Parental overprotection, which combines high control with low encouragement of autonomy, has been linked to anxiety in young people, but findings are mixed. This correlational, cross-sectional online survey examined whether adolescents? reports of parental overprotection were related to their anxiety. Participants were 86 school-going adolescents aged 13 to 18 years (M = 15.58, SD = 1.60; 43 girls, 40 boys, 3 who preferred not to say), recruited by convenience (snowball) sampling. They completed the brief current form of the Parental Bonding Instrument (overprotection = control minus autonomy items, averaged across mother and father) and the child version of the Screen for Child Anxiety Related Emotional Disorders (SCARED). Overprotection was not significantly related to anxiety, Spearman ρ(82) = .09, 95% CI [-.13, .30], p = .415, and results were similar for mothers, fathers, and in sensitivity analyses. The study could detect only correlations of about .30 or larger, and the overprotection scores had low reliability, so the result is inconclusive. Anxiety scores were high: 79.1% scored at or above the SCARED cut-off of 25. Larger samples and more reliable measures are needed.
The increasing participation of women in the workforce has been accompanied by growing professional and personal demands that may affect the psychological well-being of career women. The World Health Organization (WHO) reports that approximately 15% of the working-age population experiences mental health problems, while work-related pressures contribute to approximately 12 billion lost working days annually. These conditions highlight the importance of resilience as a psychological resource that enables career women to adapt, recover, and function effectively when facing workplace challenges. This study aimed to examine the predictive relationships of self-esteem and emotion regulation with resilience among career women. A quantitative cross-sectional survey design was employed involving 200 career women in Semarang City, Indonesia, selected through purposive sampling. Data were collected using questionnaires measuring self-esteem, emotion regulation, and resilience on a five-point Likert scale. The data were analyzed using Structural Equation Modeling–Partial Least Squares (SEM-PLS) with SmartPLS 4 through the evaluation of the measurement model, structural model, and hypothesis testing using a bootstrapping procedure. The findings showed that self-esteem and emotion regulation were positive predictors of resilience among career women. Self-esteem demonstrated a relatively stronger contribution than emotion regulation, while the overall model explained part of the variance in resilience. These findings indicate that career women with more positive self-esteem and better emotion regulation tend to demonstrate greater resilience. The study highlights the importance of self-esteem and emotion regulation as psychological resources that may be considered in organizational programs aimed at supporting women's resilience, psychological well-being, and sustainable career development. ABSTRAK Meningkatnya partisipasi perempuan dalam dunia kerja diikuti dengan semakin kompleksnya tuntutan profesional dan kehidupan personal yang berpotensi memengaruhi kondisi psikologis wanita karier. Organisasi Kesehatan Dunia (WHO) melaporkan bahwa sekitar 15% penduduk usia produktif mengalami gangguan mental, sementara tekanan kerja menyebabkan hilangnya sekitar 12 miliar hari kerja setiap tahun. Kondisi tersebut menunjukkan pentingnya resiliensi agar wanita karier mampu bertahan, beradaptasi, dan bangkit dari berbagai tekanan. Penelitian ini bertujuan menganalisis hubungan prediktif self-esteem dan regulasi emosi dengan resiliensi pada wanita karier. Penelitian menggunakan pendekatan kuantitatif dengan desain cross-sectional melalui metode survei terhadap 200 wanita karier di Kota Semarang yang dipilih menggunakan teknik purposive sampling. Data dikumpulkan menggunakan kuesioner yang mengukur self-esteem, regulasi emosi, dan resiliensi dengan skala Likert lima tingkat. Data dianalisis menggunakan Structural Equation Modeling–Partial Least Squares (SEM-PLS) dengan bantuan SmartPLS 4 melalui evaluasi model pengukuran, model struktural, dan pengujian hipotesis menggunakan prosedur bootstrapping. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa self-esteem dan regulasi emosi merupakan prediktor positif terhadap resiliensi pada wanita karier. Self-esteem menunjukkan kontribusi yang relatif lebih kuat dibandingkan regulasi emosi, sedangkan model penelitian secara keseluruhan mampu menjelaskan sebagian variasi resiliensi. Temuan ini menunjukkan bahwa wanita karier dengan penghargaan diri yang lebih positif dan kemampuan regulasi emosi yang lebih baik cenderung memiliki resiliensi yang lebih tinggi. Penelitian ini menegaskan pentingnya self-esteem dan regulasi emosi sebagai sumber daya psikologis yang dapat dipertimbangkan dalam pengembangan program organisasi untuk mendukung resiliensi, kesejahteraan psikologis, dan keberlanjutan karier perempuan.
Depression is a leading cause of illness and disability among adolescents worldwide, yet evidence on its burden among school-going adolescents in rural Kenyan counties remains limited. This study determined the prevalence and socio-demographic factors of depression among secondary school students in Bungoma County, Kenya, to provide baseline evidence for mental health planning. The study was guided by Hopelessness Theory of Depression and Ecological Systems Theory. An analytical mixed methods cross-sectional study design was adopted. The target population consisted of secondary school students, with a sample size of 400 respondents determined using Taro Yamane formula. The respondents were selected through multistage stratified and systematic sampling from three sub-counties of Bungoma County (Mt. Elgon, Kimilili and Bungoma South). Quantitative data were collected using the Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9) and a structured questionnaire, and analyzed using descriptive statistics and ordinal logistic regression in SPSS version 28. Qualitative data were obtained through ten Focus group discussions with students and twelve in-depth interviews with class teachers, and analyzed thematically. The overall prevalence of depressive symptoms (PHQ-9 score ≥ 5) was 55.5% (n = 222), 41.5% (n = 166) had mild depression, 9.5% (n = 38) moderate depression, 3.5% (n = 14) moderately severe depression and 1.0% (n = 4) severe depression, while 44.5% (n = 178) were not depressed. Female students were found to be almost twice as likely to experience higher levels of depression compared to the males (AOR= 1.71, P= 0.04). On the other hand, students in mixed day and boarding schools were 78% less likely to experience higher level of depression, (AOR = 0.22, P<0.001), compared to those in girls’ boarding and day schools. Further, students who live with extended family were more than twice as likely as those with both parents to experience higher depression levels (AOR = 2.10, P= 0.04). The qualitative data pointed to gender and family structure as possible associations of depression. Depression is highly prevalent among secondary school students in Bungoma County, with one in seven students experiencing moderate to severe depression. Routine school-based mental health screening using validated tools such as the PHQ-9 is recommended to enable early identification, counselling and referral of affected students.
This study evaluated the effectiveness of the ARAL-Reading Tool in improving reading fluency and comprehension among Grade Six learners in the Third District of Bohol during School Year 2025–2026. Anchored on Automaticity Theory, Schema Theory, and Sociocultural Theory, the study employed a quasi-experimental pretest-posttest control-group design involving 15 purposively selected learners. Seven learners received the eight-week ARAL-Reading Plus intervention, while eight received regular reading instruction. Data were gathered using the Philippine Informal Reading Inventory (Phil-IRI) and the Division of Bohol District Reading Assessment Template. Descriptive statistics and paired-samples and independent-samples t-tests were employed. Before the intervention, both groups demonstrated Frustration-level performance in reading fluency and comprehension. Following the intervention, the experimental group achieved 98.48% in fluency and 85.71% in comprehension, while the control group obtained 96.21% and 57.14%, respectively. Both groups demonstrated significant pretest-posttest improvements. However, between-group comparisons revealed a significant difference in comprehension (p = .019), but not in fluency (p = .185). The findings indicate that the ARAL-Reading Tool supported reading development, particularly comprehension. Strengthening structured reading interventions, instructional resources, teacher support, parental involvement, and continuous assessment was recommended. The study aligns with Sustainable Development Goal 4 (Quality Education) by addressing foundational literacy gaps and promoting equitable learning opportunities. Its contribution to educational and institutional sustainability emphasizes evidence-based reading interventions, stakeholder collaboration, and continued support for improving elementary learners' literacy outcomes and strengthening school-based educational recovery initiatives. The findings also provide a basis for school heads and education officials to refine implementation, allocate resources, and monitor reading progress.
Family members who provide daily care for people with chronic mental illness often carry substantial emotional, social and financial strain. This study examined caregiver burden, anxiety and depression among primary caregivers of patients with chronic mental illness, and tested whether burden was related to anxiety and depression and whether these outcomes differed by age, gender and relationship to the patient. A cross-sectional correlational design was used with a purposive sample of primary caregivers recruited through psychiatric outpatient and community rehabilitation settings in Bengaluru (planned n = 100; 105 complete records analysed). Burden was assessed with the 22-item Zarit Burden Interview (ZBI), and anxiety and depression with the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS). Because scores departed from normality, Spearman correlations, permutation-based Mann-Whitney and Kruskal-Wallis tests and Holm-adjusted Dunn comparisons were used. The mean ZBI score was 32.37 (SD = 15.96); 77.1% of caregivers scored in at least the mild-to-moderate burden band, 59.0% had HADS anxiety scores of 8 or higher and 60.0% had HADS depression scores of 8 or higher. Burden correlated strongly with anxiety (rs = .810) and depression (rs = .816), Holm-adjusted ps < .001. Relationship to the patient was significantly associated with burden, anxiety and depression (adjusted ps < .001), with parent caregivers scoring highest, whereas age and gender differences did not survive correction for multiple testing. Findings are provisional because of an unresolved sample-size discrepancy and the cross-sectional, self-report, non-probability design. The results support routine screening of caregivers? psychological health, with particular attention to parent caregivers, alongside caregiver-focused psychoeducation and counselling.
Objective Running applications provide feedback, goal setting, rewards, and social interaction, yet app use is often discussed as though it directly improves objective performance. This study tested a sport psychology model linking running-app engagement to perceived training gains via perceived motivational affordances and runner motivation. Methods A quantitative, cross-sectional online survey was completed by 206 adult running-app users. Twenty-five five-point indicators were analyzed using partial least squares structural equation modeling with 5,000 bootstrap resamples. A two-step assessment examined the measurement model and then the structural model, including direct, specific indirect, and total effects. Common-method considerations, construct-level cross-validated prediction, and three sensitivity analyses were also evaluated. Results Engagement was positively associated with motivational affordances (β = 0.707), motivation (β = 0.401), and perceived training gains (β = 0.401). Motivational affordances were positively associated with motivation (β = 0.496), and motivation was positively associated with perceived training gains (β = 0.499); all 95% bootstrap confidence intervals excluded zero. The indirect effect of engagement on perceived training gains through motivation was β = 0.200, while the sequential engagement–affordances–motivation–gains indirect effect was β = 0.175. The model explained 68.8% of the variance in motivation and 71.1% of the variance in perceived training gains. Conclusion Runners who integrated an app more strongly into their training also reported greater perceived motivational value, motivation, and training gains. Positive statistical indirect associations linked engagement to perceived training gains via runner motivation and the sequentially specified affordance–motivation route. Given the cross-sectional design and reliance on self-reported perceived gains, these findings support an associational rather than causal interpretation.
Background: Mothers of young children with neurodevelopmental disorders may experience substantial parenting demands, but their recent positive mental well-being varies. Objective: To examine the association between parenting stress and psychological well-being among mothers of children aged 0?6 years diagnosed with neurodevelopmental disorders. Methods: This quantitative cross-sectional correlational study analyzed 85 mothers using the 18-item Parental Stress Scale (PSS-18) and the WHO-5 Well-Being Index. Descriptive statistics, Pearson correlation, and a Spearman sensitivity analysis were reported. Results: Mean PSS-18 was 67.55 (SD = 4.73), and mean WHO-5 transformed score was 64.85 (SD = 12.92). Parenting stress was negatively correlated with well-being (Pearson r = -0.675, 95% CI [-0.777, -0.540], p < .001). Spearman correlation was also negative (? = -0.634, p < .001). Conclusion: Greater reported parenting stress was associated with lower recent subjective well-being in this sample. The cross-sectional design does not establish causation. These findings underscore the relevance of attending to caregivers? psychological experiences alongside child-focused services.
Mental healthcare needs are growing, yet awareness of available services remains limited, even in Houston, Texas. This study examined relationships between having experienced or been diagnosed with mental illness and awareness of community-based mental health or crisis services. Approximately 1,000 Houston-area adults were surveyed in 2024 and 2026. Chi-square and multivariable regression analyses showed that experience with mental illness was associated with SGM populations, race/ethnicity, and age after adjustment for sociodemographic characteristics. SGM participants had greater odds of reporting mental illness, whereas Black/African American, Hispanic/Latinx, Asian, and older adults had lower adjusted odds relative to their reference groups. Awareness of community-based services was independently associated with gender, SGM populations, race/ethnicity, age, and annual household income; females had greater odds of awareness, whereas Hispanic/Latinx, Asian, and older adults had lower odds. Findings highlight sociodemographic differences in reported experience with mental illness and awareness of community-based services. Longitudinal research is needed to further examine these relationships.
Background: Individuals with complex trauma may continue to experience emotional distress, rumination, and maladaptive response patterns despite pharmacological treatment. Integrative interventions addressing affective responses, maladaptive patterns, and adaptive functioning warrant further clinical investigation. Case presentation: This report describes a 23-year-old woman diagnosed with complex trauma who her psychiatrist referred because she was not responding adequately to prescribed antidepressant and anti-anxiety medication. She received an eight-session intervention delivered in three phases: one session of Wiring Affect with ReAttach (W.A.R.A.®) on Day 1; one session of Brain-Switch 2.0® on Day 2 to address maladaptive brain patterns; and six subsequent ReAttach® sessions, emphasizing Cognitive Bias Modification (CBM) 3, followed by CBM 1 and CBM 2. Clinical observations: Following the Day 1 W.A.R.A.® session, the client reported a quieter mind, reduced rumination, greater calmness, and sleeping that night without sleeping medication. Brain-Switch 2.0® was administered on Day 2, which further enhanced her self-agency. Subsequent ReAttach® sessions integrated her sense of identity and improved boundary setting with her parents. At one-month post-therapy follow-up, the client reported improved management of rumination, greater emotional regulation, anxiety within normal ranges, preserved cognitive functioning despite ongoing family difficulties, and greater satisfaction with herself. Pre–post quantitative electroencephalography (qEEG) data showed changes in several recorded measures. The qEEG data indicated the absence of previous mental sluggishness, a clinically significant improvement in the trauma-related marker and emotional regulation within the normative range, and the absence of a depression-related marker.
Introduction Vehicular driving pattern analysis is important for improving road safety, driving efficiency, and intelligent transportation systems. The aim of this study is to analyze recent research on the major driver-behavior analysis tasks, which are driving pattern recognition, distraction detection, abnormal driving-behavior detection, driver profiling and identification, fuel-efficiency analysis, and driving-risk assessment. Methods The literature selection process was structured and included identification, screening, and eligibility. One hundred seventeen studies were used in this study, and 12 studies were selected for a detailed examination for comparative analysis. Results The studies analyzed have shown that driver-behavior analysis is becoming more popular with the use of machine learning, deep learning, sensor fusion, edge computing, and other new technologies. Existing approaches, however, are still scattered across behavioral tasks and encounter issues such as real-time processing, privacy preservation, scalability, model generalization, and integration of heterogeneous data. Discussion This study highlights the need for integrated and task-oriented approaches to address these challenges and support multiple behavioral assessments. The findings provide research directions on the development of scalable privacy-aware real-time driver-behavior analysis systems for connected and intelligent transportation environments.
Emotional intelligence (EI) has emerged as a relevant professional competency in nursing, yet its relationship with career growth remains underexplored in Saudi Arabia. This study examined the association between total emotional intelligence and perceived career growth among nurses in the Jazan Health Cluster. A cross-sectional correlational design was employed with 295 registered nurses in the Jazan Health Cluster recruited via convenience sampling. EI was measured using the Schutte Self-Report Emotional Intelligence Test, and career growth was measured using the Career Growth Scale. Pearson correlation and multiple linear regression served as the primary analytical strategies. The sample was predominantly female (78.0%), Saudi (67.1%), and BSN-qualified (74.9%), with a mean age of 36.28 years (SD = 7.94). Mean total EI was 127.98 (SD = 9.96), and mean total career growth was 53.73 (SD = 6.66). EI was positively correlated with career growth ( r = .351, 95% CI [0.246, 0.447], p < .001). Exploratory analysis showed that total EI was most strongly correlated with Career Capacity ( r = .438). Social Skills and Emotion Utilization showed broad positive patterns across the non-salary career-growth domains, whereas total EI was not associated with Salary Increase ( r = − .008, 95% CI [-0.122, 0.106]). The association between the total scores remained after covariate adjustment (B = 0.213, standardized β = 0.319, HC3 p < .001; adjusted R² = 0.220). Total emotional intelligence was positively associated with perceived career growth among nurses in Saudi Arabia after covariate adjustment but was not associated with perceived salary growth. Exploratory findings suggest that emotional competencies may be more relevant to developmental and relational aspects of career growth than to financial advancement. The findings may inform broader professional-development strategies aligned with Saudi Arabia’s Vision 2030 healthcare workforce priorities.
The article discusses the theoretical and practical foundations for improving an inclusive digital learning environment aimed at developing the information competence of deaf and hard-ofhearing high school students. Drawing on data from the World Health Organization (WHO), the International Telecommunication Union (ITU), and official and scholarly sources from Uzbekistan, it shows that 22,381 deaf and hard-of-hearing people were registered in the country in 2021, 13,501 of them (about 60.3%) living in rural areas, while 4,965 children study in specialized boarding schools.
Objective This cross-sectional study (1) compared social support, psychological-capital dimensions, and both C-MLQ dimensions between students with and without visual impairments; and (2) among students with visual impairments, examined the association between social support and presence of meaning (C-MLQ-P) and tested the a priori hypothesized cross-sectional indirect association through hope. Self-efficacy, resilience, and optimism were examined exploratorily in descriptive/correlational and hierarchical-regression analyses. Methods Participants were 170 students with visual impairments and 294 students without visual impairments from a vocational college in China. They completed measures of social support, psychological capital, and meaning in life. Group differences were examined using MANCOVA with follow-up ANCOVAs. Among students with visual impairments, Pearson correlations and an exploratory hierarchical regression were conducted, and H3 was tested using a single cross-sectional indirect-effect model with social support (ASSS-Total) as the predictor, hope (PPQ-Hop) as the indirect variable, presence of meaning (C-MLQ-P) as the outcome, and age and sex as covariates. Results After adjustment for age and sex, students with visual impairments scored significantly lower on objective support, support utilization, self-efficacy, optimism, presence of meaning, and search for meaning than students without visual impairments, whereas no significant group differences were observed for subjective support, resilience, or hope. Among students with visual impairments, social support was positively associated with the presence of meaning (r = 0.56, p < 0.01). In the H3 model, the total association between social support and presence of meaning was 0.8912 (95% CI [0.6988, 1.0835]), the direct association was 0.3560 (95% CI [0.1655, 0.5465]), and the indirect association through hope was 0.5352 (BootSE = 0.0923, 95% bootstrap CI [0.3680, 0.7239]). Conclusions In this sample from a single Chinese vocational college, social support was positively associated with the presence of meaning, and a significant cross-sectional statistical indirect association was observed through hope. Because the data were cross-sectional, the observed indirect association does not establish temporal ordering or a causal mechanism. Longitudinal and experimental studies are needed to determine whether changes in social support precede changes in hope and presence of meaning.
Traditional diagnostic systems, such as the DSM-5 and ICD-11, suffer from well-documented limitations, including high comorbidity rates, arbitrary diagnostic thresholds, and within-disorder heterogeneity. Consequently, the field is evolving towards hierarchical, transdiagnostic, dimensional models of psychopathology. This study reports on the development and initial validation of the Multidimensional Transdiagnostic Inventory of Psychopathology (MTIP). This new broadband inventory aligns traditional DSM disorders with contemporary dimensional models of psychopathology. We conducted initial development and basic psychometric analyses in a mixed sample of 301 adults. We then validated the MTIP in a second independent sample (N = 826), of which 640 who self-reported no history of past mental health treatment were used as our normative/reference sample. The final MTIP contained 13 clinical scales and seven supplemental scales. All the MTIP scales met core psychometric assumptions at the item, scale, and transdiagnostic levels. A series of exploratory and second-order factor analyses supported the MTIP hierarchical dimensional structure. Concurrent validity correlations with the DSM-5 level 1 cross-cutting symptom measure were strong, ranging from 0.89 (depression) to 0.51 (drug misuse). Regression analyses supported the construct validity of the higher-order transdiagnostic scales. Twelve of the 13 clinical scales differentiated individuals with a history of mental health care from those without past care, with effect sizes ranging from 0.20 (Alcohol Misuse) to 1.06 (Anxiety). Effect sizes for the transdiagnostic scales ranged from 0.33 (Thought Dysregulation) to 1.07 (Emotion Dysregulation). The clinical implications and potential applications of the MTIP are discussed.
This study assessed the reading comprehension skills and academic performance in English of Grade 3 learners in selected public elementary schools in the Albuera District, Department of Education (DepEd), Schools Division of Leyte, Region VIII, during School Year 2025–2026, as a basis for developing interactive reading activities. A descriptive-quantitative research design was employed, involving six teachers and 90 learners from six public elementary schools. The learners were selected through simple random sampling. Data were gathered using a structured paper-and-pencil questionnaire covering respondents’ profiles, learners’ performance in five reading comprehension strategies, academic performance in reading comprehension, vocabulary, and storytelling, and the issues and concerns encountered in implementing reading comprehension activities. Frequency counts, percentages, and weighted means were used to analyze the data, together with a test of association to examine the relationships between instructional strategies and learners’ academic performance. The findings revealed that the strategies used in reading comprehension obtained an overall average weighted mean of 3.26, interpreted as Highly Effective. Story mapping and the use of photographs received the highest ratings, with weighted means of 3.30 each, followed by activating prior knowledge at 3.23 and monitoring and clarifying at 3.20. In terms of academic performance, learners demonstrated a lack of mastery in noting details (M = 2.20), decoding (M = 2.23), phonics (M = 2.40), vocabulary (M = 2.30), and storytelling (M = 2.40). The findings further revealed that monitoring and clarifying and the use of photographs had statistically significant associations with selected academic competencies, whereas activating prior knowledge and story mapping did not demonstrate significant associations with the measured competencies. The specific association coefficients and p-values were not available in the supplied results. These findings highlight the need to strengthen learners’ foundational reading skills, particularly identifying details, decoding words, applying phonics, developing vocabulary, and organizing narratives. Based on the findings, interactive reading activities are proposed for consideration and implementation by the concerned school officials, in collaboration with teachers, parents, and the DepEd Schools Division of Leyte, to address learners’ literacy needs and improve their reading comprehension and academic performance.
This study addresses the process of symbolic grief experienced by mothers of children with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD), considering psychological vulnerability and resilience in the face of the deconstruction of the image of the idealized child. It is based on the understanding that an ASD diagnosis may disrupt expectations developed throughout pregnancy regarding the child’s development and future, thereby affecting the maternal experience. The general objective is to analyze the process of symbolic grief experienced by mothers of children with ASD, integrating psychological vulnerability, resilience, and support networks. Specifically, the study seeks to identify factors of psychological vulnerability resulting from maternal overload; discuss the impact of symbolic grief on atypical motherhood; and evaluate the role of support networks and public policies in promoting these women’s mental health. This is a narrative literature review of a qualitative, descriptive, and exploratory nature, conducted using the BVS-Psi and SciELO databases. The results indicate that a diagnosis may trigger psychological distress, frustration, guilt, fear, and emotional overload, contributing to social isolation and mental health problems. However, psychological support, family and community assistance as part of a support network, and effective public policies contribute to strengthening resilience and reframing the experience of atypical motherhood. It is concluded that understanding the impact of symbolic grief on these mothers is essential to broadening the perspective of psychology and public policies regarding their socio-emotional needs, promoting comprehensive care and strengthening mental health.
Parental relationships remain an important aspect of psychological functioning throughout our lives. However, little research has been carried out examining their relationship with emotional regulation in non-clinical populations. This study aimed to investigate the relationship between perceived parental attachment and emotional regulation in young adults using a quantitative non-experimental correlational design. An online questionnaire consisting of sociodemographics and 30 Likert scale statements, 15 statements relating to parental attachment (1-15) and 15 statements relating to emotional regulation (16-30) was completed. From the sample of 102 responses exported, 1 case did not give consent and so were removed from analysis, giving a total of 101 complete cases. Reverse scoring was applied to negatively worded statements. Mean scores for parental attachment were 51.83 (SD = 12.15). Mean scores for emotional regulation were 49.42 (SD = 8.41). Internal reliability for parental attachment was high with a Cronbach?s alpha score of .877. Internal reliability for emotional regulation was acceptable with a score of .767. There was a significant positive association between parental attachment and emotional regulation (r(99)=.511, 95% CI [.35, .64], p<.001). Approximately, 26% of variance appeared to be shared between the two variables. Young adults with higher levels of perceived parental attachment (closeness, trust and open communication) reported higher levels of emotional regulation. As this study used a correlational design, this represents an association rather than a causal relationship. Overall, the findings provide evidence to take a relational approach and consider individuals within their context in counselling psychology.
Parenting practices may shape young children's opportunities to develop English-speaking skills in bilingual family environments. This study aimed to explore parenting styles and parental communication practices in relation to children's English-speaking ability in four bilingual families in Indonesia. Using a descriptive qualitative approach, data were collected through online semi-structured interviews with parents, naturalistic observations of parent-child interactions, and children's English-speaking activities, including storytelling and picture description. The findings indicated that three families demonstrated characteristics of authoritative parenting, including emotional warmth, regular language activities, and active parental involvement. These practices were accompanied by children's reported willingness and confidence to speak English. In contrast, one family demonstrated a more permissive approach, with less structured language exposure and less active parental involvement. The findings also highlighted the role of responsive communication, shared educational media activities, and consistent opportunities to use English in everyday interactions. Given the small sample and qualitative design, the findings provide contextual insights rather than evidence of causal effects. This study highlights the potential importance of supportive parenting practices in creating opportunities for young children to use English in bilingual family settings.
Behavior is a particular type of organic reaction. It is a cognitively guided reaction: it is an organic reaction guided by cognitions; and cognitions are registers of the internal states of an organism, or of the states of its environment, which allow that organism to functionally adjust the patterns that govern those particular organic reactions that are its behaviors. In turn, the mental states of a living being, its mind, are the set of its cognitive states; that is, the set of states resulting from cognitions that dispose it and allow it to behave in certain ways.
This study aims to address an important gap in the literature by examining the effects of technostress and safety climate on employees' technological productivity and by evaluating the moderating role of perceived organizational support in these relationships.Analyses conducted on survey data collected from 425 employees working in the defense industry reveal that technostress has a significant negative effect on technological productivity, whereas safety climate has a positive effect on technological productivity.The findings further indicate that perceived organizational support moderates the relationship between safety climate and technological productivity, strengthening the positive impact of safety climate on technological productivity.However, perceived organizational support does not exhibit a significant moderating effect on the relationship between technostress and technological productivity.By examining technostress, safety climate, and perceived organizational support-constructs that are rarely addressed together in the literature-within an integrated framework, this study contributes to a more comprehensive understanding of technological productivity.Furthermore, its focus on the defense industry, characterized by high-technology intensity and high reliability requirements, fills an important gap in the literature and provides actionable insights for improving employee well-being, safety, and technological productivity.
