نوجوانی

Yayasan Cahaya Ilmu is a social and religious institution in Lawang Kuta Hamlet, Lembar Village, West Lombok Regency, that fosters 11 adolescent and young adult beneficiaries aged 13–18 years with orphan, double-orphan, and underprivileged family backgrounds. Prior to this program, the beneficiaries had not received structured mentoring in Al-Islam and Kemuhammadiyahan (AIK), consistent with national data indicating high school dropout rates in West Nusa Tenggara. This community service program aimed to improve participants' understanding of Islamic values, cultivate knowledge of Muhammadiyah's ideology, and build noble character and independence. The method adapted a Participatory Action Research approach, implemented over one month through eight scheduled visits (twice weekly), combined with independent daily worship habituation supervised by the foundation's mentor. Results showed improvement across all indicators: the average AIK comprehension score increased from 50.5 to 80.6 (scale of 100); 91% of participants were able to perform prayer according to fiqh standards; 91% showed improvement in Qur'anic recitation quality using the tahsin method and 100% of participants successfully memorized five short surahs. Outputs produced include a two-volume AIK module, Qur'anic storyboards, daily worship monitoring tables, and the establishment of an independent study circle (halaqah mandiri) as a form of program sustainability.

This study aimed to examine the role of self-efficacy and pressure of coach expectations in predicting the performance of adolescent athletes. This study used a cross-sectional survey design involving 142 athletes aged 16–19 years from regional and national sports clubs. Data analysis included Pearson correlation test, independent-samples t-test, and multiple linear regression. The results showed that self-efficacy was positively and significantly associated with athlete performance, while coach expectation pressure was negatively and significantly related to athlete performance. In addition, there were differences in performance by gender, with male athletes reporting higher performance scores than female athletes. When gender was included as a control variable in the regression model, self-efficacy and coach expectations pressure remained significant predictors of athlete performance. Overall, these findings suggest that internal psychological factors and pressures from the sports environment play a role in explaining variations in adolescent athlete performance. This study emphasizes the importance of strengthening self-efficacy and the application of realistic and supportive expectations of coaches in the process of coaching athletes. Further longitudinal research is needed to examine this relationship in more depth.

Abstract The COVID-19 pandemic created social disruptions, leading to high levels of mental health problems for adolescents. Interpersonal stressors, such as lack of familial support, peer victimization, and discrimination, may have further exacerbated teen mental health issues. Yet, the psychological impact of interpersonal stressors and their interactive effects with high levels of loneliness remains unknown. In this pre-registered study , conducted in November and December 2020 (approximately eight months into the COVID-19 pandemic), we used a diverse sample of adolescents from across 43 U.S. states with elevated depressive symptoms (n = 2,452, ages 13–16) to examine how familial support, peer victimization, and discrimination are concurrently associated with mental health outcomes. Results indicated that perceived discrimination was the strongest standardized correlate across continuous internalizing outcomes (depressive symptoms, anxiety symptoms, and hopelessness), whereas lack of familial support was the primary correlate of suicidal ideation; if youth reported a lack of familial support, they were over three times as likely to report suicidal ideation. Loneliness significantly moderated the cross-sectional links between lack of familial support and depressive symptoms, as well as perceived discrimination and hopelessness. Simple slope probing demonstrated a distress ceiling effect: interpersonal stressors were most strongly associated with elevated distress among youth reporting low baseline loneliness, whereas youth experiencing high loneliness exhibited consistently elevated distress regardless of stressor exposure. These findings underscore interpersonal stressors and loneliness as high-priority targets for youth prevention and intervention programs, particularly during periods of widespread social disruption.

The purpose of this study is to examine how parentification and perceived stress impact adolescents' psychological and behavioural adjustment. This study explored the associations between parentification, perceived stress, and disruptive behaviour, and the predictive and mediating effects of these variables. The method of the research was descriptive cross sectional, purposive sampling was used for gathering samples, the number of samples obtained was 250.The methods used were descriptive cross sectional design, purposive sampling was used for sampling. The Parentification Inventory, Perceived Stress Scale (PSS-10) and Disruptive Behaviour Scale were used to collect the data. The SPSS Version 26 was used for descriptive statistics, Pearson correlation, regression analysis and Hayes’ PROCESS Macro (Model 4). Results showed that parentification was not a significant predictor of perceived stress and disruptive behaviour. Perceived stress, however, was a strong predictor of disruptive behaviour. Indirect effect of parentification on disruptive behaviour via perceived stress was also non-significant. Impression of stress seems to be a key factor related to disruptive behaviour among adolescents, while the impact of parentification could differ based on contextual and cultural factors. The results emphasize the need for stress reduction and psychological health promotion initiatives for youth in Pakistan.

Emerging adulthood is a transitional period involving exploration of identity, education, work, and relationships. During this period, purpose in life and relationship quality are important aspects of flourishing. The purpose of this study is to examine the role of self-concept clarity in predicting flourishing among emerging adults. A quantitative cross-sectional correlational design involved 206 participants aged 18–29 years who were students and/or workers recruited through convenience sampling. Data were collected online using the Self-Concept Clarity Scale and Flourishing Scale and analyzed through simple linear regression with 5,000 bootstrap resamples. The results showed that self-concept clarity positively and significantly predicted flourishing, B = .297, β = .374, t = 5.762, p < .001. The model explained 14% of the variance in flourishing, and the bootstrap analysis confirmed this association, 95% CI [.219, .388]. These findings indicate that clearer self-concept is associated with higher flourishing among emerging adults.

Background and Purpose: Non-suicidal self-injury (NSSI) is a global concern in adolescent mental health. Rural boarding middle school students, as a unique and vulnerable population, remain understudied regarding the potential heterogeneity and longitudinal trajectories of NSSI. This study aimed to identify latent classes of NSSI among this group, examine their transition patterns over time, and evaluate the effectiveness of an emotion management group intervention. Methods: Study 1 cross-sectionally surveyed 927 adolescents; we split samples into non-NSSI and NSSI subgroups and ran latent profile analysis (LPA) only among participants with NSSI ( n =285). Study 2 conducted a 6-month follow-up of 550 participants and applied latent transition analysis (LTA) to examine class shifts and predictive factors. Study 3 was a randomized controlled trial in which 30 students from the High-NSSI received an 8-week emotion-management group intervention. Intervention effects were evaluated using repeated-measures ANCOVA with demographic covariates. Results: Within the NSSI subgroup ( n = 285), two classes were identified: a High-NSSI class ( n = 21, 7.4%) and a Low-NSSI class ( n = 264, 92.6%). Poor sleep quality and bullying victimization independently predicted High-NSSI membership. Longitudinal analysis revealed high stability in the Low-NSSI class (91%) and high fluidity in the High-NSSI class (83% transitioning to low-risk). The emotion-management intervention significantly reduced both NSSI frequency and negative affect. Discussion: These findings demonstrate that clinically meaningful NSSI subtypes exist among rural boarding adolescents and that sleep quality and bullying are key modifiable risk factors. The results support a stepped-care approach in school settings, where the High-NSSI class requires intensive intervention and the Low-NSSI class may benefit from less intensive, universal supports. The emotion-management group intervention is an effective school-based program for the most severe NSSI subtype. Keywords: non-suicidal self-injury, latent profile analysis, latent transition analysis, emotion management, group intervention

Anxiety and depressive symptoms frequently co-occur during adolescence. Physical activity is associated with adolescent mental health at the scale-score level, but its links with individual symptoms and their temporal ordering remain less clear. This study examined contemporaneous and one-year prospective associations between physical activity and individual anxiety/depression symptoms, evaluated the robustness of pooling three annual wave-pair cohorts, and compared network patterns between male and female adolescents. Three adjacent annual wave-pair cohorts (2020–2021, 2021–2022, and 2022–2023) from a Chinese national adolescent health survey were analyzed ( N = 13,785 wave-pair records). Physical activity was measured with the PAQ-A and anxiety/depression symptoms with the SCL-90. Gaussian graphical models and cross-lagged panel networks (CLPNs) were estimated. Annual-cohort invariance, missingness, centrality, bridge centrality, accuracy, stability, and male/female differences were examined. Annual-cohort comparisons showed no detectable network-structure differences (M = 0.07–0.08, p = 0.120–0.270) or global-strength differences (ΔS = 0.12–0.32, p = 0.150–0.320). Little’s test was nonsignificant (χ² = 79.39, df = 89, p = 0.531), providing no evidence against a completely-at-random missingness mechanism. In the pooled contemporaneous network, physical activity had negative partial correlations with low motivation (weight = -0.0732), low energy (-0.0651), and nervousness (-0.0532). Worthlessness (expected influence [EI] = 1.39), tension (EI = 1.38), and nervousness (EI = 1.34) were influential nodes. Panic had the highest reported bridge EI (0.659). In the CLPN, physical activity was prospectively associated with lower low motivation ( β = -0.0602) and low mood ( β = -0.0561), while nervousness was associated with lower subsequent physical activity ( β = -0.0539). Male and female networks differed in structure (M = 0.112, p < 0.001) but not global strength (ΔS = 0.19, p = 0.709). Physical activity occupied a peripheral position in the contemporaneous network but showed small prospective associations with selected anxiety and depressive symptoms. These temporal associations do not establish causality. The stable annual-cohort pattern and male/female-specific edge configuration support further confirmatory work using designs that can address unmeasured confounding and within-person change.

Despite growing concerns about mental health difficulties among children and youth, limited empirical evidence exists on the extent to which adverse childhood experiences and resilience predict mental health difficulties among school-going children and youth in rural communities. This research explored the prevalence and psychosocial predictors of mental health difficulties among children and youth. The study adopted a correlational and descriptive research design. Respondents consisted of 837 children and youth, who were selected from Johannesburg West Education District. They were assessed using the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ), the Adverse Childhood Experiences Questionnaire (ACE-Q), and the Child and Youth Resilience Measure (CYRM) as data-collection instruments. Frequencies and percentages, regression analysis, and moderation analysis were conducted using Hayes' PROCESS Macro. Findings revealed that about 44.4%, 18.3%, and 37.3% of the participants were within the normal, borderline, and abnormal ranges of mental health well-being, respectively. Adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) significantly predicted mental health difficulties (β = .238, t = 7.071, p < .001), contributing about 5.6% of the variation in mental health difficulties among youth and children. Resilience is also a significant predictor (β = −.121, t = −3.524, p < .001), accounting for about 1.5% of the variation in mental health problems; higher resilience was associated with lower levels of mental health difficulties. Moderation analyses showed that age and gender did not significantly moderate the relationships between ACEs, resilience, and mental health difficulties. The study concludes that ACEs constitute a significant risk factor, whereas resilience serves as a protective factor. The findings highlight the need for trauma-informed interventions, resilience-building programmes, and comprehensive mental health support services to promote positive mental health outcomes among children and youth.

Introduction: Suicidal behaviors among adolescents are increasing globally, yet the differences between educational levels remain unclear, which hinders the design of specific prevention strategies. Objective: To compare suicidal behaviors (ideation, risk factors, and depression) between middle school and high school students in Pachuca and San Agustín Tlaxiaca, Hidalgo, Mexico. Methodology: A quantitative, cross-sectional, comparative, non-experimental study was conducted with 38 students (20 middle school students, 18 high school students) aged 14 to 18 years. Three instruments were applied: a test to assess the risk level of suicidal ideation and behavior, a risk factor guide, and the PHQ-9 depression questionnaire. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and the Mann-Whitney U test. Results: Middle school students had a higher proportion of high risk for suicidal behaviors (30.00%) compared to high school students (5.56%). A high level of depression was found only in high school seniors (11.11%). Both groups showed similar proportions of high risk based on risk factors (25.00% in middle school and 22.22% in high school). A significant positive correlation (ρ = 0.52) was found between suicidal thoughts and risk factors (p < 0.05). The Mann-Whitney U test revealed no significant differences between groups. (U = 145.5; p = 0.312). Conclusions: Although no statistically significant differences were found between educational levels and the groups were confounded by institution, municipality, and age, a trend toward a higher proportion of high risk for suicidal behaviors was observed in middle school students and of high depression in high school students. These findings should be interpreted with caution and support the need for prevention programs tailored to each educational level, to be confirmed in studies with greater statistical power and adjustment for confounders.

Cyberbullying has become an important concern for adolescent well-being because online harassment can continue beyond school settings and expose young people to repeated social stress. This study examined the relationships between cyberbullying exposure, emotion-regulation strategies, and mental health among adolescents. A quantitative, cross-sectional correlational design was used with 100 secondary-school adolescents aged 13-18 years (M = 15.42, SD = 1.38). Measures included the Cyber-Victimization Scale (CYBVICS), Emotion Regulation Questionnaire (ERQ), and Early Adolescent Mental Health Scale (EAMHS). Descriptive statistics, Pearson product-moment correlations, and simple linear regression analyses were reported. Cyberbullying exposure was negatively correlated with cognitive reappraisal (r = -.42, p < .001) and mental health (r = -.58, p < .001), and positively correlated with expressive suppression (r = .48, p < .001). Cognitive reappraisal was positively associated with mental health (r = .51, p < .001), whereas expressive suppression was negatively associated with mental health (r = -.46, p < .001). Regression analysis indicated that cyberbullying exposure accounted for 33.6% of the variance in mental-health scores, R? = .336, F(1, 98) = 49.68, p < .001. The findings indicate meaningful associations among online victimization, emotion regulation, and adolescent well-being. Because the study is cross-sectional and relies on self-report measures, the findings do not establish causality.

The WHO Adolescent Well-being Framework identifies agency and resilience as a central domain of adolescent well-being, yet its expression from a health promotion perspective remains insufficiently understood. Although previous research has often focused on specific behaviours or isolated factors, less attention has been given to how interconnected personal and relational resources coexist as patterns reflecting the WHO domain of agency and resilience. This study explored such patterns among young Swedish persons aged 15–18 years and examined gender differences across these patterns. A cross-sectional survey was conducted among 419 students in Swedish upper secondary schools. Agency and resilience were operationalised through measures of salutogenic health, positive youth development (PYD), playfulness, goal orientation, and physical activity. A person-oriented cluster analysis was used to identify patterns of interconnected resources, and gender differences between patterns. Three distinct resource patterns were identified: a low-resource group (26%), a high-resource group (28%), and an asymmetric-resource group (47%), characterised by relatively favourable intrapersonal resources alongside lower relational PYD resources. Girls were significantly overrepresented in both the low-resource and asymmetric-resource groups. Together, these findings suggest that young persons with seemingly favourable individual resources may nevertheless exhibit underlying vulnerabilities when resources are considered as interconnected patterns rather than isolated characteristics. This perspective contributes to the empirical understanding of the WHO domain of agency and resilience and may inform person-centred, relational approaches to promoting young persons’ well-being.

The advancement of digital technology has led to increased use of the internet and social media, particularly among adolescents. However, this development has also contributed to various challenges, one of which is cyberbullying. A low level of digital literacy knowledge may influence how students communicate and behave in digital environments. This study aimed to analyze the relationship between the level of digital literacy knowledge and cyberbullying behavior among high school students. This study employed a quantitative approach with a cross-sectional design. A total of 99 students were selected as research participants using a total sampling technique. Data were collected using a questionnaire, while the relationship between the variables was analyzed using the Chi-Square test. The results showed that the majority of respondents had a high level of digital literacy knowledge (59.6%), while the majority demonstrated a low level of cyberbullying behavior (57.6%). Statistical analysis revealed a significant relationship between the level of digital literacy knowledge and cyberbullying behavior (p-value = 0.001). Thus, the better the students' level of digital literacy knowledge, the lower their tendency to engage in cyberbullying behavior. Therefore, strengthening education and understanding of digital literacy should be enhanced as a preventive strategy to reduce the occurrence of cyberbullying in school environments.

This quantitative comparative investigation evaluated and contrasted levels of state-trait anxiety and generalized anxiety symptoms between early and late adolescent cohorts (N = 100). A cross-sectional comparative survey design was employed using standardized psychometric instruments: the 40-item State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI) and the Generalized Anxiety Disorder-7 scale (GAD-7). Non-parametric Mann-Whitney U tests and chi-square independence analyses revealed no statistically significant differences in overall anxiety scores between early and late adolescents across all dimensions (p > .26). However, over 47% of participants across both groups met clinical severity cut-offs ?10on GAD-7). State and trait anxiety demonstrated a robust positive association (? = 0.81, p < .001). The findings underscore an urgent imperative for universal, stage-independent psychological screening and preventive mental health frameworks within educational environments.

Introduction All children have the right to education; however, school attendance problems represent an increasing global concern. The aim of this meta-synthesis is to explore adolescents’ perceptions of their school attendance problems. Methods A meta-synthesis of qualitative primary studies was conducted in accordance with Sandelowski and Barros's guidelines. Seven databases were systematically searched in November 2025. Thematic analysis was used to analyze the findings. Results The adolescentś perceptions of their school attendance problems included mental health challenges, negative peer- and teacher relationships, and a lack of school connectedness. However, positive relationships with teachers, parental support, and appropriate school accommodation supports adolescents’ re-engagement with school. Discussion The findings highlight the complex and multifaceted nature of school attendance problems, and the importance of collaboration between schools and parents to enable early identification and implementation of interventions. There is also a need to strengthen positive relationships between teachers and peers, increase knowledge about school attendance problems, and foster a positive school environment that supports adolescents’ potential. Systematic Review Registration PROSPERO CRD420251245890.

Introduction: Drug use and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection remain major public health challenges, particularly among adolescents and young adults. Educational materials supported by artificial intelligence (AI) represent an innovative approach to health promotion strategies. Objective: To develop and validate an artificial intelligence-supported educational brochure for the prevention of drug use and HIV infection among adolescents and young adults. Methods: A technological development study with a mixed-methods approach was conducted at the Universidad de Ciencias Médicas de Santiago de Cuba between August and October 2026. The development of the brochure comprised three phases: literature review and scientific content curation, AI-assisted graphic design, and expert validation. Means, standard deviations, and the Content Validity Index (CVI) were calculated. Results: An educational brochure was developed in both printed and digital formats addressing the prevention of drug use and HIV infection. The overall CVI was 0.96, and mean scores ranged from 4.63 to 4.88. Overall, 93.8% of responses were rated as "Agree" or "Strongly Agree." Conclusions: The educational brochure demonstrated adequate content validity and represents a useful educational resource for strengthening the prevention of drug use and HIV infection. Artificial intelligence proved to be an effective supportive tool when its use was accompanied by expert supervision and validation.

Background Non-suicidal self-injury (NSSI) is common during adolescence and is associated with substantial psychological burden and elevated subsequent suicide risk. Physical activity (PA) may be a modifiable correlate of NSSI, but prospective evidence on potential emotional mechanisms and social boundary conditions remains limited. This study examined whether baseline PA was associated with subsequent NSSI, whether anxiety symptoms accounted for part of that association, and whether baseline social support moderated the relevant pathways. Methods A school-based two-wave cohort of 756 Chinese adolescents and young students (mean age = 17.36 years, SD = 2.58; 51.7% female) was followed for 6 months. At Time 1 (T1), participants reported PA, social support, anxiety symptoms, NSSI, and demographic characteristics; anxiety and NSSI were reassessed at Time 2 (T2). Autoregressive regression models adjusted for baseline anxiety or NSSI as appropriate, together with age, gender, and urban/rural residence. Indirect effects were estimated with 5,000 bootstrap resamples, and interaction terms were used to examine first- and second-stage moderation. Results Higher T1 PA was associated with lower T2 NSSI after adjustment for T1 NSSI. The indirect association through T2 anxiety was −0.12 [95% CI (−0.18, −0.06)], representing 48.0% of the reported total association. T1 social support significantly moderated the T1 PA-T2 anxiety association ( p = 0.003); simple-slope estimates indicated a stronger inverse PA-anxiety association at higher social support. Social support did not significantly moderate the T2 anxiety-T2 NSSI association ( p = 0.281). Conclusion The findings are consistent with a model in which greater PA is prospectively associated with lower NSSI partly through lower subsequent anxiety, while social support may shape the PA-anxiety link. Because anxiety and NSSI were measured concurrently at follow-up, the indirect effect should not be interpreted as definitive causal mediation. Multi-wave and intervention studies are needed to establish temporal ordering and causality.

Background Achieving early glycemic control in adolescents with diabetes is associated with improved short- and long-term health outcomes. The aim of this study was to examine the relationship between eating attitudes and glycemic control, as well as the factors associated with eating attitudes and glycemic control, in adolescents with diabetes. Methods This descriptive cross-sectional study included 143 adolescents with diabetes, aged 10–19 years, who attended a research hospital between February and April 2024. The data were collected using a Descriptive Information Form, Eating Attitudes Test (EAT) and an information form questioning the values of some metabolic variables. Results The mean age of the participants was 14 ± 2.3 years and 49.7% had diabetes between 1–5 years. The mean total score of the EAT scale was 16.62 ± 8.30. The mean score of the “Dieting” subscale of the EAT scale was 10.39 ± 5.58, the mean score of the “Bulimia food preoccupation” subscale was 2.33 ± 3.03 and the mean score of the “Oral Control” subscale was 3.79 ± 3.08. There was no significant difference between the mean EAT total score and glycemic control. Conclusions The mean EAT-26 total score was below the commonly used cutoff score, and no significant association was found between EAT-26 scores and HbA1c. Differences in EAT-26 total and subscale scores were observed according to selected demographic and clinical characteristics, including BMI, treatment modality, and treatment adherence. These findings describe self-reported eating attitudes in the study sample and support the inclusion of eating-related assessment within the holistic care of adolescents with Type 1 DM.

Objective Non-suicidal self-injury (NSSI) is an urgent and substantial public health concern among adolescents. This study is aimed at identifying the independent psychological predictors of NSSI and developing and validating a logistic regression-based risk discrimination model focused on coping styles. Methods A cross-sectional study involving 206 adolescents (104 with NSSI and 102 healthy controls) was conducted. All the participants provided general demographic data, and completed the Experiences in Close Relationships Inventory (ECR), the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire-Short Form Version (CTQ-SF), and the Coping Styles Questionnaire (CSQ). Univariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses were performed to identify the independent predictors of NSSI. A nomogram was constructed in accordance with the final multivariate model. Model performance was evaluated using receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves, calibration plots, the Hosmer-Lemeshow (HL) test, and a decision curve analysis (DCA). Results Multivariate logistic regression revealed that a higher level of self-blame (OR = 1.062; 95% CI: 1.023–1.102; P = 0.002) was an independent risk factor, whereas a better problem-solving capacity (OR = 0.911; 95% CI: 0.867–0.957; P < 0.001) was an independent protective factor for adolescents with NSSI. Attachment dimensions and childhood trauma did not retain independent significance after adjustment. The nomogram showed excellent discrimination (AUC = 0.951, 95% CI: 0.922–0.980), good calibration (HL test P > 0.05), and superior clinical net benefit across a wide threshold (0.01–0.99). Conclusion Targeting self-blame and enhancing problem-solving skills may be effective styles for the prevention of adolescent NSSI. As a preliminary finding, the nomogram developed in our study is a useful tool for exploratory differentiation.