، در حالیکه در منطقه عرب، اصلاحات سریع آموزشی با پیچیدگیهای اجتماعیفرهنگی تلاقی یافته و چالشهای منحصربهفردی را ایجاد کرده است. بر اساس دستورالعملهای PRISMA 2020، جستجوی نظاممند در پایگاههای ERIC، Scopus، Web of Science و Google Scholar انجام شد و مقالات تجربی و مروری داوریشده مرتبط با معلمان آموزش K–12 یا آموزش عالی در کشورهای عربی را دربر گرفت. سنتز موضوعی ۵۹ مطالعه واجد شرایط سه مضمون غالب را آشکار ساخت: (الف) بار کاری بیش از حد، شامل الزامات آموزشی و اداری، به طور مستمر پیشبینیکننده فرسودگی شغلی معلمان و فشار شناختی بود؛ (ب) انگیزش معلمان به عنوان منبعی میانجی عمل میکرد که میتوانست اثرات بار کاری بر بهزیستی را تعدیل یا تقویت کند؛ و (ج) نوآوریهای آموزشی، از جمله فناوری آموزشی و هوش مصنوعی، هم به عنوان تسهیلکننده کارایی و هم منبع استرس اضافی در صورت نبود حمایت کافی تلقی میشدند. نتایج نشان میدهد که بار کاری معلمان عامل اصلی تضعیف انگیزش و ایجاد فرسودگی شغلی در جهان عرب است. نوآوریهای آموزشی میتوانند به کاهش استرس کمک کنند، اما تنها زمانی مؤثر هستند که از حمایت نظاممند برخوردار بوده و با راهبردهای مدیریت بار کاری همسو باشند. برای تضمین موفقیت بلندمدت اصلاحات آموزشی، سیاست و عمل باید بهزیستی معلمان را در اولویت قرار دهند.
This systematic review integrates empirical studies published from 2020 to 2025 to analyze the impact of teacher workload and pedagogical innovations on cognition, motivation, and burnout within Arab educational settings. Teacher well-being is increasingly acknowledged as a pivotal factor influencing instructional quality, while in the Arab region, swift educational reforms converge with socio-cultural intricacies, resulting in distinctive challenges. In accordance with the PRISMA 2020 guidelines, a systematic search was executed across ERIC, Scopus, Web of Science, and Google Scholar, encompassing peer-reviewed empirical and review articles pertaining to K–12 or higher education teachers in Arab countries. Thematic synthesis of the 59 studies that met the inclusion criteria revealed three dominant themes: (a) excessive workload, encompassing both instructional and administrative demands, consistently predicted teacher burnout and cognitive strain; (b) teacher motivation functioned as a mediating resource, buffering or amplifying the effects of workload on well-being; and (c) pedagogical innovations, including educational technology and artificial intelligence, were perceived as both enablers of efficiency and sources of additional stress when poorly supported. The results show that teacher workload is the main thing that hurts motivation and causes burnout in the Arab world. Pedagogical innovations can help relieve stress, but they only work if they are supported by the system and fit with strategies for managing workload. To make sure that educational reforms work in the long run, policy and practice should put teacher well-being first.
این مرور نظاممند با ادغام مطالعات تجربی منتشرشده از سال ۲۰۲۰ تا ۲۰۲۵، تأثیر بار کاری معلمان و نوآوریهای آموزشی را بر شناخت، انگیزش و فرسودگی شغلی در محیطهای آموزشی عربی تحلیل میکند. بهزیستی معلمان به طور فزایندهای به عنوان عاملی محوری در کیفیت تدریس شناخته میشود، در حالیکه در منطقه عرب، اصلاحات سریع آموزشی با پیچیدگیهای اجتماعیفرهنگی تلاقی یافته و چالشهای منحصربهفردی را ایجاد کرده است. بر اساس دستورالعملهای PRISMA 2020، جستجوی نظاممند در پایگاههای ERIC، Scopus، Web of Science و Google Scholar انجام شد و مقالات تجربی و مروری داوریشده مرتبط با معلمان آموزش K–12 یا آموزش عالی در کشورهای عربی را دربر گرفت. سنتز موضوعی ۵۹ مطالعه واجد شرایط سه مضمون غالب را آشکار ساخت: (الف) بار کاری بیش از حد، شامل الزامات آموزشی و اداری، به طور مستمر پیشبینیکننده فرسودگی شغلی معلمان و فشار شناختی بود؛ (ب) انگیزش معلمان به عنوان منبعی میانجی عمل میکرد که میتوانست اثرات بار کاری بر بهزیستی را تعدیل یا تقویت کند؛ و (ج) نوآوریهای آموزشی، از جمله فناوری آموزشی و هوش مصنوعی، هم به عنوان تسهیلکننده کارایی و هم منبع استرس اضافی در صورت نبود حمایت کافی تلقی میشدند. نتایج نشان میدهد که بار کاری معلمان عامل اصلی تضعیف انگیزش و ایجاد فرسودگی شغلی در جهان عرب است. نوآوریهای آموزشی میتوانند به کاهش استرس کمک کنند، اما تنها زمانی مؤثر هستند که از حمایت نظاممند برخوردار بوده و با راهبردهای مدیریت بار کاری همسو باشند. برای تضمین موفقیت بلندمدت اصلاحات آموزشی، سیاست و عمل باید بهزیستی معلمان را در اولویت قرار دهند.
The purpose of this study is to examine how teachers perceive measurement and evaluation through written exam within the scope of the Türkiye Century Education Model and to investigate their opinions on this practice. The study was conducted using the descriptive qualitative study method, one of the qualitative research designs. Participants consisted of 26 teachers (11 male, 15 female) working in public middle schools and high schools in the Çeltik district of Konya province who administer written exams. Data were collected through semi-structured interviews and analyzed using content analysis. The findings include teachers' positive and negative views on written exams, the effects of these practices on learning outcomes, the difficulties encountered in the process, and their suggestions regarding the practice. Teachers' positive views on written exams include reliability, validity, suitability for learning outcomes, and providing feedback, while their negative views stem from test anxiety, the length of preparation time, and the additional workload for teachers. The effects of written exams on learning were classified as positive, negative, and variable; among the positive effects, motivation and the development of study habits stood out, while among the negative effects, anxiety and the inability to measure actual learning were emphasized. The challenges encountered were addressed in three groups: student-based, teacher-based, and method-based. Teachers suggested diversifying assessment methods, emphasizing process-based assessment, and focusing on writing skills.
هدف این پژوهش بررسی ادراک معلمان از سنجش و ارزیابی از طریق آزمون کتبی در چارچوب مدل آموزش سده ترکیه و بررسی دیدگاههای آنان نسبت به این شیوه است. این پژوهش با استفاده از روش مطالعه کیفی توصیفی، که یکی از طرحهای پژوهش کیفی است، انجام شده است. شرکتکنندگان شامل ۲۶ معلم (۱۱ مرد، ۱۵ زن) شاغل در مدارس متوسطه اول و دوم دولتی در منطقه چلتیک استان قونیه بودند که آزمون کتبی برگزار میکنند. دادهها از طریق مصاحبههای نیمهساختاریافته گردآوری و با استفاده از تحلیل محتوا مورد تجزیه و تحلیل قرار گرفتند. یافتهها شامل دیدگاههای مثبت و منفی معلمان درباره آزمونهای کتبی، تأثیرات این شیوهها بر پیامدهای یادگیری، دشواریهای موجود در فرایند و پیشنهادهای آنان درباره این شیوه است. دیدگاههای مثبت معلمان درباره آزمونهای کتبی شامل پایایی، روایی، تناسب با اهداف یادگیری و فراهمکردن بازخورد است، در حالی که دیدگاههای منفی ناشی از اضطراب آزمون، طولانی بودن زمان آمادهسازی و افزایش حجم کار معلمان میباشد. تأثیرات آزمونهای کتبی بر یادگیری به سه دسته مثبت، منفی و متغیر تقسیم شد؛ در میان تأثیرات مثبت، انگیزش و تقویت عادات مطالعه برجسته بود و در میان تأثیرات منفی، اضطراب و ناتوانی در سنجش واقعی یادگیری مورد تأکید قرار گرفت. چالشهای موجود در سه گروه دانشآموزمحور، معلممحور و روشمحور بررسی شد. معلمان پیشنهاد کردند که روشهای ارزیابی متنوع شود، بر ارزیابی فرایندمحور تأکید گردد و مهارتهای نوشتاری مورد توجه قرار گیرد.
Large class sizes pose significant challenges to the quality of teaching and learning, although previous studies have examined the effects of large class sizes on teaching and learning outcomes, relatively few studies have been given to the pedagogical strategies that can mitigate these challenges and enhance educational quality. This study therefore investigated the effects of large class sizes on the quality of teaching and learning and explored pedagogical strategies that can be employed to improve instructional effectiveness in such contexts. Two research questions were formulated to guide the study:(1) What are the challenges faced by teachers in handling large class sizes and their effects? (2) What pedagogies could be employed to improve the quality of teaching and learning in large classes? A qualitative research method was employed, and a purposive sampling approach was used to arrive at 38 respondents. Primary data were gathered through focus group discussions and personal interviews. The findings highlighted significant issues faced by teachers, such as difficulties in providing individualised attention, proper assessments, several assignments, timely feedback, and good classroom control and management. These challenges hinder academic progress and contribute to poor student performance. To address these issues and enhance the quality of teaching and learning, the findings further revealed several strategies, including peer teaching and marking, group studies, collaborative teaching, field trips, and the use of projectors. The study also emphasises the importance of professional development training programs for in-service teachers to improve their teaching methodologies and confidence in managing large classes. The study concludes that these methods reduce teacher workload and improve the overall learning experience. The study recommends that the Ghana Education Service should encourage teachers to employ these teaching strategies in large classes to improve the quality of teaching and learning.
کلاسهای پرجمعیت چالشهای قابل توجهی برای کیفیت آموزش و یادگیری ایجاد میکنند. اگرچه پژوهشهای پیشین به بررسی اثرات کلاسهای پرجمعیت بر پیامدهای آموزش و یادگیری پرداختهاند، اما مطالعات نسبتاً اندکی به راهبردهای آموزشی که میتوانند این چالشها را کاهش داده و کیفیت آموزشی را ارتقا دهند، اختصاص یافته است. بنابراین، این پژوهش به بررسی اثرات کلاسهای پرجمعیت بر کیفیت آموزش و یادگیری پرداخته و راهبردهای آموزشی قابل استفاده برای بهبود اثربخشی تدریس در چنین زمینههایی را مورد بررسی قرار داده است. دو سؤال پژوهشی برای هدایت مطالعه تدوین شد: (۱) چالشهایی که معلمان در مدیریت کلاسهای پرجمعیت با آن مواجه هستند و اثرات آنها چیست؟ (۲) چه روشهای آموزشی میتوانند برای بهبود کیفیت آموزش و یادگیری در کلاسهای پرجمعیت به کار گرفته شوند؟ این پژوهش از روش کیفی بهره برد و با استفاده از نمونهگیری هدفمند، ۳۸ نفر به عنوان پاسخدهنده انتخاب شدند. دادههای اولیه از طریق بحثهای گروهی متمرکز و مصاحبههای فردی گردآوری شد. یافتهها مسائل مهمی را که معلمان با آن مواجه هستند، از جمله دشواری در ارائه توجه فردی، ارزیابی مناسب، تکالیف متعدد، بازخورد به موقع و کنترل و مدیریت مطلوب کلاس را برجسته ساخت. این چالشها پیشرفت تحصیلی را مختل کرده و به عملکرد ضعیف دانشآموزان منجر میشوند. برای رفع این مسائل و ارتقای کیفیت آموزش و یادگیری، یافتهها راهبردهای متعددی از جمله آموزش و تصحیح همتایان، مطالعات گروهی، تدریس مشارکتی، بازدیدهای میدانی و استفاده از پروژکتور را نشان دادند. همچنین پژوهش بر اهمیت برنامههای آموزش حرفهای برای معلمان شاغل جهت بهبود روشهای تدریس و افزایش اعتماد به نفس در مدیریت کلاسهای پرجمعیت تأکید میکند. نتیجهگیری پژوهش آن است که این روشها بار کاری معلمان را کاهش داده و تجربه کلی یادگیری را بهبود میبخشند. پژوهش توصیه میکند که سرویس آموزش غنا معلمان را به استفاده از این راهبردهای تدریس در کلاسهای پرجمعیت برای ارتقای کیفیت آموزش و یادگیری تشویق کند.