UNESCO

While research into inclusivity and dyslexia, a neurodevelopmental condition affecting language learning, has gained greater attention, multilevel stakeholders’ perspectives across both public schools and teacher education programs remain underexplored. Addressing this gap, this study adapts the broader UNESCO Policy Review Framework as a lens for investigating dyslexia-friendly inclusive practices among ELT stakeholders, including in-service teachers, school administrators, teacher educators, and university administrators in the Riau Islands, Indonesia. Utilizing a mixed-methods research design, this study gathered data through questionnaires, classroom observations, and semi-structured interviews. Subsequently, data were analyzed via descriptive statistics and thematic analysis. Results revealed limited awareness of dyslexia and inclusive education, alongside misconceptions and reliance on special schools. Although inclusive practices were evident (mainly differentiated instruction), specific support for students with dyslexia remained unaddressed. Despite inclusion being viewed positively and mandated within the education system, its implementation remained weak. The study offers implications for systemic reform, suggesting that ELT stakeholders enhance their inclusive practices through training and developing inclusive institutional management. Additionally, teacher education institutions should pursue curricular adjustments to incorporate dyslexia-friendly inclusive practices.

The digital revolution has fundamentally transformed childhood experience across the globe. In Ghana, rapid mobile internet penetration, the proliferation of low-cost smartphones, and COVID-19-induced remote learning have dramatically intensified basic school children's exposure to digital screens. Emerging evidence links digital screen addiction (DSA) to significant impairments in children's psychological well-being encompassing emotional, cognitive, social, and behavioural dimensions. Yet, school management responses in Ghanaian basic schools remain underdeveloped and largely uncoordinated. This narrative literature review synthesizes global and sub-Saharan African evidence on digital screen addiction and its psychological well-being consequences among basic school children (ages 5–15), critically examines existing school management frameworks, and proposes a School-Based Digital Wellness Management Framework (SBDWMF) for Ghanaian basic schools. A narrative synthesis approach was employed. Literature was sourced from PubMed, Google Scholar, Scopus, PsycINFO, African Journals Online (AJOL), and grey literature from the WHO, UNESCO, UNICEF, Ghana Education Service (GES), Ghana Health Service (GHS), and the Ministry of Education. Peer-reviewed empirical studies, systematic reviews, meta-analyses, and policy documents published from 2010 to 2024 were included, with a total of 72 sources forming the evidence base. DSA is prevalent among basic school-age children globally, with pooled prevalence estimates ranging from 19% to 38% depending on measurement tools and contexts. Excessive screen exposure is consistently associated with psychological distress, anxiety, depression, attentional difficulties, emotional dysregulation, impaired self-esteem, peer-relationship deficits, and poor academic well-being. In Ghana, contextual risk amplifiers, including parental digital literacy gaps, absent school mental health services, post-COVID normalization of extended screen use, and fragmented policy, compound the psychological burden. School management frameworks in Ghanaian basic schools are largely inadequate to address DSA, with critical deficits in policy, counselling capacity, teacher training, and parental engagement. DSA poses a mounting psychological well-being challenge for Ghanaian basic school children, demanding an urgent, evidence-informed school management response. The proposed six-pillar SBDWMF offers a practical governance architecture for Ghanaian basic school heads, district education officers, and national policymakers to address DSA comprehensively within the school setting.

School – Based violence has been recognized as a major educational challenge (UNESCO, 2019). In Uganda, and particularly in urban centers such as Mbale City, reports of student misconduct, peer influence, and group-related conflicts are becoming more common. These challenges not only affect academic performance but also threaten the safety and well-being of learners. Therefore, this study examined the causes, effects, and prevention strategies of school-based violence and gang activity in Mbale City. This study adopted a mixed-approach design, combining literature review with contextual observations in the community whereby Secondary data was obtained from text-books, reports, academic publications and newspapers. Studies indicated that violence in schools negatively affects learners’ academic performance, psychological well-being, and social development (UNESCO, 2019; UNICEF, 2018). Locally, informal observations and reported cases in Mbale City suggested increasing incidents of bullying, student grouping, fighting among students, Intimidation and harassment, Group-based conflicts and indiscipline. The study identified key contributing factors such as peer pressure, family background, Weak school discipline systems (Gottfredson, 2001), Exposure to violence in media and community influence, Overcrowding in some schools and school environment. This further highlighted that effective prevention requires a combination of school-based interventions, parental involvement, and policy support. In Mbale City, these activities remain significant challenges in education and these issues are increasingly visible which require urgent attention according to media reports (Daily monitor 2026, April 17). The study concludes that a coordinated approach is essential in promoting safe and supportive learning environments by combining global research with local understanding to strengthen discipline systems and supervision, Guidance and counseling services in schools, student behavior monitoring by parents and Government’s support to policies that promote school safety.

Digital media has evolved from passive screen viewing into an algorithmically curated ecosystem of social platforms, short form video, games, generative artificial intelligence (AI), conversational agents, connected toys and educational technologies. These systems can support learning, creativity, communication, disability access and healthcare; however, engagement optimized design, commercial surveillance and synthetic content create risks that are not adequately captured by screen-time measures alone. This narrative review examines the effects of contemporary digital ecosystems on child and adolescent health and outlines implications for pediatric practice. PubMed/MEDLINE, Google Scholar and guidance from the World Health Organization, United Nations Children's Fund, UNESCO and the American Academy of Pediatrics were reviewed, with emphasis on evidence published from 2019 to June 2026. Associations have been reported between problematic digital media use and sleep disruption, reduced physical activity, visual and musculoskeletal symptoms, obesity related behaviours, anxiety, depressive symptoms, cyberbullying, disordered eating and impaired attention. Causal interpretation remains difficult because effects are heterogeneous, often small, bidirectional and strongly modified by age, content, context, displacement, family relationships and pre-existing vulnerability. AI adds distinct concerns: persuasive personalization, inaccurate health information, anthropomorphic dependency, deepfakes, sexual exploitation, biased outputs, privacy loss and erosion of learning through uncritical outsourcing. Benefits are also substantial when technologies are developmentally appropriate, evidence-based, inclusive and used with adult support. Pediatric counselling should shift from counting hours alone toward assessing the child's digital ecosystem, sleep, function, content, compulsivity, safety and relationships. Effective protection requires shared family practices, school digital literacy, safety by design, age-appropriate assurance, transparent algorithms, data minimization and independent research. The goal is not a screen free childhood but a child centred digital environment that supports health, agency and development.

The article presents the challenges of civic education and a civic upbringing in the era of the transforming of society in response to climate change.These challenges include not only support for mitigation and adaptation measures but also support for maintaining or deepening democratic processes and institutions.Following the UNESCO call for educational transformation (2021), responsible civic education was defined as education that leads students to support pro-climate measures (a shared truth and a vision of the future) but also to embrace democratic civil attitudes.According to UNESCO, education should lead to peaceful activism that criticises and confronts the power structures that disrupt or prevent shared truths about a possible future.The authors therefore describe the transformations in civil disobedience (CD) and theoretical reflections on CD that appreciate its importance and potential for promoting pro-climatic measures.They also present other civil approaches and examples of addressing the climate crisis, specifically examining the democratic limits and positive aspects of the concepts of environmental and ecological citizenship, deliberative democracy, and eco-modernism.They then present the concepts of civic education and offer answers to the question of what parameters responsible civic education should meet.First, they show the current interdependence between the subject of civic education and climate change.They then present Westheimer's models of civic education in relation to sustainability and the deepening of democratic processes.Here, the model of a justice-oriented citizen is presented in relation to the concept of responsible citizenship, where responsibility is extended to that of taking action for the benefit of society as a whole.

این مقاله به چالش‌های آموزش شهروندی و تربیت شهروندی در عصر تحول جامعه در پاسخ به تغییرات اقلیمی می‌پردازد. این چالش‌ها نه تنها شامل حمایت از اقدامات کاهش و سازگاری، بلکه حمایت از حفظ یا تعمیق فرایندها و نهادهای دموکراتیک نیز می‌شود. در پی فراخوان یونسکو برای تحول آموزشی (2021)، آموزش شهروندی مسئولانه به عنوان آموزشی تعریف شده است که دانش‌آموزان را به حمایت از اقدامات اقلیمی (حقیقت مشترک و چشم‌انداز آینده) و همچنین پذیرش نگرش‌های مدنی دموکراتیک سوق می‌دهد. به گفته یونسکو، آموزش باید به کنشگری مسالمت‌آمیز منجر شود که ساختارهای قدرتی را که حقیقت‌های مشترک درباره آینده ممکن را مختل یا مانع می‌شوند، نقد و به چالش می‌کشد. نویسندگان در نتیجه، دگرگونی‌های نافرمانی مدنی (CD) و تأملات نظری درباره CD را توصیف می‌کنند که اهمیت و پتانسیل آن را برای ترویج اقدامات اقلیمی ارج می‌نهند. آن‌ها همچنین رویکردهای مدنی دیگر و نمونه‌هایی از مواجهه با بحران اقلیمی را ارائه می‌دهند و به طور خاص، حدود دموکراتیک و جنبه‌های مثبت مفاهیم شهروندی محیط‌زیستی و بوم‌شناختی، دموکراسی مشورتی و اکومدرنیسم را بررسی می‌کنند. سپس مفاهیم آموزش شهروندی را مطرح کرده و به این پرسش پاسخ می‌دهند که آموزش شهروندی مسئولانه باید چه شاخص‌هایی داشته باشد. ابتدا، وابستگی متقابل کنونی میان موضوع آموزش شهروندی و تغییرات اقلیمی را نشان می‌دهند. سپس مدل‌های Westheimer از آموزش شهروندی را در ارتباط با پایداری و تعمیق فرایندهای دموکراتیک ارائه می‌کنند. در اینجا، مدل شهروند عدالت‌محور در ارتباط با مفهوم شهروندی مسئولانه مطرح می‌شود، جایی که مسئولیت به اقدام برای منفعت کل جامعه گسترش می‌یابد.

This study responds to limited empirical research on the relationship between inclusive education, Education for Sustainable Development (ESD) and teacher education in southern Africa. While these educational agendas are somehow linked in policy discourse, there remains little evidence showing how teacher educators can integrate inclusivity and sustainability in practice. This study explored how teacher educators in Malawi, Tanzania and Eswatini mainstreamed inclusive education through UNESCO's Sustainability Starts with Teachers (SST) programme and its ESD Change Projects. Guided by Bronfenbrenner's bioecological systems theory and Vygotsky's sociocultural theory, the research adopted a qualitative formative interventionist approach using a nested case study design. The findings revealed that teacher educators developed inclusive pedagogical proficiency through collaborative and contextually grounded Change Projects that addressed contradictions between inclusivity, sustainability and teacher education practice. This study found that pedagogical proficiency was strengthened through engaged practice, collaborative reflection and institutional learning processes. Drawing from these findings, this article advances the Sustainable Inclusive Pedagogical Proficiency Process (SIP3) model as a contextually grounded southern African contribution for understanding and operationalising inclusive pedagogical proficiency in teacher education. The SIP3 model is a practice-research and professional development framework for strengthening inclusive and sustainable teacher education practices.

این مطالعه در پاسخ به کمبود پژوهش‌های تجربی درباره رابطه بین آموزش فراگیر، آموزش برای توسعه پایدار (ESD) و تربیت معلم در جنوب آفریقا انجام شده است. اگرچه این دستورکارهای آموزشی تا حدی در گفتمان سیاست‌گذاری به هم مرتبط هستند، اما شواهد اندکی وجود دارد که نشان دهد مدرسان معلمان چگونه می‌توانند فراگیری و پایداری را در عمل ادغام کنند. این پژوهش بررسی کرد که چگونه مدرسان معلمان در کشورهای مالاوی، تانزانیا و اسواتینی آموزش فراگیر را از طریق برنامه «پایداری از معلمان آغاز می‌شود» (SST) یونسکو و پروژه‌های تغییر مرتبط با آموزش برای توسعه پایدار، به جریان اصلی تبدیل کردند. این پژوهش با راهنمایی نظریه سامانه‌های زیستی-بوم‌شناختی برونفنبرنر و نظریه جامعه‌فرهنگی ویگوتسکی، رویکرد کیفی مداخله‌ای-تکوینی را با استفاده از طرح مطالعه موردی تو در تو اتخاذ کرد. یافته‌ها نشان داد که مدرسان معلمان از طریق پروژه‌های تغییر مشارکتی و مبتنی بر زمینه که به تناقضات میان فراگیری، پایداری و عمل تربیت معلم می‌پرداختند، مهارت پداگوژیک فراگیر را توسعه دادند. این مطالعه دریافت که مهارت پداگوژیک از طریق عمل مشارکتی، بازتاب جمعی و فرایندهای یادگیری نهادی تقویت می‌شود. بر اساس این یافته‌ها، این مقاله الگوی فرایند مهارت‌آموزی پداگوژیک فراگیر پایدار (SIP3) را به عنوان یک مشارکت مبتنی بر زمینه از جنوب آفریقا برای فهم و عملیاتی‌سازی مهارت پداگوژیک فراگیر در تربیت معلم مطرح می‌کند. الگوی SIP3 یک چارچوب پژوهش-عمل و توسعه حرفه‌ای برای تقویت شیوه‌های تربیت معلم فراگیر و پایدار است.

This paper presents an exploratory systematic review of artificial intelligence (AI) in physics education and its alignment with Sustainable Development Goal 4 (SDG 4). Following Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses 2020 guidelines (Page et al., 2021), a Web of Science search conducted on January 15, 2025, yielded 105 records; after independent dual-reviewer screening (Cohen’s κ = 0.82 on n = 105 title/abstract decisions), 12 empirical studies published between 2013 and 2025 were included and analyzed. Given the small corpus and emergent nature of the field, findings are explicitly characterized as exploratory evidence mapping rather than consolidated empirical conclusions. The corpus spans educational contexts from secondary school to teacher training and engages AI types including intelligent tutoring systems, machine learning, natural language processing, and generative models. Results indicate that AI is used in four pedagogical roles: tutor, evaluator, assistant, and analyst, with documented benefits in conceptual understanding, formative feedback, personalization, and self-regulated learning. Alignment with SDG-4-relevant sustainability competencies (critical thinking, problem solving, collaboration, and digital literacy) was identified through a secondary interpretive analysis by the review authors against Education for Sustainable Development competency frameworks (Rieckmann, 2011; UNESCO, 2017; 2024); this alignment is inferential and design-based rather than directly measured by the primary studies. Ongoing challenges include technical reliability, teacher preparation and acceptance, and ethical concerns regarding transparency, bias, equity, and data protection. The review contributes an initial, disciplinary-specific evidence map at the intersection of AI, physics education, and SDG 4, and identifies six evidence gaps for future empirical research. No protocol was preregistered prior to conducting this review; this absence is acknowledged as a transparency limitation.

این مقاله به ارائه یک مرور نظام‌مند اکتشافی درباره هوش مصنوعی (AI) در آموزش فیزیک و همسویی آن با هدف توسعه پایدار ۴ (SDG 4) می‌پردازد. با پیروی از دستورالعمل‌های Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses 2020 (Page و همکاران، 2021)، جستجوی Web of Science که در تاریخ ۱۵ ژانویه ۲۰۲۵ انجام شد، ۱۰۵ رکورد را به دست داد؛ پس از غربالگری مستقل توسط دو ارزیاب (ضریب کاپا کوهن κ = 0.82 بر روی n = 105 تصمیم عنوان/چکیده)، ۱۲ مطالعه تجربی منتشرشده بین سال‌های ۲۰۱۳ تا ۲۰۲۵ وارد و تحلیل شدند. با توجه به حجم اندک مطالعات و ماهیت نوظهور این حوزه، یافته‌ها به طور صریح به عنوان نگاشت شواهد اکتشافی و نه نتیجه‌گیری‌های تجربی تثبیت‌شده توصیف می‌شوند. بدنه مطالعات زمینه‌های آموزشی از دبیرستان تا آموزش معلمان را دربر می‌گیرد و انواع هوش مصنوعی شامل سامانه‌های آموزش هوشمند، یادگیری ماشین، پردازش زبان طبیعی و مدل‌های مولد را مورد استفاده قرار می‌دهد. نتایج نشان می‌دهد که هوش مصنوعی در چهار نقش آموزشی شامل معلم، ارزیاب، دستیار و تحلیل‌گر به کار می‌رود و مزایایی چون ارتقای درک مفهومی، بازخورد تکوینی، شخصی‌سازی و یادگیری خودتنظیمی را به همراه دارد. همسویی با شایستگی‌های پایداری مرتبط با SDG-4 (تفکر انتقادی، حل مسئله، همکاری و سواد دیجیتال) از طریق تحلیل تفسیری ثانویه توسط نویسندگان مرور و بر اساس چارچوب‌های شایستگی آموزش برای توسعه پایدار (Rieckmann، ۲۰۱۱؛ یونسکو، ۲۰۱۷؛ ۲۰۲۴) شناسایی شد؛ این همسویی استنباطی و مبتنی بر طراحی است و نه مستقیماً توسط مطالعات اولیه اندازه‌گیری شده باشد. چالش‌های جاری شامل پایایی فنی، آمادگی و پذیرش معلمان و نگرانی‌های اخلاقی درباره شفافیت، سوگیری، عدالت و حفاظت از داده‌ها است. این مرور، نگاشت اولیه و اختصاصی شواهد را در تقاطع هوش مصنوعی، آموزش فیزیک و SDG 4 ارائه می‌دهد و شش شکاف شواهدی برای پژوهش‌های تجربی آینده شناسایی می‌کند. هیچ پروتکلی پیش از انجام این مرور ثبت نشده است؛ این فقدان به عنوان یک محدودیت شفافیت مورد اشاره قرار گرفته است.