Temperament

Nurses delivered much of the direct care to COVID-19 patients and were repeatedly exposed to death, infection risk, and shortages of equipment, yet little is known about how Pakistani nurses experienced and managed posttraumatic stress symptoms (PTSS). This qualitative study explored PTSS, experiences of trauma, perceived psychological impact, and coping strategies among nurses who cared for COVID-19 patients during peak pandemic waves. Eight registered nurses working in COVID wards and intensive care units of public hospitals in Islamabad and Rawalpindi were recruited through purposive sampling and took part in individual semi-structured interviews conducted in Urdu and basic English. Data were analysed using Braun and Clarke’s thematic analysis. Four themes were generated: (a) symptoms related to trauma (altered sleep, changes in temperament, emotional reactivity, diminished interest in social life, flashbacks); (b) threats and stress due to COVID-19 (increased workload, direct threat to self and others, sense of isolation, lack of knowledge and equipment); (c) psychological impact of trauma (increased mental health concerns, burnout and compassion fatigue, elevated death anxiety, lack of optimism about the future); and (d) strategies to cope (sharing workload with the team, emotional support from colleagues). Seven of eight nurses described flashbacks, and accounts spanned several DSM-5 symptom clusters, although no diagnostic assessment was used. Peer teamwork and emotional support were the only coping resources reported, and no participant had received formal counselling. Peer solidarity seems to have been an informal resource of resilience where organizational support was absent and institutional psychological services should be built around it.

In volleyball, as in other sports, special attention should be paid to the individual characteristics of the athlete. However, this is often neglected. Most problems arise when the selection criteria for a role are not a player’s personal qualities, but rather their technical and tactical skills (tallness, a strong dominant arm, etc.). Here, it’s not just the player’s skills that matter, but also how they present themselves as a person. Many personal qualities are determined by a person’s genetic code, which cannot be changed. The nervous system, temperament, and character play a crucial role in success in volleyball. Athletes’ activities during volleyball are subject to many specific characteristics inherent to the game. The fast pace, the variety and unexpectedness of game situations, the interaction with teammates, the intermittent pace, and other characteristics place mental demands on volleyball players that are markedly different from those placed on, for example, a gymnast during gymnastics exercises. A volleyball player must be able to quickly and accurately navigate changing conditions, instantly switch from one situation to another, and be prepared for any actions by teammates and opponents. The time constraints of fast-paced play place high demands on reaction time and decision-making. Two main types of neuropsychological resilience can be distinguished: players with an unstable nervous system and those with an inert nervous system. In the former case, a player may involuntarily change their mental state before an important game, sometimes becoming calm, sometimes excited. It is important to properly prepare such volleyball players. High-intensity and prolonged training before the game will help them focus and distract themselves from external stress. An athlete with this type of nervous system should focus on the technique and precision of the elements they perform. In the case of an inert nervous system, training should be focused on mental work. Before the game, a volleyball player should begin psychological preparation, which will consist of positive and negative mental stimulation based on the athlete’s personal experience. When working during training or warm-ups, it’s important to emphasize the athlete’s potential dangers.

This study examines links between temperament, procrastination tendencies, and self-perceived employability among Polish university students, addressing a notable gap in research on behavioral postponement effects in European higher education contexts. Cross-sectional survey data were collected from 522 first-year undergraduates enrolled in 16 fields of study at a mid-sized Polish university. Temperament was assessed with the Formal Characteristics of Behaviour – Temperament Inventory, Revised (FCB-TI(R)); procrastination with the Polish version of Lay’s General Procrastination Scale, scored as a single general index; and self-perceived employability with the Polish Self-Perceived Employability Scale (internal and external subscales). Grade point average (GPA) was obtained from university records. Bootstrapped regression-based models estimated the indirect association between each of the seven temperament dimensions and internal employability through procrastination. Procrastination was associated with lower briskness, rhythmicity, sensory sensitivity, endurance and activity, and with higher emotional reactivity and perseveration. For all seven dimensions the indirect association with internal employability through procrastination was significant, with completely standardised indirect effects between .02 and .05; for endurance and rhythmicity the association was indirect only. Procrastination was also associated with lower GPA (r = −.17) and with lower external employability (r = −.18), whereas GPA was unrelated to any employability index. Because the design is cross-sectional and all predictors were measured concurrently, these findings describe patterns of association that are consistent with, but do not establish, a mediating process. The results identify temperamentally patterned procrastination as a modifiable correlate of students’ career confidence, and caution against treating academic grades as a proxy for employability readiness.

این مطالعه به بررسی ارتباط میان سرشت، گرایش‌های اهمال‌کاری و اشتغال‌پذیری ادراک‌شده توسط خود در میان دانشجویان دانشگاهی لهستانی می‌پردازد و به خلأ قابل توجهی در پژوهش‌های مربوط به اثرات تعویق رفتاری در زمینه آموزش عالی اروپا پاسخ می‌دهد. داده‌های پیمایش مقطعی از ۵۲۲ دانشجوی سال اول که در ۱۶ رشته تحصیلی در یک دانشگاه متوسط در لهستان ثبت‌نام کرده بودند، جمع‌آوری شد. سرشت با استفاده از پرسشنامه ویژگی‌های رسمی رفتار – نسخه بازنگری‌شده سرشت (FCB-TI(R))، اهمال‌کاری با نسخه لهستانی مقیاس اهمال‌کاری عمومی لی (Lay’s General Procrastination Scale) که به عنوان یک شاخص کلی نمره‌دهی شد، و اشتغال‌پذیری ادراک‌شده توسط خود با مقیاس لهستانی اشتغال‌پذیری ادراک‌شده توسط خود (زیرمقیاس‌های درونی و بیرونی) ارزیابی شد. معدل کل (GPA) از سوابق دانشگاهی به دست آمد. مدل‌های رگرسیون مبتنی بر بوت‌استرپ، ارتباط غیرمستقیم میان هر یک از هفت بعد سرشت و اشتغال‌پذیری درونی از طریق اهمال‌کاری را برآورد کردند. اهمال‌کاری با پایین‌تر بودن تندی، نظم، حساسیت حسی، پایداری و فعالیت، و با بالاتر بودن واکنش‌پذیری هیجانی و تداوم همراه بود. برای هر هفت بعد، ارتباط غیرمستقیم با اشتغال‌پذیری درونی از طریق اهمال‌کاری معنادار بود و اثرات غیرمستقیم کاملاً استانداردشده بین ۰٫۰۲ تا ۰٫۰۵ قرار داشت؛ برای پایداری و نظم، این ارتباط صرفاً غیرمستقیم بود. اهمال‌کاری همچنین با معدل پایین‌تر (r = −۰٫۱۷) و اشتغال‌پذیری بیرونی پایین‌تر (r = −۰٫۱۸) همراه بود، در حالی که معدل با هیچ یک از شاخص‌های اشتغال‌پذیری ارتباطی نداشت. از آنجا که طرح پژوهش مقطعی است و همه متغیرهای پیش‌بین به طور همزمان سنجیده شده‌اند، این یافته‌ها الگوهای ارتباطی را توصیف می‌کنند که با فرایند میانجی‌گری سازگارند اما آن را اثبات نمی‌کنند. نتایج، اهمال‌کاری با الگوی سرشتی را به عنوان یک همبسته قابل تغییر برای اعتماد شغلی دانشجویان شناسایی می‌کند و نسبت به استفاده از نمرات تحصیلی به عنوان شاخص آمادگی اشتغال‌پذیری هشدار می‌دهد.