ادراک

In the rapidly changing global environment, universities must equip graduates with both disciplinary knowledge and essential 21st-century skills. This study explores recent graduates’ perceptions of curriculum skills alignment in the departments of Sociology, Psychology, and Education at public sector universities in Pakistan. Using a quantitative survey design, data were collected from 150 graduates through simple random sampling using the Curriculum–Skills Alignment Perception Scale (CSAPS), comprising 20 items across five competencies: critical thinking, communication, digital literacy, teamwork, and problem-solving. The findings reveal a moderate level of alignment between undergraduate curricula and workplace skill requirements. Communication skills were rated highest, indicating stronger curriculum support, whereas digital literacy and problem-solving showed comparatively weaker alignment. The study highlights the need for curriculum reforms that incorporate practical learning, digital competencies, critical thinking, and problem-solving activities. These findings offer valuable insights for curriculum developers, university administrators, policymakers, and the Higher Education Commission of Pakistan to enhance graduate employability and modernize higher education. Keywords: curriculum alignment, 21st-century skills, graduate perceptions, higher education, public universities, social sciences, digital literacy, critical thinking, communication skills, Pakistan.

در محیط جهانی به سرعت در حال تغییر، دانشگاه‌ها باید فارغ‌التحصیلان را هم به دانش تخصصی رشته‌ای و هم به مهارت‌های ضروری قرن بیست‌ویکم مجهز کنند. این پژوهش به بررسی ادراک فارغ‌التحصیلان اخیر از هم‌راستایی مهارت‌های برنامهٔ درسی در گروه‌های جامعه‌شناسی، روان‌شناسی و علوم تربیتی دانشگاه‌های دولتی پاکستان می‌پردازد. با استفاده از طرح پژوهش کمی و روش پیمایش، داده‌ها از ۱۵۰ فارغ‌التحصیل به شیوهٔ نمونه‌گیری تصادفی ساده و با بهره‌گیری از مقیاس ادراک هم‌راستایی برنامهٔ درسی و مهارت‌ها (CSAPS) که شامل ۲۰ گویه در پنج شایستگی تفکر انتقادی، ارتباط، سواد دیجیتال، کار تیمی و حل مسئله است، گردآوری شد. یافته‌ها نشان‌دهندهٔ سطح متوسطی از هم‌راستایی میان برنامه‌های درسی کارشناسی و الزامات مهارتی بازار کار هستند. مهارت‌های ارتباطی بالاترین امتیاز را کسب کردند که نشان‌دهندهٔ حمایت قوی‌تر برنامهٔ درسی از این مهارت است، در حالی که سواد دیجیتال و حل مسئله هم‌راستایی ضعیف‌تری را نشان دادند. این پژوهش بر ضرورت اصلاحات برنامهٔ درسی با تأکید بر یادگیری عملی، شایستگی‌های دیجیتال، تفکر انتقادی و فعالیت‌های حل مسئله تأکید دارد. یافته‌های حاضر بینش‌های ارزشمندی برای تدوین‌کنندگان برنامهٔ درسی، مدیران دانشگاهی، سیاست‌گذاران و کمیسیون آموزش عالی پاکستان به منظور ارتقای اشتغال‌پذیری فارغ‌التحصیلان و نوسازی آموزش عالی ارائه می‌دهد.

In the rapidly changing global environment, universities must equip graduates with both disciplinary knowledge and essential 21st-century skills. This study explores recent graduates’ perceptions of curriculum skills alignment in the departments of Sociology, Psychology, and Education at public sector universities in Pakistan. Using a quantitative survey design, data were collected from 150 graduates through simple random sampling using the Curriculum–Skills Alignment Perception Scale (CSAPS), comprising 20 items across five competencies: critical thinking, communication, digital literacy, teamwork, and problem-solving. The findings reveal a moderate level of alignment between undergraduate curricula and workplace skill requirements. Communication skills were rated highest, indicating stronger curriculum support, whereas digital literacy and problem-solving showed comparatively weaker alignment. The study highlights the need for curriculum reforms that incorporate practical learning, digital competencies, critical thinking, and problem-solving activities. These findings offer valuable insights for curriculum developers, university administrators, policymakers, and the Higher Education Commission of Pakistan to enhance graduate employability and modernize higher education. Keywords: curriculum alignment, 21st-century skills, graduate perceptions, higher education, public universities, social sciences, digital literacy, critical thinking, communication skills, Pakistan.

در محیط جهانی به سرعت در حال تغییر، دانشگاه‌ها باید فارغ‌التحصیلان را هم به دانش تخصصی رشته‌ای و هم به مهارت‌های ضروری قرن بیست‌ویکم مجهز کنند. این پژوهش به بررسی ادراک فارغ‌التحصیلان اخیر از هم‌راستایی مهارت‌های برنامهٔ درسی در گروه‌های جامعه‌شناسی، روان‌شناسی و علوم تربیتی دانشگاه‌های دولتی پاکستان می‌پردازد. با استفاده از طرح پژوهش کمی و روش پیمایش، داده‌ها از ۱۵۰ فارغ‌التحصیل به شیوهٔ نمونه‌گیری تصادفی ساده و با بهره‌گیری از مقیاس ادراک هم‌راستایی برنامهٔ درسی و مهارت‌ها (CSAPS) که شامل ۲۰ گویه در پنج شایستگی تفکر انتقادی، ارتباط، سواد دیجیتال، کار تیمی و حل مسئله است، گردآوری شد. یافته‌ها نشان‌دهندهٔ سطح متوسطی از هم‌راستایی میان برنامه‌های درسی کارشناسی و الزامات مهارتی بازار کار هستند. مهارت‌های ارتباطی بالاترین امتیاز را کسب کردند که نشان‌دهندهٔ حمایت قوی‌تر برنامهٔ درسی از این مهارت است، در حالی که سواد دیجیتال و حل مسئله هم‌راستایی ضعیف‌تری را نشان دادند. این پژوهش بر ضرورت اصلاحات برنامهٔ درسی با تأکید بر یادگیری عملی، شایستگی‌های دیجیتال، تفکر انتقادی و فعالیت‌های حل مسئله تأکید دارد. یافته‌های حاضر بینش‌های ارزشمندی برای تدوین‌کنندگان برنامهٔ درسی، مدیران دانشگاهی، سیاست‌گذاران و کمیسیون آموزش عالی پاکستان به منظور ارتقای اشتغال‌پذیری فارغ‌التحصیلان و نوسازی آموزش عالی ارائه می‌دهد.

Purpose: This study aimed to phenomenologically explore clients’ lived experiences of the dialectic between success and failure in psychotherapy, with particular emphasis on interactional patterns, therapeutic alliance, and the relational processes underlying perceived therapeutic effectiveness or rupture. Methods and Materials: This qualitative study employed a descriptive–interpretive phenomenological design. The study population comprised individuals with prior experience of individual psychotherapy. Using purposive sampling with maximum variation in successful, unsuccessful, and ambivalent therapeutic experiences, 18 participants were recruited until experiential and thematic saturation was achieved. Data were collected through in-depth semi-structured interviews focused on clients’ perceptions of therapeutic interactions, relational safety, clinical responsiveness, treatment ruptures, and factors contributing to continuation or discontinuation of therapy. Interviews were transcribed verbatim and analyzed according to Colaizzi’s seven-step phenomenological method. MAXQDA software was used to organize, code, compare, and integrate the qualitative data and facilitate the development of overarching thematic structures. Findings: The analysis indicated that perceived therapeutic success emerged from an interconnected relational configuration characterized by a “liberating secure bond,” flexible clinical competence, unconditional acceptance, and empathic regulation of emotions. These processes strengthened clients’ sense of psychological safety, participation, trust, and agency and facilitated sustained therapeutic engagement. Conversely, perceived therapeutic failure was associated with technical rigidity, excessive dependence on inflexible protocols, authoritarian interactional patterns, and violations of client agency. The convergence of these relational disruptions progressively weakened the therapeutic alliance, intensified emotional exhaustion and alienation, and, in some cases, culminated in disengagement or premature termination. Conclusion: Psychotherapy appears to function fundamentally as an intersubjective encounter in which technical interventions become effective when embedded within clinical humility, relational flexibility, democratic collaboration, empathic responsiveness, and respect for clients’ dignity and autonomy.

هدف: این مطالعه با هدف کاوش پدیدارشناختی تجارب زیسته مراجعان از دیالکتیک میان موفقیت و شکست در روان‌درمانی، با تأکید ویژه بر الگوهای تعاملی، اتحاد درمانی و فرایندهای ارتباطی زیربنایی اثربخشی یا گسست ادراک‌شده درمان انجام شد. روش‌ها و مواد: این پژوهش کیفی با رویکرد پدیدارشناسی توصیفی-تفسیری انجام شد. جامعه پژوهش شامل افرادی بود که تجربه قبلی روان‌درمانی فردی داشتند. با استفاده از نمونه‌گیری هدفمند با حداکثر تنوع در تجارب درمانی موفق، ناموفق و دوسویه، ۱۸ نفر تا رسیدن به اشباع تجربی و تماتیک انتخاب شدند. داده‌ها از طریق مصاحبه‌های نیمه‌ساختاریافته عمیق که بر ادراک مراجعان از تعاملات درمانی، ایمنی رابطه‌ای، پاسخ‌دهی بالینی، گسست‌های درمانی و عوامل مؤثر بر ادامه یا قطع درمان متمرکز بود، گردآوری شد. مصاحبه‌ها به‌صورت کلمه‌به‌کلمه پیاده‌سازی و بر اساس روش هفت‌مرحله‌ای پدیدارشناسی Colaizzi تحلیل شدند. نرم‌افزار MAXQDA برای سازماندهی، کدگذاری، مقایسه و یکپارچه‌سازی داده‌های کیفی و تسهیل توسعه ساختارهای تماتیک کلان به‌کار رفت. یافته‌ها: تحلیل داده‌ها نشان داد که موفقیت ادراک‌شده درمانی از پیکربندی رابطه‌ای درهم‌تنیده‌ای ناشی می‌شود که با «پیوند ایمن رهایی‌بخش»، شایستگی بالینی انعطاف‌پذیر، پذیرش بی‌قیدوشرط و تنظیم همدلانه هیجانات مشخص می‌شود. این فرایندها حس ایمنی روان‌شناختی، مشارکت، اعتماد و عاملیت مراجعان را تقویت کرده و تداوم مشارکت درمانی را تسهیل می‌کنند. در مقابل، شکست ادراک‌شده درمانی با خشکی فنی، اتکای بیش از حد به پروتکل‌های غیرقابل انعطاف، الگوهای تعاملی اقتدارگرایانه و نقض عاملیت مراجع مرتبط بود. همگرایی این اختلالات رابطه‌ای به‌تدریج اتحاد درمانی را تضعیف کرده، فرسودگی هیجانی و بیگانگی را تشدید نموده و در برخی موارد به قطع ارتباط یا پایان زودهنگام درمان منجر شد. نتیجه‌گیری: به نظر می‌رسد روان‌درمانی اساساً به‌مثابه یک مواجهه بین‌ذهنی عمل می‌کند که در آن مداخلات فنی زمانی اثربخش می‌شوند که در بستر فروتنی بالینی، انعطاف‌پذیری رابطه‌ای، همکاری دموکراتیک، پاسخ‌دهی همدلانه و احترام به کرامت و خودمختاری مراجعان قرار گیرند.

Perceptual expertise is widely assumed to refine multisensory perception, yet the empirical literature appears inconsistent. Trained musicians show narrower audiovisual temporal integration windows and quicker segregation, whereas experienced wine tasters seem more influenced by a wine's color in their aroma and flavor judgments than novices are. We argue that the inconsistency arises from a conflation of two formally distinct quantities: the prior probability that concurrent signals arise from a common source, and the coupling between the values of signals that share one. We present a generative model in which both are free parameters, along with channel precision and a decision criterion, that contains causal-inference and coupling-prior models as special cases. The model shows that the correlation between the values of two signals across an environment reflects only the product of the two priors, so that a correlation-tracking learner acquires the coupling when the signals always share a source, whereas separating the two priors requires representing causal structure; that binary common-source reports confound the common-cause prior with the decision criterion; that the coupling trades off against the measurement noise of the influencing channel unless its precision is measured independently; and that the two priors leave distinct signatures in how cross-modal influence varies with disparity. When the source is fixed, as for the color and odor of a wine, tighter coupling alone produces the conjunction of greater displacement by color and better discrimination between wines reported for experienced tasters, which no change in odor precision can produce. Simulations of a test battery combining continuous estimates, common-source reports and discrimination thresholds show that the parameters can be recovered, that a within-subject dissociation can be detected with conventional sample sizes under illustrative effect sizes, and that recovery fails in certain cases. The account yields a rule classifying environments by their base rate of common causation and their coupling strength, and the same ambiguity attends claims about altered multisensory processing in autism and aging. We also show that the most cited demonstration of expert susceptibility to color contains no expertise manipulation, and suggest that apparent expert biases may reflectwind calibration to real-world statistics.

Introduction Anticipating an opponent's actions is central to performance in team sports such as soccer, where a player must select the correct response within a fraction of a second. Perceptual-cognitive expertise in anticipation is well documented, but standard measures (response time, accuracy, or option choice) capture only the discrete response produced at a single moment and leave the preparatory processing that precedes it unobserved. Building on evidence that hand and cursor movements reveal cognition as it unfolds, the present study examined, as a proof of concept, whether continuous cursor tracking can read out the pre-response preparatory state in a sports anticipation task. Methods Twelve skilled soccer players and twelve novices watched soccer pass-course clips and anticipated which teammate would receive the ball by moving a cursor; the video was stopped at the final frame (the moment a response was required), and the same clips were repeated across three blocks. Two continuous measures were defined: the cursor's Euclidean distance to the correct receiver at response onset (a spatial index of where the participant was poised) and the increase in cursor velocity in the window immediately before response onset (a temporal index of the movement toward the response). Results Compared with novices, skilled players anticipated more accurately, were poised closer to the correct receiver, and showed a larger velocity increase; control analyses argued against the velocity difference being a by-product of the total amount of movement. In an exploratory analysis, the positional difference emerged across repeated presentations of the same clips and was largest in the final block. In addition, the velocity difference was already present in the first presentation, and no significant change across repeated presentations was detected. Discussion The pre-response preparatory state is observed in both a spatial aspect (where one is poised) and a temporal aspect (how one moves toward the response). Because in basic reaching research the position and the velocity of movement index different aspects of decision-making, capturing both under a single continuous measure (which discrete responses cannot) provides a basis for measuring the decision-making processes that underlie anticipation in sport.

This article sought to adapt and validate an instrument for the perception of management policies and practices aimed at higher education professors, since the available instruments were designed for organisations in general and do not address the particularities of academic work. The instrument was based on two scales already validated for Brazilian organisations, with the addition of items on research incentives, publication support and the teaching career. Content and criterion validity derived from the published origin of the items, complemented by prior definition of the constructs, peer review and pre-testing. A total of 386 professors from Brazilian public and private institutions took part, answering on an interval scale based on adverbs of quantity and frequency. Internal consistency reached a Cronbach's alpha of 0.956. Exploratory factor analysis, used for the statistical validation of the constructs defined a priori, retained six factors explaining 67.3% of the accumulated variance, with a sampling adequacy of 0.948. The expected dimensions were reproduced, and the added items formed a factor of their own. It is concluded that the adapted instrument is suitable for measuring teachers' perception of institutional management.

This study examined whether an 8-week progressive temporal-occlusion training program improves early anticipation of forehand drop-shot direction in badminton. Seventy-eight university students with systematic badminton training experience were randomly assigned to a progressive temporal-occlusion group, a full-information active-control group, or a regular-activity control group ( n = 26 per group); 72 completed both pretest and posttest. The two video-training groups trained twice weekly for 8 weeks. Anticipation was assessed at four occlusion points: 80 ms before racket–shuttle contact, 40 ms before contact, at contact, and 40 ms after contact. Shot-direction anticipation accuracy was the primary performance measure, and correct-response reaction time (RT) was the secondary measure. Data were analyzed using mixed repeated-measures ANOVA, planned comparisons, and trial-level sensitivity analyses. Accuracy showed a significant group × test-session interaction ( p < 0.001), whereas the group × test-session × occlusion-point interaction was not significant ( p = 0.185). Relative to the active-control group, the progressive group showed larger accuracy gains at 40 ms before contact and at contact (Holm-adjusted p = 0.048 and 0.009, respectively). For correct-response RT, the three-way interaction was significant ( p < 0.001), with larger reductions in the progressive group at 80 ms before contact, 40 ms before contact, and at contact (all Holm-adjusted p = 0.013). Thus, the progressive temporal-occlusion training program produced additional improvements in selected anticipation measures beyond those obtained with dose-matched full-information video practice. The additional accuracy gains were observed at 40 ms before contact and at contact, whereas additional RT reductions extended from 80 ms before contact to contact. Because the three-way interaction for accuracy was not significant, the apparent temporal specificity of the accuracy gains should be interpreted cautiously.

Introduction Level-2 visual perspective taking (VPT-2) reflects children’s ability to understand others’ visual experiences. However, the effects of viewing angle and task materials on 4-year-olds’ performance remain unclear. Methods Using a picture-taking (“photographer”) task, this study examined the effects of test tool and rotation angle, as well as egocentric error patterns, among 163 four-year-old children from Hainan, China. A 2 (test tool: Lego figurines vs. geometric solids) × 3 (rotation angle: 0°, 90°, 180°) within-subjects design was used. The formal test comprised 18 four-alternative trials, with three trials in each Tool × Angle condition; each correct response scored 1 and each incorrect response scored 0. Performance was assessed using raw correct scores and the proportions of egocentric errors. Results Rotation angle significantly affected performance in a nonmonotonic pattern: raw correct scores were highest at 0°, followed by 180°, and lowest at 90°. The main effect of test tool was significant, with higher raw correct scores in the Lego figurine condition than in the geometric solids condition. The Tool × Angle interaction for raw correct scores was not significant. The proportions of egocentric errors showed significant main effects of test tool and rotation angle, as well as a significant Tool × Angle interaction. Egocentric errors were most pronounced in the geometric solids condition at 180°. Supplementary analyses revealed no significant sex main effect or sex-related interactions. Discussion These findings indicate that 4-year-olds’ VPT-2 performance varies across rotation angles and test materials. Performance differences between material conditions may be associated with differences in task structure, stimulus discriminability, social cues, and spatial-relational judgment demands, whose independent contributions could not be isolated in this study. Because the analyses relied on raw correct scores and error-type data, the findings should be interpreted as differences in behavioral performance rather than direct evidence about processing strategies or cognitive mechanisms.

Introduction Food craving is a ubiquitous experience, often shaped by cultural familiarity. Although craving may be considered a culture-bound construct, its neural and behavioral underpinnings across food cultures remain limited. Here, we examined the effects of multisensory food exposure on craving in an Indian population, comparing Indian and Western foods across sweet and savory categories. Methods In Experiment 1 (Indian Food Craving; IFC), participants viewed Indian sweet and savory food images before and after multisensory exposure, reporting desire and willingness-to-pay (bid) ratings along with Food Craving Questionnaire-State (FCQ-S) scores. EEG was recorded using a 64-channel system. In Experiment 2 (Western Food Craving; WFC), participants completed a similar paradigm using Western food items. Results Multisensory exposure significantly increased FCQ-S scores in both experiments, indicating successful craving induction. Behaviorally, desire and bid ratings increased for both sweet and savory Indian foods, whereas for Western foods, increases were observed only for sweet items. ERP analyses revealed increased P200 and N200 amplitudes following exposure to Indian sweet foods, while LPP amplitudes increased for savory foods across both Indian and Western food categories. Complementary MVPA revealed enhanced pre- vs. post-exposure classification for sweet foods during the early (0–300 ms) window for both Indian and Western foods, whereas both sweet and savory foods showed significant classification during the later(300–600 ms) window. Discussion Together, these findings suggest that multisensory exposure modulates food-cue processing in a stimulus- and time-dependent manner, with possible contributions from attentional processes. Overall, the findings highlight the influence of food type and cultural context on craving-related neural and behavioral responses.

The study aimed to find whether differences exist in the perspective of teachers towards online learning when grouped according to profile. Specifically, the study endeavored to describe the profile of the respondents in terms of age, gender, civil status, and educational attainment; determine the extent of teachers’ perspective towards online learning in the areas of access, interaction, response, and results; ascertain the level of teachers’ preparedness towards online learning in teaching social studies; and find out whether a significant difference exists in the preparedness of teachers towards online learning when grouped according to age, gender, civil status, and educational attainment. The study was conducted among the national high schools in the Division of Malaybalay City, Bukidnon for the School Year 2020-2021. A total of 96 Social Studies teachers were drawn from (6) national schools through purposive sampling. To gather relevant information needed for the study, the researcher adopted the questionnaire developed by Larsen (2012) and Lichoro (2015). Descriptive statistics such as frequency, percentage, mean, standard deviation, t-test, and analysis of variance were used to treat the data. The majority of the teachers were in middle adulthood and were predominantly female. It is further revealed that most of them were single and bachelor’s degree holders. Access and interaction were observed in great extent, while responses and results were demonstrated in moderate extent, suggesting that the teachers’ perspective towards online learning showed certainty in the way they take online learning as a learning platform in this pandemic period. Similarly, teachers’ preparedness towards online learning yielded positive results in all indicators, implying that teachers consider online learning as a powerful tool for them to teach and support the learning of the students in response to the COVID-19 pandemic. There was a significant difference in the preparedness of teachers when they were grouped according to age, where younger teachers are construed to be ready for this kind of learning delivery, while sex, civil status, and educational attainment did not show significant differences. This means that regardless of their characteristics in these three variables, their preparedness for online learning is the same. Thus, school administrators have to consider teachers to acquire new skills, sharpen existing ones, perform better, increase productivity and be better teachers in this new way of approaching learning.

Riverbank sanitation is a socioscientific issue that students in Indonesian river cities encounter first-hand, yet validated instruments for assessing how students perceive it are scarce. This study examined a 22-item instrument and how two dimensions, perceived sanitation conditions (KS; 8 items) and perceived government policy (KP; 14 items), constitute students' overall perception (PM) of sanitation on the Kuin River, Banjarmasin. Seven experts reviewed the items before administration. After screening 300 returned questionnaires and removing 49 duplicated records, 251 responses from students at three universities adjoining the Kuin riverbank were analysed. PM was specified as a reflective–formative higher-order construct and estimated with PLS-SEM (5,000 bootstrap resamples). Internal consistency was acceptable (Cronbach's α = 0.715 for KS, 0.831 for KP and 0.866 for PM; composite reliability = 0.800 and 0.865) and discriminant validity was supported (HTMT = 0.791), but average variance extracted was below 0.50 (0.33 and 0.32). Both dimensions contributed significantly to overall perception: perceived policy (β = 0.725, 95% CI [0.677, 0.774], p < .001) and perceived sanitation conditions (β = 0.374, 95% CI [0.327, 0.420], p < .001). When the two dimensions were given equal numbers of items, however, their weights converged (0.59 vs. 0.54), indicating that much of the apparent dominance of policy reflects its larger item set. Students' overall appraisal of riverbank sanitation therefore draws on both institutional and physical appraisals, with a modest edge for perceived policy. The instrument offers a starting point for diagnosing such perceptions in place-based science education, pending further validation.

Fundamental frequency (F0) is a salient acoustic cue in voice perception, but how F0-related attractiveness judgments vary across listeners with different sexual orientations remains insufficiently understood. This study examined attractiveness ratings under controlled F0 manipulation in Mandarin voice stimuli produced by one male and one female announcer. Eighty adults were recruited: 20 heterosexual male, 20 heterosexual female, 20 homosexual male, and 20 homosexual female participants. An adaptive three-alternative forced-choice pretest with 12 listeners established a group-level F0 just-noticeable difference (JND) of 0.215 ERB. Seven F0 levels, from −3 to +3 JNDs around each speaker’s own baseline, were then presented three times in the main experiment. Because each listener group rated only the target-voice sex that matched its presumed attraction pattern, the study compares two observed listener–target configurations rather than fully crossing listener sex, sexual orientation, and target-voice sex. Linear mixed-effects models showed that attractiveness ratings for the male voice decreased as F0 increased in both heterosexual female and homosexual male listeners, with no reliable difference in slopes. For the female voice, ratings increased with F0 in both heterosexual male and homosexual female listeners, while the homosexual-female group additionally showed a significant nonlinear component, with a fitted maximum near +2.4 JND. These findings indicate that, within these two listener–target configurations and these two controlled source voices, F0-related attractiveness judgments generally followed target-sex-related directions, whereas between-group variation was more evident in response strength and curve shape. The study contributes to experimental research on social voice perception and provides a controlled Mandarin-language baseline for future cross-linguistic comparisons of vocal social evaluation; it does not itself test intercultural variation.

Background and Objectives: Architectural spaces are often designed with a strong visual focus, yet their sonic potential remains underexplored. Inspired by the concept of “breathing” that symbolizes life, movement, and vitality, the research project Prana aimed to create a responsive sound installation that enhances the sonic environment in architectural spaces by utilizing efficient wireless communication, sensors, and algorithms, which can evoke the feeling of breathing life into a space, providing visitors with a novel and engaging sensory experience. The designed system offered flexibility for placement and adaptation across various locations. Conducted within the tunnel of Wat Umong in Chiang Mai, Thailand, the exhibition was presented to the public, and the author collected data from visitors for the evaluation. This project serves as an example of how interactive sound design can revitalize architectural environments by creating a dialogue between sound, space, and audience. Methods: The study adopts both research-led and practice-led approaches, examining the interplay between technical design and aesthetic expression. The author collected ideas and designed the technical process of developing interactive sound installation, environmental sound design, multi-channel sound system, and wireless communication to develop the installation. The process of developing and installing the work was closely documented, while visitor experiences were assessed through direct observation and questionnaires during the exhibition period for the evaluation. The collected data was analyzed and presented as results in two aspects, sound design and system design. Results: The sound installation utilized microcontrollers (Arduino) and radio transceivers to process signals from two selected sensors (photoelectric sensor and electric gyroscope) encapsulated in small bells as triggers for algorithmically projecting prepared sounds through a multichannel sound system. The electric gyroscope has been proven to be more effective in representing the movement of the bell in the form of digital data. The collected data from the exhibition reveals that a coherent relationship between sound installation, spatial context, and environmental soundscape forms a vital foundation for innovative sound design. Audience responses emphasized that engagement and satisfaction largely depend on the immersive and experiential qualities of the work, highlighting the significance of site-responsive experimentation and clear design intentions. Conclusions: The Prana project demonstrates how interactive sound design can meaningfully enrich architectural environments by integrating technology, spatial awareness, and aesthetic intention. The findings show that when sound, space, and audience interaction are thoughtfully aligned, architectural settings can be transformed into dynamic, sensory experiences that evoke vitality and presence, much like the metaphor of breathing that inspired the work. Technically, the use of microcontrollers, wireless communication, and motion-based sensing proved effective in creating a flexible and responsive sonic system, with the electric gyroscope offering particularly reliable data for movement-triggered sound generation in this project. Audience feedback confirmed that the success of such installations depends not only on technological capability but also on the experiential coherence and immersion they create. This highlights the importance of site-specific testing, deliberate sound selection, and a clear conceptual foundation. Ultimately, the project offers a practical and artistic framework for future interactive sound installations, highlighting how responsive technologies can animate architectural spaces and foster deeper engagement through sound. Furthermore, developing simple and user-friendly interfaces can extend the accessibility of interactive sound installations.

This study aimed to determine the challenges encountered by Junior High School teachers of Domalandan Center Integrated School in teaching literature during School Year 2025–2026. It examined the respondents’ profile in terms of highest educational attainment, length of service, seminars attended, and subject taught; the level of challenges in learner-related, teacher-related, resource/material, and institutional/time factors; the relationship between profile and challenges; and proposed intervention measures. Anchored on Constructivism, Social Learning Theory, Cognitive Load Theory, and Schema Theory, and guided by Republic Act 10533 and relevant DepEd policies, the study employed a descriptive-survey design. Fifty Junior High School teachers from various learning areas served as respondents. Data were gathered through a researcher-made questionnaire and analyzed using frequency count, percentage, weighted mean, and Pearson correlation. Findings showed that most respondents were Bachelor’s degree holders with 6–10 years of teaching experience and moderate seminar participation. Teachers generally Encountered difficulties in teaching literature (overall mean 4.19). Learner-related (4.35) and resource/material (4.25) challenges were Highly Encountered, while teacher-related (4.10) and institutional/time (4.05) challenges were Encountered. Significant relationships were found between length of service and challenges (r = 0.62, p = 0.048) and between seminars attended and challenges (r = 0.71, p = 0.021). The study concludes that teaching experience and professional development influence the perception of instructional difficulties. It recommends targeted training, resource enhancement, learner-centered strategies, and sustained institutional support. The study aligns with Sustainable Development Goal 4 (Quality Education) by addressing barriers to effective literature instruction. It contributes to educational and institutional sustainability through improved teacher capacity, learner engagement, and resource provision that support long-term quality teaching and learning.

این پژوهش با هدف تعیین چالش‌های پیش‌روی دبیران دوره متوسطه اول مدرسه جامع Domalandan Center در تدریس ادبیات در سال تحصیلی ۲۰۲۵–۲۰۲۶ انجام شد. در این مطالعه، مشخصات پاسخ‌دهندگان از نظر بالاترین مدرک تحصیلی، سابقه خدمت، تعداد سمینارهای گذرانده‌شده و درس تدریسی بررسی شد؛ همچنین سطح چالش‌ها در عوامل مرتبط با یادگیرنده، معلم، منابع/مواد و عوامل نهادی/زمانی، رابطه بین مشخصات و چالش‌ها و اقدامات مداخله‌ای پیشنهادی مورد ارزیابی قرار گرفت. این پژوهش مبتنی بر نظریه‌های سازنده‌گرایی، یادگیری اجتماعی، بار شناختی و طرح‌واره و با راهنمایی قانون جمهوری ۱۰۵۳۳ و سیاست‌های مرتبط DepEd، از طرح پژوهش توصیفی-پیمایشی بهره برد. پنجاه دبیر دوره متوسطه اول از حوزه‌های مختلف یادگیری به عنوان پاسخ‌دهنده شرکت کردند. داده‌ها از طریق پرسشنامه محقق‌ساخته گردآوری و با استفاده از فراوانی، درصد، میانگین وزنی و همبستگی پیرسون تحلیل شد. یافته‌ها نشان داد که اکثر پاسخ‌دهندگان دارای مدرک کارشناسی با ۶ تا ۱۰ سال سابقه تدریس و مشارکت متوسط در سمینارها بودند. به طور کلی، دبیران در تدریس ادبیات با دشواری‌هایی مواجه بودند (میانگین کلی ۴.۱۹). چالش‌های مرتبط با یادگیرنده (۴.۳۵) و منابع/مواد (۴.۲۵) به میزان زیادی تجربه شد، در حالی که چالش‌های مرتبط با معلم (۴.۱۰) و نهادی/زمانی (۴.۰۵) تجربه شد. بین سابقه خدمت و چالش‌ها (r = 0.62, p = 0.048) و بین تعداد سمینارهای گذرانده‌شده و چالش‌ها (r = 0.71, p = 0.021) رابطه معناداری مشاهده شد. پژوهش نتیجه می‌گیرد که تجربه تدریس و توسعه حرفه‌ای بر ادراک دشواری‌های آموزشی تأثیرگذار است. پیشنهاد می‌شود آموزش‌های هدفمند، ارتقای منابع، راهبردهای یادگیرنده‌محور و حمایت نهادی پایدار تقویت شود. این مطالعه با هدف توسعه پایدار ۴ (آموزش با کیفیت) همسو بوده و با رفع موانع تدریس مؤثر ادبیات، به پایداری آموزشی و نهادی از طریق ارتقای توانمندی دبیران، افزایش مشارکت یادگیرندگان و تأمین منابع برای حمایت از آموزش و یادگیری با کیفیت در بلندمدت کمک می‌کند.

The integration of extension programs into the curriculum is one of the major recent changes in Brazilian higher education, fostering closer ties between universities and society. This study analyzes the perceptions of mathematics education majors at UEPG regarding their initial experiences in extension courses. This is a qualitative, exploratory, and descriptive study based on the analysis of responses provided by students enrolled in the course “Introduction to Extension Practice.” The data were examined using content analysis and categorized a priori based on the five guidelines for university extension programs (FORPROEX, 2012). Our results show that pre-service teachers recognize extension courses as privileged spaces for teacher training, engagement with the community, and contextualized pedagogical practices. They highlight mathematics as accessible, playful, and socially relevant knowledge. We emphasize that the integration of extension into the curriculum contributes significantly to initial teacher education, strengthening the integration between the university and society.

ادغام برنامه‌های توسعه‌ای در برنامه درسی یکی از تغییرات عمده اخیر در آموزش عالی برزیل است که پیوندهای نزدیک‌تری میان دانشگاه و جامعه ایجاد می‌کند. این مطالعه، ادراکات دانشجویان رشته آموزش ریاضیات در دانشگاه UEPG را نسبت به تجربیات اولیه‌شان در دوره‌های توسعه‌ای مورد تحلیل قرار می‌دهد. این پژوهش، کیفی، اکتشافی و توصیفی است و بر پایه تحلیل پاسخ‌های ارائه‌شده توسط دانشجویان ثبت‌نام‌کرده در دوره «مبانی کارآموزی توسعه‌ای» انجام شده است. داده‌ها با استفاده از تحلیل محتوا بررسی و بر اساس پنج دستورالعمل برای برنامه‌های توسعه‌ای دانشگاهی (FORPROEX, 2012) پیش‌طبقه‌بندی شدند. نتایج ما نشان می‌دهد که معلمان آینده، دوره‌های توسعه‌ای را فضاهای ممتازی برای تربیت معلم، مشارکت با جامعه و اجرای شیوه‌های آموزشی زمینه‌مند می‌دانند. آن‌ها ریاضیات را دانشی قابل دسترس، سرگرم‌کننده و مرتبط با مسائل اجتماعی برجسته می‌کنند. ما تأکید می‌کنیم که ادغام توسعه‌ای در برنامه درسی، سهم بسزایی در تربیت اولیه معلمان دارد و یکپارچگی میان دانشگاه و جامعه را تقویت می‌کند.

College athletes face substantial challenges from the combined demands of academic study and athletic training, placing them at elevated risk for academic burnout (AB). This study examined how perceived social support (PSS) is associated with AB by testing the mediating roles of mental toughness (MT) and athlete burnout (ATHB) and the moderating effect of cognitive reappraisal (CR). Using a cross-sectional design, 1,918 college athletes from over 20 Chinese universities completed standardized questionnaires assessing PSS, MT, ATHB, CR, and AB. Serial and moderated serial mediation were analyzed with the PROCESS macro (Models 6 and 89) while controlling for demographic and sport-related variables. PSS was directly and negatively associated with AB (β = −0.122, p < 0.001), with significant indirect associations separately through MT and ATHB and sequentially through MT and ATHB. CR showed path-specific moderation: at higher levels of CR, the negative PSS–AB association was stronger, but so was the positive ATHB–AB association, whereas the MT–AB association did not differ significantly across CR levels. Thus, CR should not be interpreted as having a uniformly buffering role. These findings may inform future multicomponent support approaches aimed at strengthening PSS and MT and identifying and addressing ATHB, while applying CR-related training cautiously and with attention to the specific pathway involved. The effectiveness and boundary conditions of such approaches require longitudinal or experimental testing.

ورزشکاران دانشگاهی با چالش‌های قابل توجهی ناشی از ترکیب الزامات تحصیلی و تمرینات ورزشی مواجه هستند که آن‌ها را در معرض خطر بالای فرسودگی شغلی تحصیلی (AB) قرار می‌دهد. این مطالعه به بررسی ارتباط حمایت اجتماعی ادراک‌شده (PSS) با AB از طریق آزمون نقش‌های میانجی‌گری سرسختی روانی (MT) و فرسودگی شغلی ورزشکار (ATHB) و همچنین اثر تعدیل‌گری بازارزیابی شناختی (CR) پرداخت. با استفاده از طرح مقطعی، ۱۹۱۸ ورزشکار دانشگاهی از بیش از ۲۰ دانشگاه چینی پرسشنامه‌های استاندارد ارزیابی PSS، MT، ATHB، CR و AB را تکمیل کردند. میانجی‌گری زنجیره‌ای و میانجی‌گری زنجیره‌ای تعدیل‌شده با استفاده از ماکروی PROCESS (مدل‌های ۶ و ۸۹) و با کنترل متغیرهای جمعیت‌شناختی و مرتبط با ورزش تحلیل شد. PSS به طور مستقیم و منفی با AB ارتباط داشت (β = −0.122, p < 0.001) و ارتباطات غیرمستقیم معناداری به طور جداگانه از طریق MT و ATHB و به صورت متوالی از طریق MT و ATHB مشاهده شد. CR تعدیل‌گری خاص مسیر را نشان داد: در سطوح بالاتر CR، ارتباط منفی PSS–AB قوی‌تر بود، اما ارتباط مثبت ATHB–AB نیز قوی‌تر بود، در حالی که ارتباط MT–AB در سطوح مختلف CR تفاوت معناداری نداشت. بنابراین، CR نباید به عنوان یک نقش محافظتی یکنواخت تفسیر شود. این یافته‌ها می‌توانند راهنمای رویکردهای حمایتی چندمولفه‌ای آینده با هدف تقویت PSS و MT و شناسایی و رسیدگی به ATHB باشند، در حالی که آموزش‌های مرتبط با CR باید با احتیاط و توجه به مسیر خاص مورد نظر به کار گرفته شود. اثربخشی و شرایط مرزی چنین رویکردهایی نیازمند آزمون‌های طولی یا تجربی است.

Identifying the perceptions of service users and professionals regarding mental health services is key to understanding the gap between the supply of and demand for care. This systematic review (PRISMA 2020; EBSCOhost, SAGE Journals, Taylor & Francis Online, and SciELO; 2010–2025) identified these perceptions and the accessibility of services. Thirty-three studies were included and synthesized through thematic and narrative analysis, from which five cross-cutting themes and four population groups emerged. Users and professionals converge in an unfavorable perception of access and in identifying structural barriers (cost, waiting times, fragmentation, staff shortages), but diverge in how they situate suffering: individual and psychobiological for professionals, social and cultural for users. Stigma falls less on distress than on the act of seeking consultation, and its institutional dimension is reported almost exclusively by those who experience it, whereas professionals locate it in the community. Despite community-oriented regulatory frameworks, services remain hospital-based and regulated by severity, while community care practices emerge outside the system. These results call for a participatory and culturally situated approach that recognizes users’ knowledge and integrates sociocultural barriers into the design and evaluation of services.

شناسایی ادراک‌های کاربران خدمات و متخصصان نسبت به خدمات سلامت روان، کلید درک شکاف میان عرضه و تقاضای مراقبت است. این مرور نظام‌مند (PRISMA 2020؛ EBSCOhost، SAGE Journals، Taylor & Francis Online و SciELO؛ ۲۰۱۰–۲۰۲۵) به شناسایی این ادراک‌ها و دسترسی‌پذیری خدمات پرداخت. سی‌وسه مطالعه وارد مرور شده و از طریق تحلیل موضوعی و روایی ترکیب شدند که از آن‌ها پنج مضمون مشترک و چهار گروه جمعیتی استخراج شد. کاربران و متخصصان در ادراک نامطلوب از دسترسی و شناسایی موانع ساختاری (هزینه، زمان انتظار، پراکندگی، کمبود نیروی انسانی) هم‌نظر هستند، اما در نحوه تبیین رنج تفاوت دارند: برای متخصصان، فردی و روان‌زیستی و برای کاربران، اجتماعی و فرهنگی است. انگ کمتر متوجه تجربه رنج است تا اقدام به جستجوی مشاوره، و بُعد نهادی آن تقریباً منحصراً توسط تجربه‌کنندگان گزارش می‌شود، در حالی که متخصصان آن را در جامعه می‌بینند. علی‌رغم چارچوب‌های مقرراتی مبتنی بر جامعه، خدمات همچنان بیمارستان‌محور و مبتنی بر شدت باقی مانده‌اند، در حالی که رویه‌های مراقبت اجتماعی خارج از نظام ظهور می‌یابند. این نتایج بر رویکردی مشارکتی و مبتنی بر زمینه فرهنگی تأکید دارد که دانش کاربران را به رسمیت شناخته و موانع اجتماعی‌فرهنگی را در طراحی و ارزیابی خدمات ادغام می‌کند.

Achievement goal orientation theory has become popular, as it interprets students’ academic attitudes and behavior. The present research aims to investigate the variation in teachers’ perceived goals in relation to achievement goals in different grades, as well as the emergence of the multiple goal theory. Participants were junior high school students who responded to a self-report questionnaire. The instrument used was the Patterns of Adaptive Learning Scales (PALS). The results revealed that mastery and performance goals behave as a network of interacting variables that essentially represent their coexistence, as well as their individual variations and specificities in relation to other variables. However, a significant distinction between mastery goals and perceived mastery goals with performance goals and perceived performance goals became apparent for each individual grade. The present research contributes to the theoretical development of the field, while in practice it highlights the combination of goals in school reality.

نظریه جهت‌گیری هدف پیشرفت به دلیل تفسیر نگرش‌ها و رفتارهای تحصیلی دانش‌آموزان، محبوبیت یافته است. پژوهش حاضر با هدف بررسی تفاوت اهداف ادراک‌شده معلمان در ارتباط با اهداف پیشرفت در پایه‌های مختلف تحصیلی و همچنین ظهور نظریه اهداف چندگانه انجام شده است. شرکت‌کنندگان، دانش‌آموزان دوره راهنمایی بودند که به یک پرسشنامه خودگزارشی پاسخ دادند. ابزار مورد استفاده، مقیاس‌های الگوهای یادگیری سازگارانه (PALS) بود. نتایج نشان داد که اهداف تسلط و عملکرد به‌عنوان شبکه‌ای از متغیرهای متعامل عمل می‌کنند که اساساً همزیستی آن‌ها و همچنین تفاوت‌ها و ویژگی‌های فردی آن‌ها را در ارتباط با سایر متغیرها نمایان می‌سازد. با این حال، تمایز معناداری میان اهداف تسلط و اهداف تسلط ادراک‌شده با اهداف عملکرد و اهداف عملکرد ادراک‌شده برای هر پایه تحصیلی به طور مجزا آشکار شد. پژوهش حاضر به توسعه نظری این حوزه کمک می‌کند و در عمل، ترکیب اهداف در واقعیت مدرسه را برجسته می‌سازد.

The purpose of the present research was to test assumptions in the Shared Values-Social Support (SV-SS) model of teacher motivation and well-being. The model proposes that shared values and social support from both colleagues and the school leadership are correlated constructs that can be represented by a second-order factor. The model further proposes that shared values and social support affect teacher motivation and well-being. Participants in two studies were 2569 (study 1) and 1145 (study 2) Norwegian teachers in compulsory school (grade 1–10). The data were analyzed by confirmatory factor analysis and SEM analysis using the AMOS 25 program. The analyses of the two sets of teacher data provided evidence for the assumptions underlying the SV-SS model. The factor analysis supported a model in which a second-order factor was indicated by measures of shared values, supportive colleagues, and supportive school leadership. In the SEM models, a second-order shared values-social support variable positively predicted teacher job satisfaction, sense of belonging, and collective teacher efficacy. In contrast, motivation to leave the teaching profession was indirectly, but negatively predicted by shared values and social support. Study 1 also revealed that a mastery-oriented school goal structure was strongly associated with teachers’ perceptions of sharing values with their colleagues as well as working in a supportive environment.

هدف پژوهش حاضر، آزمون فرضیات مدل ارزش‌های مشترک-حمایت اجتماعی (SV-SS) در انگیزش و بهزیستی معلمان بود. این مدل پیشنهاد می‌کند که ارزش‌های مشترک و حمایت اجتماعی از سوی همکاران و رهبری مدرسه، سازه‌هایی همبسته هستند که می‌توان آن‌ها را با یک عامل مرتبه دوم نمایش داد. همچنین مدل بیان می‌کند که ارزش‌های مشترک و حمایت اجتماعی بر انگیزش و بهزیستی معلمان تأثیر می‌گذارند. شرکت‌کنندگان در دو مطالعه شامل ۲۵۶۹ نفر (مطالعه اول) و ۱۱۴۵ نفر (مطالعه دوم) از معلمان نروژی مدارس اجباری (پایه ۱ تا ۱۰) بودند. داده‌ها با استفاده از تحلیل عاملی تأییدی و تحلیل مدل معادلات ساختاری (SEM) با نرم‌افزار AMOS 25 تحلیل شدند. تحلیل‌های دو مجموعه داده معلمان شواهدی برای فرضیات زیربنایی مدل SV-SS فراهم کرد. تحلیل عاملی از مدلی حمایت کرد که در آن یک عامل مرتبه دوم توسط سنجه‌های ارزش‌های مشترک، همکاران حمایت‌کننده و رهبری مدرسه حمایت‌کننده نشان داده می‌شد. در مدل‌های SEM، متغیر مرتبه دوم ارزش‌های مشترک-حمایت اجتماعی، رضایت شغلی معلمان، احساس تعلق و اثربخشی جمعی معلمان را به طور مثبت پیش‌بینی کرد. در مقابل، انگیزش برای ترک حرفه معلمی به طور غیرمستقیم اما منفی توسط ارزش‌های مشترک و حمایت اجتماعی پیش‌بینی شد. مطالعه اول همچنین نشان داد که ساختار هدف مدرسه با جهت‌گیری تسلط، ارتباط قوی با ادراک معلمان از اشتراک ارزش‌ها با همکاران و همچنین کار در محیطی حمایت‌کننده دارد.

This case study attempts to examine vulnerable narcissism through an in depth analy-sis of one adult male participant showing narcissistic traits without a formal clinical di-agnosis. Using a blind assessment approach, the participant completed the Self Con-cept Questionnaire, the Adjustment Inventory, and the Maudsley Personality Inventory, alongside semi structured interviews and behavioral observation, allowing indirect as-sessment of self concept, adjustment, and neuroticism without revealing the study's focus on narcissism. Psychodynamic and behaviorist frameworks were used to trace the participant's developmental history, including sibling comparison, high parental crit-icism, restrictive gender norms modeled within the family, and unmet academic aspira-tions within a competitive Indian secondary education system. Findings revealed a con-sistent pattern of reflexive devaluation in response to even minor perceived threats, fre-quently triggered by unprompted comparisons to others' achievements, alongside marked deficits in empathy and pronounced beliefs about entitlement to power and control. Gender based devaluation emerged as a distinct pattern, linked to the partici-pant's family history. These findings are discussed in relation to the broader literature on vulnerable narcissism, which has been comparatively understudied relative to grandiose narcissism, particularly regarding its expression in everyday, low stakes so-cial interactions rather than major relational threats.

این مطالعه‌ی موردی تلاش دارد تا نارسیسیسم آسیب‌پذیر را از طریق تحلیل عمیق یک شرکت‌کننده‌ی مرد بزرگسال که ویژگی‌های نارسیسیستی را بدون تشخیص بالینی رسمی نشان می‌دهد، مورد بررسی قرار دهد. با استفاده از رویکرد ارزیابی کور، شرکت‌کننده پرسشنامه‌ی خودپنداره، فهرست سازگاری و پرسشنامه‌ی شخصیت مودزلی را تکمیل کرد و همچنین مصاحبه‌های نیمه‌ساختاریافته و مشاهده‌ی رفتاری انجام شد که امکان ارزیابی غیرمستقیم خودپنداره، سازگاری و روان‌رنجوری را بدون افشای تمرکز مطالعه بر نارسیسیسم فراهم ساخت. چارچوب‌های روان‌پویشی و رفتارگرایانه برای بررسی تاریخچه‌ی رشد شرکت‌کننده، از جمله مقایسه با خواهر و برادر، انتقاد شدید والدین، هنجارهای جنسیتی محدودکننده در خانواده و آرزوهای تحصیلی برآورده‌نشده در نظام آموزش متوسطه‌ی رقابتی هند به کار گرفته شد. یافته‌ها الگوی ثابتی از بی‌ارزش‌سازی بازتابی در پاسخ به حتی تهدیدهای ادراک‌شده‌ی جزئی را نشان داد که اغلب با مقایسه‌های ناخواسته با دستاوردهای دیگران تحریک می‌شد، همراه با کمبودهای آشکار در همدلی و باورهای برجسته درباره‌ی استحقاق قدرت و کنترل. بی‌ارزش‌سازی مبتنی بر جنسیت به عنوان الگویی متمایز ظاهر شد که با تاریخچه‌ی خانوادگی شرکت‌کننده مرتبط بود. این یافته‌ها در ارتباط با ادبیات گسترده‌تر درباره‌ی نارسیسیسم آسیب‌پذیر که نسبت به نارسیسیسم بزرگ‌منشانه کمتر مورد مطالعه قرار گرفته است، به ویژه در خصوص بروز آن در تعاملات اجتماعی روزمره و کم‌خطر به جای تهدیدهای عمده‌ی رابطه‌ای، مورد بحث قرار می‌گیرد.