عزت نفس

Objective: The study aimed to evaluate the internalised stigma and self-esteem in adult outpatients with major depressive disorder (MDD) attending a psychiatric outpatient clinic in Iraq, and to explore the relationship between these variables. Methods: A cross-sectional correlational study among 120 adults with MDD who attended psychiatric outpatient clinics of Azadi Teaching Hospital in Kirkuk, Iraq. All participants filled out a sociodemographic and clinical questionnaire, the Internalised Stigma of Mental Illness Scale (ISMI), and the Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale (RSES). Data were analysed using descriptive statistics, Pearson's correlation coefficient and simple linear regression. Results: The overall mean ISMI score was 2.90 (SD = 0.42), with the highest scores for stereotype endorsement (M = 3.16) and alienation (M = 3.14) and the lowest for stigma resistance (M = 2.19). The overall mean RSES score was 2.29 (SD = 0.38). There was a negative correlation between internalised stigma and self-esteem (r = −0.338, p < 0.001). Self-esteem was statistically associated with internalised stigma (β = −0.338, t = −3.897, p < 0.001), explaining 11.4% of the variance (R² = 0.114) in simple linear regression. Conclusions: In this single-centre sample of adults with MDD, internalised stigma and self-esteem were inversely related. Since the study is a cross-sectional design, the association observed cannot be considered a causal relationship. The results provide a basis for consideration of the psychosocial aspects of routine psychiatric care (stigma and self-esteem) and for further longitudinal and multicentre research to establish temporal relationships and to determine potentially modifiable factors.

Background: Body image dissatisfaction (BID) is an emerging public health concern among college students due to its association with depression, anxiety, and low self-esteem. Sociocultural pressures during the transition to adulthood increase vulnerability. Evidence from Western Gujarat remains limited. Objectives: To determine the prevalence of BID and identify its sociodemographic and psychological predictors among undergraduate students in Western Gujarat. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted among 297 undergraduate students (18–24 years) from a medical college in Western Gujarat. Data were collected using a structured questionnaire, including MBSRQ-AS, BDI-II, HAM-A, and RSES. BMI was calculated using standard anthropometric measurements. Data were analyzed using SPSS v25 with chi-square tests, independent t-tests, and binary logistic regression. Statistical significance was set at p < 0.05. Results: The prevalence of BID was 58.2%. Females reported significantly higher dissatisfaction than males (66.1% vs. 48.5%, p < 0.001). Higher BID was observed among overweight/obese students (75.4%) and underweight students (66.7%). Multivariate analysis identified female gender (AOR = 1.95, 95% CI: 1.13-3.37), overweight/obesity (AOR = 3.59, 95% CI: 1.85-6.97), higher depression scores (AOR = 1.05 per unit), and lower self-esteem (AOR = 0.89 per unit) as independent predictors (Nagelkerke R² = 0.398). Conclusion: BID is highly prevalent among undergraduate students in Western Gujarat, particularly among females and those with higher BMI, depression, and low self-esteem. Targeted campus-based interventions promoting body positivity, self-esteem, and mental well-being are warranted.

The present study aimed at examining relationship between sociotropy and autonomy with self-esteem and anxiety in adults in Pakistan and to test the moderation effect of perceived social support in the relationships between sociotropy and autonomy with self-esteem and anxiety. Methods: A quantitative correlational design was used. The sample consisted of 500 healthy unmarried individuals aged 18-29 years who were selected from government and private universities across the country, using a purposive sampling technique. The Personal Style Inventory, Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support, Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale, and the anxiety subscale of the Depression Anxiety Stress Scales-21 were all filled out by the participants. Data were processed in SPSS version 26, descriptive statistics, Pearson product-moment correlation, Hayes' PROCESS Macro Model 1 and internal consistency analysis were used. Results: There was a significant correlation between sociotropy and anxiety (r=.22, p<.01) and with perceived social support (r=.29, p<.01), but not with self-esteem (r=-.05, p=.267). Self-esteem (r=.15, p<.01), anxiety (r=.12, p<.01) and perceived social support (r=.20, p<.01) were positively related to autonomy. Perceived social support was shown to be significantly positively related to self-esteem (r=.14, p<.01) and, surprisingly, not significantly related to anxiety (r≈0, p=.977). Sociotropy × perceived social support interactions were significant for self-esteem (B=.002, p=.026) and anxiety (B=.001, p=.010), but the autonomy × perceived social support interactions were not significant for self-esteem (B≈0, p=.750) or anxiety (B≈0, p=.569). Conclusion: The results suggest that the sociotropic orientation is related to higher anxiety and that perceived social support modifies the relationship between sociotropy and self-esteem and anxiety. A positive relationship was found between autonomy and self-esteem and autonomy and anxiety; and perceived social support did not significantly change these relationships. These findings underline the need for taking both vulnerability and inter-personal resources into account to comprehend anxiety in young adults in Pakistan.

Background Over 15 million plastic surgeries and 19 million non-plastic aesthetic procedures were carried out globally between 2020 and 2023, representing a substantial growth of more than 40%, according to the International Society of Aesthetic Plastic Surgery (ISAPS). The purpose of this study was to ascertain the degree of propensity for cosmetic surgery among Khoy University of Medical Sciences students and investigate its associations with demographic features, the frequency of watching content related to beauty (per day), perceived body image, and self-esteem. Materials and methods This analytical cross-sectional study included 196 students from Khoy University of Medical Sciences, selected via convenience sampling for the 2024–2025 academic year. Valid and reliable questionnaires were used to gather data: 69 items on perceived body image, 10 items on self-esteem, and 24 items on tendency toward cosmetic surgery. Multiple linear regression, ANOVA, and independent t-tests were used to analyze the data in SPSS version 26. Results The mean age of participants was 23 years. The majority were female (86%), single (94%), enrolled in health and basic sciences (43%), at the bachelor level (75%), and reported a monthly income of more than 300 million Iranian Rials (52%). No statistically significant differences were observed between demographic features and mean tendency toward cosmetic surgery (P > 0.05). However, a high frequency of watching beauty‑related content per day (β = 10.06, P < 0.001) and low self‑esteem (β = −1.25, P < 0.001) were significantly associated with a greater tendency toward cosmetic surgery. Conclusion Students’ tendency toward cosmetic surgery is influenced by their self-esteem, and even the frequency of exposure to beauty-related content.

Objective. The aim of this paper was to examine the association between appearance-based social comparison and eating disorder symptoms, body satisfaction, depressive symptoms, drive for muscularity, self-esteem, and physical activity in Brazilian college women. Method. The participants were 542 college women aged 18 to 30. A questionnaire was used to collect information on appearance comparisons, eating disorders symptoms, body satisfaction, depressive symptoms, drive for muscularity, self-esteem, and physical activity. A multiple linear regression was conducted adjusted by age, marital status, body mass index, and economic level. Results. The model that best explained the appearance comparisons scores variation included eating disorders symptoms (β= .385; p< .001), body satisfaction (β= -.200; p< .001), depressive symptoms (β= .169; p< .001), and drive for muscularity (β= .091; p< .05). Conclusion. Eating disorders, depressive symptoms, drive for muscularity, and body satisfaction were associated with appearance comparisons.

This study examined the associations of self-regulation, self-esteem, and digital literacy with students' perceived learning achievement at Ariya Metta Vocational High School, Tangerang. The quantitative ex post facto study included 154 students drawn from a population of 250 through proportional stratified random sampling. Online questionnaire responses were analysed using multiple linear regression in SPSS version 27. Self-regulation (B = 1.349; β = 0.494; t = 6.739; p < .001) and self-esteem (B = 0.624; β = 0.345; t = 4.113; p < .001) were positively associated with perceived achievement after adjustment for the other predictors. Digital literacy showed no significant unique association (B = 0.040; β = 0.019; t = 0.248; p = .804). The model accounted for 63.0% of the observed variation (R² = .630; adjusted R² = .622). Although digital literacy was significant in a simple regression, the association did not persist in the full model, indicating overlapping explanatory information among predictors. The findings support attention to learning management and students' evaluations of themselves while encouraging academically purposeful uses of digital resources. Because achievement was self-reported and the design was observational, the results do not establish causality.

In forming first impressions of others, people may notice and attend to cues about the others’ self-esteem, argued to function as a “proxy trait” that can influence inferences of other traits, including relationship desirability (Cameron et al., 2016 ). Our study provided a further test of this lay theory of self-esteem by examining how information about a hypothetical person’s self-esteem not only affects participants’ judgments of the romantic desirability of the target (from a third person perspective), but also estimates of the target’s sociosexuality (degree of being restricted vs. unrestricted in sexual attitudes and behaviors). Using a vignette experimental design, we manipulated the self-esteem (low or high) and gender (man or woman) of a hypothetical target in an online dating profile. Results indicated that a high self-esteem (HSE) target was estimated to be more attractive and desirable to online daters, and also assumed to have higher sociosexuality compared to a low self-esteem (LSE) target. Our study also contributes to the literature on gender stereotypes related to sexuality; a male target was assumed to be more unrestricted in their sociosexuality than a female target. However, the gender of the target did not interact with the self-esteem of the target to affect impressions of targets’ sociosexuality. Beyond extending past research, our results provide implications for interventions in clinical, educational, and relational contexts.

در شکل‌گیری برداشت‌های اولیه از دیگران، افراد ممکن است به نشانه‌هایی درباره عزت‌نفس دیگران توجه کنند؛ ویژگی‌ای که به عنوان «ویژگی جایگزین» مطرح شده و می‌تواند بر استنباط سایر ویژگی‌ها، از جمله مطلوبیت رابطه تأثیر بگذارد (Cameron و همکاران، ۲۰۱۶). مطالعه حاضر، نظریه عامه‌پسند عزت‌نفس را با بررسی این موضوع که چگونه اطلاعات مربوط به عزت‌نفس یک فرد فرضی نه تنها بر قضاوت شرکت‌کنندگان درباره مطلوبیت عاشقانه هدف (از منظر شخص ثالث)، بلکه بر برآوردهای آن‌ها از جامعه‌پذیری جنسی هدف (میزان محدود یا نامحدود بودن نگرش‌ها و رفتارهای جنسی) تأثیر می‌گذارد، مورد آزمون قرار داد. با استفاده از طرح آزمایشی وینیت، عزت‌نفس (پایین یا بالا) و جنسیت (مرد یا زن) یک هدف فرضی در یک پروفایل دوستیابی آنلاین دستکاری شد. نتایج نشان داد که هدف با عزت‌نفس بالا (HSE) از نظر جذابیت و مطلوبیت برای کاربران آنلاین بالاتر ارزیابی شد و همچنین فرض بر این بود که جامعه‌پذیری جنسی بالاتری نسبت به هدف با عزت‌نفس پایین (LSE) دارد. مطالعه ما همچنین به ادبیات کلیشه‌های جنسیتی مرتبط با تمایلات جنسی می‌افزاید؛ هدف مرد نسبت به هدف زن، نامحدودتر در جامعه‌پذیری جنسی فرض شد. با این حال، جنسیت هدف با عزت‌نفس هدف برای تأثیرگذاری بر برداشت‌ها از جامعه‌پذیری جنسی هدف‌ها تعامل نداشت. فراتر از گسترش پژوهش‌های پیشین، نتایج ما پیامدهایی برای مداخلات در زمینه‌های بالینی، آموزشی و روابطی دارد.