روان‌شناسی خانواده

Family co-responsibility links family involvement with students' socioemotional needs and with the actions carried out by the school. This study aimed to understand, from the perspective of education professionals, family co-responsibility for the socioemotional support of basic education students in public schools. A qualitative study with a descriptive design and an interpretive orientation was conducted. Data were collected through an asynchronous, self-administered open-ended questionnaire completed by three professionals with different profiles and were examined through qualitative content analysis and source triangulation. The results show heterogeneous family involvement and support practices that combine educational monitoring with emotional support. Participants distinguished between having communication channels available and sustaining ongoing coordination with families. The barriers identified were mainly located in family and socioeconomic conditions, and no barriers were explicitly attributed to the school. Family-school collaboration was recognized as relevant to addressing socioemotional needs. Based on the professionals' perceptions, the study concludes that family support integrates educational and socioemotional dimensions and gains meaning through its connection with the school, within a co-responsibility in which both settings play distinct and complementary roles.

Toilet training is an essential developmental process that fosters discipline and independence in early childhood. The acquisition of toileting skills is significantly influenced by parenting approaches. Authoritative (democratic) parenting, characterized by warmth, two-way communication, and clear boundaries, offers supportive guidance during this developmental transition. This study aimed to investigate the effect of an authoritative parenting style on toilet training ability among children aged 3–4 years. A quantitative research design with a correlational approach was employed, involving 206 parents of children aged 3–4 years selected via questionnaire distribution. Data were collected using the adapted Parenting Styles and Dimensions Questionnaire-Short Version (PSDQ-SV) and the Toilet Training Readiness Scale (TTRS), and analyzed using binary logistic regression. The results revealed a statistically significant association between authoritative parenting and toilet training outcome (p = .018, p .05), though accounting for a modest proportion of the overall variance. These findings suggest that while authoritative parenting contributes positively to early toilet training progression, consistent parental guidance and child-centered readiness factors remain vital.

Background: Caring for children with cerebral palsy places emotional, social, and practical demands on families. Objective: This study explored the lived experiences of family caregivers of children with cerebral palsy. Methods: A qualitative phenomenological study involved six family caregivers purposively selected on the basis of their direct involvement in daily care. Data were collected through in-depth semi-structured interviews and analyzed using Colaizzi’s method. Results: Seven themes were identified: emotional responses to the child’s condition; caregiving challenges and barriers; forms of support received; limited access to specialized services; acceptance and hopes for the child’s future; caregiving role conflicts; and changes in daily routines and sleep patterns. Conclusion: The findings indicate that caregiving is a complex process of adaptation shaped by family support, shared responsibilities, and service availability. Emotional support, caregiver education, and continuing guidance are needed to strengthen family well-being and the quality of care provided to children.

The present study examined the role of cynical hostility in marital adjustment and psychological wellbeing of married couples. It also investigated the differences in cynical hostility across gender. The sample for the study was comprised of husbands (n=120) and wives (n=120) living in Swabi, Mardan, and Peshawar districts of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (KP). The Marital Satisfaction Test (Locke & Wallac, 1959), the Cook-Medley Hostility Scale (Cook & Medley, 1954), and the Psychological Wellbeing Scale (Ryff, 1989) were utilized for data collection. Findings of Linear Regression Analyses showed that cynical hostility is a significant predictor of both marital adjustment and psychological wellbeing. Results indicated that a high level of cynical hostility negatively influences the psychological wellbeing and marital adjustment of couples. Further, no significant gender differences were revealed in the level of cynical hostility. The study possesses several implications in social and interpersonal relationships, the family environment, and the health sector.

Background: Father involvement is an important aspect of the caregiving environment that is associated with children’s social-emotional development. Such involvement includes interaction, support, attention, and participation in children’s activities. This study aimed to analyze the association between nine dimensions of father involvement and emotional and behavioral difficulties among children aged 5-9 years. Methods: This study used a quantitative research method with a cross-sectional design. Participants were 130 mothers who had children aged 5-9 years in Jonggol Village. Father involvement was measured using the Inventory of Father Involvement (IFI), consisting of nine dimensions, while children’s emotional and behavioral difficulties were assessed using the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ) through the Total Difficulties score. Associations were analyzed using the Spearman Rank correlation test with a significance level of 5%. Results: Three of the nine IFI dimensions showed significant negative associations with SDQ Total Difficulties: Time and Talking (rs = −0.181; p = 0.040), Reading and Homework (rs = −0.227; p = 0.009), and Attention (rs = −0.178; p = 0.043). The other six dimensions were not significantly associated with SDQ Total Difficulties (p > 0.05). Findings are exploratory (p-values unadjusted). Conclusion: Specific aspects of father involvement, particularly time and communication, participation in reading and homework, and attention, were associated with lower emotional and behavioral difficulties among children. These findings highlight the importance of examining father involvement not only as an overall construct but also according to its specific dimensions

This study aimed to analyze the mediating role of parent–school interaction disturbance in the relationship between parental job burnout and children’s academic burnout among workers in the petrochemical industries of Ardabil. A descriptive correlational design using structural equation modeling was employed with a sample of 218 working parents. Standardized instruments were used to assess parental job burnout, parent–school interaction, and children’s academic burnout. The results showed that parental job burnout had a positive and significant effect on parent–school interaction disturbance and children’s academic burnout. Parent–school interaction disturbance also had a positive and significant effect on children’s academic burnout. In addition, the indirect effect of parental job burnout on children’s academic burnout through parent–school interaction disturbance was statistically significant, confirming partial mediation. The findings indicate that the consequences of parental job burnout may extend beyond the occupational domain and affect children’s educational experiences. The study highlights the importance of reducing parental occupational stress and strengthening the relationship between families and schools as relevant strategies for preventing children’s academic burnout.

Mothers often manage everyday discipline while also carrying the strain and worry that come with raising a child, yet these experiences are rarely studied together in Indian samples. This study examined the relationship between parenting attitude, parental stress, and anxiety in mothers. A quantitative, cross-sectional correlational design was used with 59 mothers selected through convenience sampling. Participants completed a 30-item questionnaire rated on a five-point Likert scale, in which parenting attitude was assessed through three dimensions (laxness, over-reactivity, and verbosity), and parental stress and anxiety were each assessed with ten study-developed items. Data were analysed using descriptive statistics, Cronbach's alpha, and Pearson's correlation, with Spearman's rank correlation as an additional check. Mean scores were 3.30 (SD = 0.54) for parenting attitude, 3.06 (SD = 0.89) for parental stress, and 3.16 (SD = 0.72) for anxiety. Significant positive correlations were found between parenting attitude and parental stress (r = .52, p < .001), parenting attitude and anxiety (r = .44, p < .001), and parental stress and anxiety (r = .51, p < .001), and all three remained significant in a sensitivity analysis. Over-reactivity and verbosity were more strongly related to stress than laxness was. The findings suggest that difficulties in discipline, parenting strain, and worry tend to occur together, and that support for mothers could address emotional strain alongside parenting skills.

Mothers handle everyday discipline while also carrying the strain and worry of the parenting role, yet these experiences are often studied separately. This study examined the relationships between parenting attitude, parental stress, and anxiety among mothers. A quantitative, cross-sectional correlational design was used with a convenience sample of 59 mothers, who completed a 30-item questionnaire rated on a five-point Likert scale. Parenting attitude was assessed through three discipline dimensions based on the Parenting Scale (laxness, over-reactivity, and verbosity), and parental stress and anxiety were each assessed with ten statements developed for the study. Data were analysed using descriptive statistics, Cronbach's alpha, and Pearson and Spearman correlations. Mean scores were 3.30 (SD = 0.54) for parenting attitude, 3.06 (SD = 0.89) for parental stress, and 3.16 (SD = 0.72) for anxiety. Parenting attitude correlated positively with parental stress (r = .52, p < .001) and anxiety (r = .44, p < .001), and parental stress correlated with anxiety (r = .51, p < .001). Over-reactivity and verbosity were more closely related to stress than laxness was. Internal consistency was high for the stress (α = .91) and anxiety (α = .88) scales. The findings suggest that discipline difficulties, stress, and worry tend to occur together in mothers, although the design does not permit causal conclusions. Support programmes for mothers may benefit from addressing stress and worry alongside parenting skills.

The present study aimed to analyze parental grief and coping in response to children’s school failure within high-demand parenting. A qualitative, descriptive approach with a narrative design was used. Case-type sampling was used to select mothers and fathers characterized by exercising parenting centered on high demands and expectations. Information was obtained through interviews and analyzed using Thematic Analysis, allowing the identification of six themes: parental involvement in schoolwork, maternal centrality in parenting and education, idealization of filial success, maternal vicarious success, intolerance of the loss of excellence, and resistance to grief over filial failure. It was concluded that some mothers perceive their children’s performance as their own success or failure and that high expectations were associated with anger, frustration, sadness, and disappointment in response to unexpected results, as well as with difficulties in accepting grief over the loss of the idealized image of the son.

Background: Spouses of persons with psychosis carry a distinct caregiving burden, but Indian studies often group them with other relatives. The study aims to assess anxiety and stress among spouses of persons with psychosis, examine their association with coping and family functioning, and explore differences by gender and marriage duration. Materials and Methods: In this cross-sectional analytical study, 80 spouses (32 men, 48 women) were recruited by purposive sampling at a tertiary psychiatric hospital in Goa. Anxiety and stress were measured with DASS-21 subscales, family functioning with the General Functioning subscale of the McMaster Family Assessment Device (FAD-GF), and coping with a 10-item researcher-constructed questionnaire. Results: Severe or extremely severe anxiety was reported by 95.0% of spouses, while 86.3% had moderate stress. Anxiety (ρ = 0.31, p = 0.005) and stress (ρ = 0.42, p < 0.001) were positively correlated with FAD-GF scores, indicating poorer family functioning with greater psychological distress. Coping scores were negatively correlated with anxiety (ρ = −0.27, p = 0.015) and FAD-GF scores (ρ = −0.30, p = 0.007), indicating that lower coping scores, defined as more frequent and effective coping, were unexpectedly associated with greater anxiety and poorer family functioning. The correlation between coping and stress was not statistically significant (ρ = −0.21, p = 0.062). Women reported higher anxiety than men (p = 0.047). Family functioning differed across marriage-duration groups (p = 0.036), although no pairwise differences remained significant after Bonferroni correction. Conclusion: Severe anxiety was very common among spouses and was associated with poorer family functioning. Because the design is cross-sectional, the sample is small and from one centre, and the coping scale is not validated, the findings show association only. Routine assessment of spouses and family-focused support are indicated. Keywords: Spouses; psychosis; anxiety; stress; coping; family functioning

Introduction Adolescents’ subjective well-being has been widely studied across different family structures. However, little is known about the role of basic psychological needs in the subjective well-being of adolescents living in different family structures or in residential care. The present study addresses this gap. Methods The sample comprised 5,295 adolescents aged 10 -16 years ( M age =13.20, SD=1.50) living in intact families (65%), single-parent families (21%), stepparent families (12%), or residential care (2%). Participants completed self-report measures of basic psychological need satisfaction at home, subjective well-being (affective and cognitive components), and perceived family affluence. Results Structural equation modeling showed significant indirect associations between family structure and adolescents’ subjective well-being through basic psychological need satisfaction at home, including a sequential indirect association through perceived family affluence and basic psychological need satisfaction. Living in residential care was also indirectly associated with adolescents’ subjective well-being through basic psychological need satisfaction at home, whereas the direct association was not statistically significant. The results show that adolescents living in intact families reported the highest level of basic psychological need satisfaction at home, followed by those in single-parent and stepparent families, while adolescents in residential care reported the lowest level. Discussion The findings provide evidence that the association between family and care contexts and adolescents’ subjective well-being is statistically mediated by basic psychological need satisfaction at home. The results are discussed in light of the value of parental and caregiver support for adolescents’ basic psychological needs in different family types and care.

Background Rooted in positive psychology, human flourishing scholarship focuses on the presence of health and wellbeing beyond the absence of illness. Contemporary flourishing research has increasingly expanded its focus beyond individuals to larger systems, including families. Family flourishing is an emerging concept with limited clarity in its conceptualizations and measurements. This scoping review synthesized existing literature on the unit-level conceptualizations and operationalizations of family flourishing and wellbeing and examined the extent to which existing measures align with contemporary understandings of human flourishing. Methods Arksey and O'Malley's methodology and the PRISMA-ScR reporting guidelines were followed. Searches were conducted in PubMed, CINAHL, ERIC, PsycINFO, Social Work Abstracts, Academic Search Premier, and Web of Science. Eligible studies presented explicit unit-level conceptualizations or quantitative measures of family flourishing or wellbeing as a multidimensional construct. Only studies written in English and published since 2000 were included. Title and abstract screening, full-text screening, and data extraction were conducted by two independent researchers, while monitoring inter-coder reliability. Discrepancies were resolved through consensus in consultation with the PI. Data extraction utilized a standardized form for consistency, which was iteratively revised through discussion. Results The final sample included 13 studies, which represented diverse regions, including China, Japan, Taiwan, Malaysia, Thailand, Indonesia, New Zealand, the Philippines, and the United States. Studies were published between 2005 and 2025, with most studies published since 2020. Seven quantitative measures of family wellbeing were identified while no family flourishing measures were found. Conceptualizations represented diverse roots including Aristotelian eudaimonia, Indigenous cultural beliefs, and local spiritual teachings. While boundaries were often unclear, six broad categories of conceptualizations were identified, including relational/functional. eudaimonic/existential, hedonic/emotional, social/community, socioeconomic/environmental, and spiritual/religious domains. Relational/functional domains were most frequently covered while spiritual/religious domains were least frequently covered by existing measures. Most measures were developed more than a decade ago, and psychometric evidence beyond internal consistency was limited. Conclusion Family flourishing is an underdeveloped but promising area of scholarship. Further studies are needed to achieve greater conceptual clarity and to develop culturally responsive and psychometrically robust measures. Systematic review registration https://doi.org/10.17605/OSF.IO/E6WXM

The relationship between parenting behaviour and children's socio-emotional functioning is well documented in Western samples, yet evidence from primary-school-age children in Andhra Pradesh, India, is limited. This cross-sectional correlational study examined whether parent-reported authoritative, authoritarian, and permissive parenting were related to children's total difficulties and prosocial behaviour. Fifty parents of children aged 6-12 years completed an online 25-item researcher-developed questionnaire. Most parents (86%) reported predominantly authoritative behaviour. Authoritative parenting was unrelated to prosocial behaviour (r = .06) and difficulties (r = -.03), and authoritarian parenting was unrelated to difficulties (r = .13), so the main hypotheses were not supported. Authoritarian parenting was negatively correlated with prosocial behaviour (r = -.37, p = .009), and children from joint families scored higher on prosocial behaviour than children from nuclear families (d = 0.70). Scale reliability was low (α = -.21 to .28), so the findings are tentative. Validated tools and larger samples are needed.

Background: Mothers of young children with neurodevelopmental disorders may experience substantial parenting demands, but their recent positive mental well-being varies. Objective: To examine the association between parenting stress and psychological well-being among mothers of children aged 0?6 years diagnosed with neurodevelopmental disorders. Methods: This quantitative cross-sectional correlational study analyzed 85 mothers using the 18-item Parental Stress Scale (PSS-18) and the WHO-5 Well-Being Index. Descriptive statistics, Pearson correlation, and a Spearman sensitivity analysis were reported. Results: Mean PSS-18 was 67.55 (SD = 4.73), and mean WHO-5 transformed score was 64.85 (SD = 12.92). Parenting stress was negatively correlated with well-being (Pearson r = -0.675, 95% CI [-0.777, -0.540], p < .001). Spearman correlation was also negative (? = -0.634, p < .001). Conclusion: Greater reported parenting stress was associated with lower recent subjective well-being in this sample. The cross-sectional design does not establish causation. These findings underscore the relevance of attending to caregivers? psychological experiences alongside child-focused services.

Parenting practices may shape young children's opportunities to develop English-speaking skills in bilingual family environments. This study aimed to explore parenting styles and parental communication practices in relation to children's English-speaking ability in four bilingual families in Indonesia. Using a descriptive qualitative approach, data were collected through online semi-structured interviews with parents, naturalistic observations of parent-child interactions, and children's English-speaking activities, including storytelling and picture description. The findings indicated that three families demonstrated characteristics of authoritative parenting, including emotional warmth, regular language activities, and active parental involvement. These practices were accompanied by children's reported willingness and confidence to speak English. In contrast, one family demonstrated a more permissive approach, with less structured language exposure and less active parental involvement. The findings also highlighted the role of responsive communication, shared educational media activities, and consistent opportunities to use English in everyday interactions. Given the small sample and qualitative design, the findings provide contextual insights rather than evidence of causal effects. This study highlights the potential importance of supportive parenting practices in creating opportunities for young children to use English in bilingual family settings.

In Indonesia, the practice of polygamy often becomes a polemic and a cause of marital breakdown. This occurs because polygamy is sometimes carried out secretly without the consent of the first wife. Some groups justify their actions by citing verses about polygamy. However, these verses contain moral messages that must be considered. This article aims to re-examine the interpretation of polygamy verses using the double movement theory proposed by Fazlur Rahman. This step is needed to help people understand the essence of the teachings, because generally, people only focus on the legal aspects or the literal meaning without grasping the substance of the teachings contained in the text. This research uses a literature review method sourced from journal articles and tafsir books. The conclusion of this study shows that polygamy verses must first be understood in their historical context, then the reader must be able to grasp the moral ideals of the Qur'an's message. Once the moral message is understood, the next step in applying it to the present context is to integrate it with the prevailing social system or laws.

در اندونزی، عمل چند همسری اغلب به موضوعی بحث‌برانگیز تبدیل شده و باعث فروپاشی زندگی زناشویی می‌شود. این امر به این دلیل رخ می‌دهد که گاهی اوقات چند همسری بدون رضایت همسر اول به صورت مخفیانه انجام می‌شود. برخی گروه‌ها اعمال خود را با استناد به آیات مربوط به چند همسری توجیه می‌کنند. با این حال، این آیات حاوی پیام‌های اخلاقی هستند که باید مورد توجه قرار گیرند. هدف این مقاله، بازبررسی تفسیر آیات چند همسری با استفاده از نظریه حرکت دوگانه ارائه شده توسط فضل الرحمن است. این گام برای کمک به مردم جهت درک ماهیت آموزه‌ها ضروری است، زیرا به طور کلی، مردم تنها بر جنبه‌های حقوقی یا معنای تحت‌اللفظی تمرکز می‌کنند و از جوهره آموزه‌های موجود در متن غافل می‌شوند. این پژوهش از روش مرور ادبیات استفاده می‌کند که از مقالات ژورنالی و کتب تفسیری منبع‌گیری شده است. نتیجه این پژوهش نشان می‌دهد که آیات چند همسری باید ابتدا در بافت تاریخی خود درک شوند، سپس خواننده باید بتواند آرمان‌های اخلاقی پیام قرآن را درک کند. پس از درک پیام اخلاقی، گام بعدی در کاربرد آن در بافت کنونی، تلفیق آن با سیستم اجتماعی یا قوانین حاکم است.

Interactions between melanin-concentrating hormone (MCH) neurons and oxytocin neurons are crucial for parental care. Whole-cell patch-clamp recordings demonstrated that MCH inhibits paraventricular hypothalamic nucleus (PVN)-oxytocin neurons through activation of barium-sensitive inwardly rectifying potassium channels, potentially G-protein coupled inwardly rectifying potassium channels, and pup-directed aggression was positively related to loss of MCH neurons. Our findings offer a glimpse into the neural mechanisms underlying the evolutionary regulation of offspring caregiving and abuse in males.

برهم‌کنش‌های میان نورون‌های هورمون متمرکزکننده ملانین (MCH) و نورون‌های اکسی‌توسین برای مراقبت والدینی حیاتی هستند. ثبت‌های وصله‌ای کل‌سلولی نشان داد که MCH نورون‌های اکسی‌توسین هسته هیپوتالاموسی پاراوانتریکولار (PVN) را از طریق فعال‌سازی کانال‌های پتاسیمی ورودی‌ساز حساس به باریم، که احتمالاً از نوع کانال‌های پتاسیمی ورودی‌ساز جفت‌شونده با پروتئین G هستند، مهار می‌کند و پرخاشگری نسبت به توله‌ها با کاهش نورون‌های MCH رابطه مثبت دارد. یافته‌های ما نگاهی به سازوکارهای عصبی زیربنایی تنظیم تکاملی مراقبت و سوءرفتار نسبت به فرزندان در نرها ارائه می‌دهد.

Relationship quality is typically assessed using self-report questionnaires, which are time-consuming and may not fully capture interpersonal processes during interaction. Automated facial expression analysis provides an opportunity to study nonverbal behavior during naturalistic interactions in a more objective and continuous manner. We characterize dyadic facial synchrony from video-based facial action unit time series and examine its association with marital relationship quality. Specifically, dyadic coordination is quantified using zero-lag cross-correlations between partners’ facial behaviors across multiple action units. Computed over successive temporal windows, these synchrony measures form a multidimensional synchrony profile, termed the S-matrix. We evaluate the proposed method using an iMotions dataset comprising video recordings of in-person conversations, frame-level facial expression estimates, and Quality of Marriage Index (QMI) survey responses from 27 married couples. Results from an unsupervised clustering analysis demonstrate that the proposed synchrony representation provides better separation between couples with high and low marital relationship quality than conventional statistical feature baselines.

کیفیت رابطه معمولاً با استفاده از پرسشنامه‌های خودگزارشی ارزیابی می‌شود که زمان‌بر بوده و ممکن است فرایندهای بین‌فردی را در طول تعامل به طور کامل منعکس نکند. تحلیل خودکار حالات چهره این امکان را فراهم می‌کند تا رفتارهای غیرکلامی در تعاملات طبیعی به شیوه‌ای عینی و پیوسته مورد مطالعه قرار گیرد. در این پژوهش، هم‌زمانی چهره‌ای دوتایی بر اساس سری‌های زمانی واحدهای کنشی چهره مبتنی بر ویدئو توصیف شده و ارتباط آن با کیفیت رابطه زناشویی بررسی می‌شود. به طور مشخص، هماهنگی دوتایی با استفاده از همبستگی‌های متقاطع بدون تأخیر میان رفتارهای چهره‌ای زوجین در چندین واحد کنشی کمی‌سازی می‌شود. این شاخص‌های هم‌زمانی که در پنجره‌های زمانی متوالی محاسبه می‌شوند، یک نمایه هم‌زمانی چندبُعدی به نام ماتریس S را تشکیل می‌دهند. روش پیشنهادی با استفاده از مجموعه داده iMotions شامل ضبط ویدئویی مکالمات حضوری، برآوردهای حالت چهره در سطح فریم و پاسخ‌های پرسشنامه Quality of Marriage Index (QMI) از ۲۷ زوج متأهل ارزیابی شده است. نتایج تحلیل خوشه‌بندی بدون ناظر نشان می‌دهد که نمایش هم‌زمانی پیشنهادی، جداسازی بهتری میان زوج‌های دارای کیفیت رابطه زناشویی بالا و پایین نسبت به ویژگی‌های آماری متداول فراهم می‌کند.