school infrastructure

This study investigated the challenges facing head teachers in providing leadership support for the implementation of the Competence-Based Curriculum (CBC) in public primary schools in Muleba District, Tanzania. The study was guided by one specific objective: to identify the challenges faced by head teachers in providing leadership support for CBC implementation. Grounded in Hallinger and Murphy's (1985) Instructional Leadership Theory, the study adopted a pragmatic paradigm with a convergent parallel mixed-methods design. The target population comprised 2,166 individuals from 237 public primary schools. Data were collected using structured questionnaires from 112 respondents (100 classroom teachers and 12 heads of schools), semi-structured interviews with head teachers and one School Quality Assurance Officer, and document review. Quantitative data were analysed using descriptive statistics through SPSS Version 22, while qualitative data were analysed thematically following Braun and Clarke's (2006) framework. The findings revealed seven interconnected challenges: inadequate CBC training for head teachers themselves (84.8%), inadequate funding preventing leadership support (81.3%), heavy administrative workloads (76.8%), unclear government support (76.8%), financial constraints generally (67.9%), overcrowded classrooms (64.3%), and teacher resistance to CBC changes (52.7%). The study concluded that head teachers' effectiveness in leading CBC implementation is systematically undermined by systemic factors beyond their control. The study recommends mandatory CBC training for head teachers, reduction of administrative workloads, increased capitation grants with CBC-specific allocations, clear national implementation guidelines, and investment in school infrastructure.

Teacher performance is a key determinant of educational quality and the successful implementation of learning processes. Among the factors that may influence teacher performance are the adequacy of educational facilities and infrastructure, as well as the quality of the working environment. This study aims to examine the influence of facilities and infrastructure, together with the work environment, on teacher performance at SMA Negeri 1 Batukliang Utara, Central Lombok Regency. A quantitative approach with a descriptive research design was employed. The study involved all 33 active teachers using a total sampling technique. Data were collected through a structured questionnaire based on a five-point Likert scale and analyzed using multiple linear regression with IBM SPSS Statistics version 26. The findings reveal that facilities and infrastructure do not have a significant partial effect on teacher performance (β = 0.017; p = 0.933), whereas the work environment has a positive and statistically significant effect (β = 0.770; p = 0.003). Simultaneously, both independent variables significantly influence teacher performance (F = 10.840; p < 0.001), explaining 41.9% of the variance in teacher performance, while the remaining 58.1% is attributable to other factors not included in the research model. These findings indicate that a supportive and conducive work environment plays a more substantial role than educational facilities in improving teacher performance. Therefore, school management should prioritize the creation of a positive work environment while continuing to improve educational facilities to support teachers' professional responsibilities.

This article analyzes the infrastructure conditions of early childhood education institutions in Pernambuco through the application of the Pernambuco School Infrastructure Index (IEPE). The study combines quantitative analysis, based on factor analysis applied to data from the 2024 School Census, with exploratory qualitative evidence obtained through a questionnaire administered to school managers. The index is structured into three dimensions: essential physical and pedagogical infrastructure, support and accessibility, and basic operational infrastructure. The results indicate a predominance of intermediate and low levels of infrastructure, unevenly distributed across municipalities. Spatial analysis reveals differentiated patterns among daycare centers, preschools, and institutions offering both stages. The incorporation of qualitative evidence allows for the examination of the correspondence between administrative records and the actual conditions of space use, revealing discrepancies associated with the functional adequacy of infrastructure. The qualitative analysis, concentrated in the municipality of Recife due to low institutional participation, highlights the presence of adaptive strategies that enable the functioning of institutions but do not replace the need for planned infrastructure. The IEPE makes it possible to identify territorial variations and to inform public policy planning, provided it is interpreted in conjunction with other sources of information.

Education in Yenagoa LGA, Bayelsa State, faces persistent vulnerability to environmental, infrastructural and socio-economic shocks-annual floods, riverine isolation, poor school infrastructure, and weak community ownership-leading to disrupted learning continuity and low retention. The paper contends that resilient education extends beyond the confine of a school-centric model and requires a robust, strengthened learning ecosystem. Through an integrative review of literature and the theoretical synthesis of Bronfenbrenner, Ecological System Theory, Epstein, Overlapping Spheres of Influence, and Resilient Theory, conceptualized as Yenagoa Resilient Learning Ecosystem Model (YRLEM). The model places the learner at the Centre of six interconnected pillars/layers: Immediate Learning Environment/Resilient learner: (1) Community Engagement Pillar, (2) Technology and Digital Access Pillar, (3) Environment and Climate Resilience Pillars (4) Infrastructure and Schools Pillars (5) Governance and Policy Pillars (6) Livelihood and Skills Pillars. It argues that by intentionally engaging indigenous institutions-traditional rulers, CDCs, women and youth groups, and SBMCs-and fostering structured multi-stakeholder collaboration between government, oil and gas companies, tertiary institutions, NGOs, and faith based-organizations, educations can be transformed from a fragile service into a community owned resilient system. The paper contributes a context-specific framework for policymakers, the Bayelsa State Universal Basic Education Board, and development partners, and advances propositions for future empirical validation in the Niger delta context

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mendeskripsikan strategi kepala sekolah dalam mendukung efektivitas penerapan Full Day School di SMAN 12 Tanjung Jabung Barat yang meliputi perumusan, pelaksanaan, evaluasi strategi, serta faktor pendukung dan penghambat. Penelitian ini dilakukan di SMAN 12 Tanjung Jabung Barat. Penelitian ini menggunakan pendekatan kualitatif dengan jenis studi kasus, dengan subjek kepala sekolah, wakil kepala sekolah bidang kurikulum, guru, dan siswa. Teknik pengumpulan data dilakukan melalui wawancara, observasi, dan dokumentasi, serta diuji dengan triangulasi sumber dan teknik. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa proses perumusan strategi kepala sekolah dilakukan secara sistematis dan partisipatif melalui perencanaan pengelolaan waktu belajar, perencanaan kesiapan pendidik, perencanaan pengembangan sarana dan prasarana, serta perencanaan pemerataan layanan pendidikan yang disesuaikan dengan kebutuhan siswa guna menciptakan pembelajaran yang efektif dan merata. Kata Kunci: strategi kepala sekolah, efektivitas, full day school. Abstract: This study aims to describe the principal's strategy in supporting the effectiveness of the Full Day School implementation at SMAN 12 Tanjung Jabung Barat, which includes the formulation, implementation, evaluation of the strategy, as well as supporting and inhibiting factors. This research was conducted at SMAN 12 Tanjung Jabung Barat. This study used a qualitative approach with a case study type, with the subjects of the principal, vice principal for curriculum, teachers, and students. Data collection techniques were carried out through interviews, observation, and documentation, and tested by triangulation of sources and techniques. The results of the study indicate that the principal's strategy formulation process was carried out systematically and participatory through planning learning time management, planning teacher readiness, planning the development of facilities and infrastructure, and planning the equal distribution of educational services tailored to student needs to create effective and equitable learning. Keywords: principal strategy, effectiveness, full day school.

این پژوهش با هدف توصیف استراتژی مدیر مدرسه در حمایت از اثربخشی اجرای مدرسه تمام‌وقت در دبیرستان دولتی شماره ۱۲ تانجونگ جابانگ بارات انجام شده است که شامل فرمول‌بندی، اجرا، ارزیابی استراتژی و همچنین عوامل حمایت‌کننده و بازدارنده می‌شود. این پژوهش در دبیرستان دولتی شماره ۱۲ تانجونگ جابانگ بارات انجام شده است. این مطالعه با رویکرد کیفی و از نوع مطالعه موردی انجام شده و شرکت‌کنندگان شامل مدیر مدرسه، معاون آموزشی، معلمان و دانش‌آموزان بوده‌اند. داده‌ها از طریق مصاحبه، مشاهده و اسناد جمع‌آوری شده و با استفاده از مثلث‌سازی منابع و روش‌ها مورد بررسی قرار گرفته‌اند. نتایج پژوهش نشان می‌دهد که فرایند فرمول‌بندی استراتژی مدیر مدرسه به‌صورت نظام‌مند و مشارکتی از طریق برنامه‌ریزی مدیریت زمان یادگیری، برنامه‌ریزی آمادگی معلمان، برنامه‌ریزی توسعه امکانات و زیرساخت‌ها و برنامه‌ریزی توزیع عادلانه خدمات آموزشی متناسب با نیازهای دانش‌آموزان به‌منظور ایجاد یادگیری اثربخش و عادلانه انجام شده است.

Objective While investments in physical school infrastructure are widely recognized as important determinants of student learning, the academic role of psychosocial infrastructure remains insufficiently theorized and empirically underexplored. This study examines whether psychological counseling room infrastructure (PCRI)—defined as the availability and facility condition of school-based psychological counseling rooms—is associated with better students’ academic performance and contributes to educational equity in China. Methods Using nationally representative data from the 2014-2015 China Education Panel Survey (CEPS), this study estimates the association between PCRI and students’ academic achievement. PCRI is measured at the school level, while student performance is captured by standardized test scores. The empirical analysis controls for a rich set of student, family, classroom, and school characteristics, and exploits the quasi-random assignment of students to classrooms within schools to reduce selection concerns. Mechanism analyses are conducted to examine the psychological well-being and motivational enhancement channels, and moderation analyses are used to assess whether PCRI has stronger effects among structurally disadvantaged student groups. Results PCRI is positively and significantly associated with students’ academic performance. The estimated coefficient is 4.467 with a 95% confidence interval of [3.908, 5.027]. A one-standard-deviation increase in PCRI is associated with a 3.26-point increase in test scores, with a 95% confidence interval of [2.853, 3.670], equivalent to 4.92% of the sample mean. Mechanism analyses reveal two distinct pathways: a psychological well-being channel, reflected in improved mental health and enhanced confidence in the future, and a motivational enhancement channel, reflected in higher educational self-expectations and stronger learning engagement. Moderation analyses further show that the academic returns to PCRI are larger among migrant students, students from less-educated families, students in schools with fewer psychologically trained teachers, and rural students. Conclusion The findings suggest that school-based psychological support infrastructure is not merely an auxiliary school resource, but an important component of the educational environment associated with students’ academic achievement and educational equity. By identifying psychological counseling room infrastructure as a distinct school resource, this study highlights how school resources may be linked to academic performance not only through instructional and material conditions, but also through students’ psychological well-being and motivational development.

هدف: در حالی که سرمایه‌گذاری در زیرساخت‌های فیزیکی مدارس به عنوان عوامل مهم تعیین‌کننده یادگیری دانش‌آموزان به طور گسترده‌ای شناخته شده است، نقش علمی زیرساخت روانی‌اجتماعی همچنان به اندازه کافی نظریه‌پردازی نشده و به طور تجربی کمتر مورد بررسی قرار گرفته است. این پژوهش بررسی می‌کند که آیا زیرساخت اتاق مشاوره روان‌شناختی (PCRI) ـ که به عنوان دسترسی و وضعیت امکانات اتاق‌های مشاوره روان‌شناختی مدرسه تعریف می‌شود ـ با عملکرد تحصیلی بهتر دانش‌آموزان مرتبط است و به عدالت آموزشی در چین کمک می‌کند یا خیر. روش‌ها: با استفاده از داده‌های نماینده ملی حاصل از پیمایش پانل آموزش چین (CEPS) در سال‌های ۲۰۱۴-۲۰۱۵، این پژوهش ارتباط بین PCRI و پیشرفت تحصیلی دانش‌آموزان را برآورد می‌کند. PCRI در سطح مدرسه سنجیده شده است، در حالی که عملکرد دانش‌آموزان با نمرات آزمون‌های استاندارد شده اندازه‌گیری شده است. تحلیل تجربی با کنترل مجموعه گسترده‌ای از ویژگی‌های دانش‌آموز، خانواده، کلاس و مدرسه، و بهره‌گیری از تخصیص شبه‌تصادفی دانش‌آموزان به کلاس‌ها درون مدارس، نگرانی‌های مربوط به انتخاب را کاهش می‌دهد. تحلیل‌های سازوکار برای بررسی کانال‌های بهزیستی روان‌شناختی و ارتقای انگیزشی انجام شده و تحلیل‌های تعدیل‌گری برای ارزیابی اینکه آیا اثرات PCRI در میان گروه‌های دانش‌آموزی ساختاریافته محروم قوی‌تر است یا خیر، به کار رفته است. نتایج: PCRI به طور مثبت و معناداری با عملکرد تحصیلی دانش‌آموزان مرتبط است. ضریب برآورد شده برابر با ۴.۴۶۷ با فاصله اطمینان ۹۵٪ [۳.۹۰۸، ۵.۰۲۷] است. افزایش یک انحراف معیار در PCRI با افزایش ۳.۲۶ امتیاز در نمرات آزمون، با فاصله اطمینان ۹۵٪ [۲.۸۵۳، ۳.۶۷۰]، معادل ۴.۹۲٪ میانگین نمونه، همراه است. تحلیل‌های سازوکار دو مسیر متمایز را نشان می‌دهد: کانال بهزیستی روان‌شناختی که در بهبود سلامت روان و افزایش اعتماد به آینده منعکس می‌شود، و کانال ارتقای انگیزشی که در انتظارات تحصیلی بالاتر و مشارکت بیشتر در یادگیری نمود می‌یابد. تحلیل‌های تعدیل‌گری نشان می‌دهد که بازده تحصیلی PCRI در میان دانش‌آموزان مهاجر، دانش‌آموزان خانواده‌های کم‌سوادتر، دانش‌آموزان مدارس با معلمان کمتر آموزش‌دیده در حوزه روان‌شناسی و دانش‌آموزان روستایی بیشتر است. نتیجه‌گیری: یافته‌ها نشان می‌دهد که زیرساخت حمایت روان‌شناختی مدرسه صرفاً یک منبع کمکی مدرسه نیست، بلکه یک مؤلفه مهم از محیط آموزشی است که با پیشرفت تحصیلی و عدالت آموزشی دانش‌آموزان مرتبط است. با شناسایی زیرساخت اتاق مشاوره روان‌شناختی به عنوان یک منبع متمایز مدرسه، این پژوهش نشان می‌دهد که منابع مدرسه ممکن است نه تنها از طریق شرایط آموزشی و مادی، بلکه از طریق بهزیستی روان‌شناختی و رشد انگیزشی دانش‌آموزان نیز به عملکرد تحصیلی مرتبط باشند.