Physical fitness

Integrating traditional Bugis-Makassar games into physical education has the potential to support the development of elementary school students’ fundamental movement skills and physical fitness. However, its effectiveness requires empirical testing. This article presents a simulated analysis to illustrate the evaluation of physical education instruction based on traditional Bugis-Makassar games. The research scenario follows a quasi-experimental design involving two groups of fifth-grade students, with 30 students each in the experimental and control groups. The simulated data represent fundamental movement skills and physical fitness test scores before and after the intervention. The analysis includes descriptive statistics, normality tests, homogeneity of variance tests, independent-samples t tests, and normalized gain (N-gain) calculations. The simulated results show that the experimental group’s mean fundamental movement skills score increased from 58.40 to 82.30, while the control group’s mean score increased from 59.10 to 69.20. The between-group difference in the simulated data was significant (t = 5.842; p < .001). For physical fitness, the experimental group’s mean score increased from 61.20 to 79.40, while the control group’s mean score increased from 60.80 to 68.50, with a significant between-group difference (t = 4.763; p < .001). The experimental group’s N-gain values were 0.57 for fundamental movement skills and 0.47 for physical fitness, both classified as moderate. These simulated patterns may inform hypothesis formulation and the design of evaluations for Physical Education, Sports, and Health (PJOK) instruction based on local wisdom. Conceptually, this approach connects the development of students’ motor skills with the use of traditional games in instruction. Its effectiveness requires verification through field research using appropriate instruments and documented data collection procedures.

Traditional games offer accessible opportunities for physical activity, social interaction, and the introduction of local cultural practices among elementary school children. This study aimed to describe the implementation of PETRA AKTIF, a community service program introducing traditional games as alternative physical activities for elementary school students. Employing a qualitative descriptive approach, the program involved 28 third-grade students from Public Elementary School 3 Plumbon, Karanganyar Regency, Indonesia. Four traditional games were introduced: hopscotch, jump rope, fortress, and dragon snake. Data were collected through direct observation, interviews, and activity documentation and subsequently analyzed descriptively. Student satisfaction was assessed using a five-level response scale. The findings revealed that students participated in various physical movements, including jumping, walking, running, and balancing. Group activities also demonstrated observable communication, cooperation, coordination, and adherence to game rules. Satisfaction assessments indicated that 25–27 of the 28 participants reported being satisfied or very satisfied with each game. Furthermore, the activities provided students with direct exposure to traditional games as expressions of local wisdom. These findings suggest that PETRA AKTIF provides opportunities for physical engagement, peer interaction, and cultural familiarization, although improvements in physical fitness and social skills were not directly measured.

Background Insomnia and poor sleep are highly prevalent among university students and are linked to impaired mental and physical health, reduced cognitive functioning, and lower academic performance. Existing interventions for insomnia include cognitive behavioural therapy for insomnia (CBT-I), mindfulness, and sleep hygiene. CBT-I is widely recognised as effective but remains difficult to access for the general population and lack scalability, long-term follow-up, and feasibility in non-clinical settings. Pragmatic, group-based approaches that can be delivered within the university and are tailored to help students develop self-endorsed routines and competencies for better sleep, creating sustainable changes that extend beyond the program period, is needed. Methods This study is a pragmatic, two-arm randomised controlled trial evaluating the effectiveness of a group-based sleep program for university students with insomnia symptoms. A total of 118 full-time students aged 18–30 meeting diagnostic criteria for chronic insomnia disorder will be randomized (1:1) to either the intervention or a wait-list control group. The intervention comprises 12 weekly 90-minute group sessions followed by nine monthly follow-up meetings, facilitated by trained coaches. The program integrates core elements of CBT-I with motivational and coping strategies, delivered in an interactive and peer-supported format. The primary outcome is change in insomnia severity measured by the Bergen Insomnia Scale. Secondary outcomes include subjective and objective sleep measures, mental health, cognitive performance, academic attainment, health behaviours, physical fitness, and biological markers. Assessments will be conducted at baseline, post-program (12 weeks), and 12 months. A mixed methods process evaluation will assess fidelity, acceptability, mechanisms of impact, and contextual influences. Discussion This trial will be among the first pragmatic evaluations of a structured, group-based sleep intervention tailored to university students with insomnia. Key strengths include the randomised controlled design, comprehensive outcome assessment, 12-month follow-up, and embedded process evaluation. If effective, the program could provide a feasible, scalable, and cost-effective model to improve sleep and therein health, and academic performance in young adults in higher education.

Academic procrastination among adolescents is a complex phenomenon associated with multiple factors. This study aimed to examine the associations among achievement motivation, health-related physical fitness, and academic procrastination in adolescents. A cross-sectional study design was employed. Using a stratified cluster random sampling method, 700 adolescents aged 12–14 years were recruited from two secondary schools in Yunnan Province, China. Data were collected through an online self-report questionnaire assessing academic procrastination and achievement motivation, along with. objective field-based physical fitness tests administered by certified physical education teachers to evaluate health-related physical fitness. After excluding invalid responses, 625 valid questionnaires were retained, yielding a valid response rate of 89.28%. Statistical analyses, including correlation, regression, and mediation analyses, were conducted using SPSS version 29.0. Correlation analyses indicated significant pairwise statistical associations among achievement motivation, academic procrastination, and health-related physical fitness in adolescents. Further analysis showed that health-related physical fitness exhibited a significant indirect statistical association between achievement motivation and academic procrastination, with an indirect association estimate of − 0.014 (95% confidence interval [CI]: −0.0350 to − 0.0012). However, this indirect association was small in magnitude, accounting for only 8.33% of the total statistical association between achievement motivation and academic procrastination. Achievement motivation was significantly associated with academic procrastination among adolescents, while health-related physical fitness exhibited a significant indirect statistical association with the relationship between achievement motivation and academic procrastination. Future research should further examine the interconnected relationships among achievement motivation, health-related physical fitness, and academic procrastination to provide a more comprehensive understanding of adolescents’ academic behaviors and healthy development.

اهمال‌کاری تحصیلی در میان نوجوانان پدیده‌ای پیچیده است که با عوامل متعددی مرتبط می‌باشد. هدف این مطالعه بررسی ارتباطات بین انگیزش پیشرفت، آمادگی جسمانی مرتبط با سلامت و اهمال‌کاری تحصیلی در نوجوانان بود. این پژوهش به صورت مقطعی انجام شد. با استفاده از روش نمونه‌گیری تصادفی خوشه‌ای طبقه‌بندی‌شده، ۷۰۰ نوجوان ۱۴–۱۲ ساله از دو دبیرستان در استان یون‌نان چین انتخاب شدند. داده‌ها از طریق پرسشنامه خودگزارش‌دهی آنلاین که اهمال‌کاری تحصیلی و انگیزش پیشرفت را ارزیابی می‌کرد، جمع‌آوری شد و همچنین آزمون‌های میدانی عینی آمادگی جسمانی توسط معلمان تربیت بدنی دارای گواهینامه برای ارزیابی آمادگی جسمانی مرتبط با سلامت اجرا گردید. پس از حذف پاسخ‌های نامعتبر، ۶۲۵ پرسشنامه معتبر باقی ماند که نرخ پاسخ‌دهی معتبر ۸۹٫۲۸٪ را نشان داد. تحلیل‌های آماری شامل همبستگی، رگرسیون و میانجی‌گری با استفاده از نسخه ۲۹٫۰ نرم‌افزار SPSS انجام شد. تحلیل‌های همبستگی نشان داد که بین انگیزش پیشرفت، اهمال‌کاری تحصیلی و آمادگی جسمانی مرتبط با سلامت در نوجوانان ارتباط آماری معنادار دوجانبه وجود دارد. تحلیل‌های بیشتر نشان داد که آمادگی جسمانی مرتبط با سلامت دارای ارتباط آماری غیرمستقیم معناداری بین انگیزش پیشرفت و اهمال‌کاری تحصیلی است، به طوری که برآورد ارتباط غیرمستقیم برابر با ‎−۰٫۰۱۴‎ (فاصله اطمینان ۹۵٪: ‎−۰٫۰۳۵۰‎ تا ‎−۰٫۰۰۱۲‎) بود. با این حال، این ارتباط غیرمستقیم از نظر اندازه کوچک بود و تنها ۸٫۳۳٪ از کل ارتباط آماری بین انگیزش پیشرفت و اهمال‌کاری تحصیلی را تشکیل می‌داد. انگیزش پیشرفت با اهمال‌کاری تحصیلی در نوجوانان ارتباط معناداری داشت، در حالی که آمادگی جسمانی مرتبط با سلامت ارتباط آماری غیرمستقیم معناداری با رابطه بین انگیزش پیشرفت و اهمال‌کاری تحصیلی نشان داد. پژوهش‌های آینده باید روابط متقابل بین انگیزش پیشرفت، آمادگی جسمانی مرتبط با سلامت و اهمال‌کاری تحصیلی را بیشتر بررسی کنند تا درک جامع‌تری از رفتارهای تحصیلی و رشد سالم نوجوانان فراهم گردد.

The purpose of the present study was to examine the effect of Suryanamaskar practice on selected physical fitness variables among male district-level (Bandipora) volleyball players of Kashmir. Fifteen male volleyball players aged between 15 and 20 years were selected through simple random sampling. The study employed a single-group pre-test and post-test research design. The selected participants underwent a structured Suryanamaskar training program for six weeks, five days per week, with each session lasting 30–45 minutes. The dependent variables selected for the study were speed, agility, and flexibility. Speed was measured using the 50-Meter Dash Test, agility through the Shuttle Run Test, and flexibility through the Sit-and-Reach Test. Descriptive statistics, including mean and standard deviation, were computed, while a dependent-samples t-test was used to determine the significance of differences between pre-test and post-test scores at the 0.05 level of significance. The results revealed a significant improvement in agility (t = 3.25, p < 0.05) and flexibility (t = 7.95, p < 0.05) following the Suryanamaskar intervention. However, the improvement in speed was not statistically significant (t = 0.46, p > 0.05). The findings indicate that regular Suryanamaskar practice effectively enhances agility and flexibility among volleyball players but has limited influence on speed performance. Therefore, Suryanamaskar may be incorporated as a supplementary training modality in volleyball conditioning programs to improve selected components of physical fitness. The study concludes that traditional yogic practices can serve as cost-effective and scientifically supported methods for enhancing athletic performance and physical fitness.

هدف پژوهش حاضر بررسی تأثیر تمرین سوریا ناماسکار بر برخی متغیرهای آمادگی جسمانی در بازیکنان والیبال مرد سطح شهرستان (باندیپورا) کشمیر بود. پانزده بازیکن والیبال مرد با دامنه سنی ۱۵ تا ۲۰ سال به روش نمونه‌گیری تصادفی ساده انتخاب شدند. این پژوهش از طرح تحقیق تک‌گروهی با پیش‌آزمون و پس‌آزمون استفاده کرد. شرکت‌کنندگان منتخب به مدت شش هفته، پنج روز در هفته و هر جلسه به مدت ۳۰ تا ۴۵ دقیقه، در یک برنامه تمرینی ساختارمند سوریا ناماسکار شرکت کردند. متغیرهای وابسته انتخاب‌شده برای پژوهش شامل سرعت، چابکی و انعطاف‌پذیری بودند. سرعت با آزمون دوی ۵۰ متر، چابکی با آزمون شاتل ران و انعطاف‌پذیری با آزمون نشستن و رسیدن سنجیده شد. آمار توصیفی شامل میانگین و انحراف معیار محاسبه گردید و برای تعیین معناداری تفاوت بین نمرات پیش‌آزمون و پس‌آزمون از آزمون t همبسته در سطح معناداری ۰/۰۵ استفاده شد. نتایج نشان داد که پس از مداخله سوریا ناماسکار، چابکی (t = 3.25, p < 0.05) و انعطاف‌پذیری (t = 7.95, p < 0.05) به طور معناداری بهبود یافتند. با این حال، بهبود سرعت از لحاظ آماری معنادار نبود (t = 0.46, p > 0.05). یافته‌ها نشان می‌دهد که تمرین منظم سوریا ناماسکار به طور مؤثری چابکی و انعطاف‌پذیری بازیکنان والیبال را افزایش می‌دهد اما تأثیر محدودی بر عملکرد سرعت دارد. بنابراین، سوریا ناماسکار می‌تواند به عنوان یک روش تمرینی مکمل در برنامه‌های آمادگی جسمانی والیبال برای بهبود برخی مؤلفه‌های آمادگی جسمانی گنجانده شود. پژوهش نتیجه می‌گیرد که تمرینات سنتی یوگا می‌تواند به عنوان روش‌هایی مقرون‌به‌صرفه و علمی برای ارتقاء عملکرد ورزشی و آمادگی جسمانی مورد استفاده قرار گیرد.