مداخلهای فعال برای مسدود کردن دفاعهای مراجع پس از آشکار شدن آنهاست. درمانگر با این کار به مراجع نشان میدهد که دفاعهایش چگونه مانع پیشرفت او میشوند.
This article reviews the evidence base for a range of contemporary, student-centred curriculum design methodologies, including inquiry-based learning (IBL), problem-based learning (PBL), project-based learning (PjBL), challenge-based learning (CBL), place-based learning and competency-based education (CBE), and considers their applicability to the design of a contemporary undergraduate criminology degree. Drawing on systematic reviews, meta-analyses and recent empirical literature, the article evaluates the theoretical underpinnings, andragogical benefits and structural limitations of each approach. It situates these findings within the requirements of the Quality Assurance Agency for Higher Education Subject Benchmark Statement for Criminology (QAA, 2022), which explicitly positions research and critical enquiry as foundational to the discipline and calls for curriculum designs that embed equality, diversity and inclusion, education for sustainable development, and professional partnership. The article argues that no single methodology is sufficient on its own and that a principled hybrid model, drawing selectively on the strengths of each approach, offers the most coherent and evidence-informed basis for criminology curriculum design. Implications for degree revalidation, staff development, assessment design and partnership are discussed.
The integration of emerging biomedical research into higher education offers opportunities to develop scientific reasoning, biotechnology literacy, and innovation-oriented competencies. This study explores the potential of Challenge-Based Learning (CBL) through breast-milk-derived bioactive peptides and cancer research as an authentic context for biotechnology education. A qualitative descriptive research design is employed, involving students from biotechnology, biology, biomedical science, or related higher education programs. Data are collected through students’ written reflections, group discussions, and proposed solutions developed during structured learning activities. The data are analyzed thematically to examine three dimensions: biotechnology literacy and understanding of scientific evidence, scientific reasoning and critical thinking, and biomedical innovation and responsible problem-solving. The study positions breast-milk-derived bioactive compounds as a context for examining molecular biology, evaluating experimental and clinical evidence, and understanding the translation of scientific discoveries into potential therapeutic applications. Rather than treating emerging biomedical research as established clinical practice, the learning framework emphasizes scientific accuracy, recognition of uncertainty, and ethical responsibility. This study is expected to contribute to biotechnology education by providing insights into the use of authentic biomedical challenges to support interdisciplinary learning and responsible innovation. The findings may inform the design of educational activities that connect scientific knowledge with contemporary biomedical research without requiring specialized laboratory facilities.
ادغام پژوهشهای نوین زیستپزشکی در آموزش عالی فرصتهایی را برای توسعه استدلال علمی، سواد زیستفناوری و شایستگیهای نوآورانه فراهم میکند. این مطالعه پتانسیل یادگیری مبتنی بر چالش (CBL) را از طریق پپتیدهای زیستفعال مشتقشده از شیر مادر و پژوهش سرطان به عنوان بستری اصیل برای آموزش زیستفناوری بررسی میکند. طرح پژوهش توصیفی کیفی به کار گرفته شده و دانشجویان رشتههای زیستفناوری، زیستشناسی، علوم زیستپزشکی یا برنامههای مرتبط آموزش عالی را دربر میگیرد. دادهها از طریق تأملات مکتوب دانشجویان، بحثهای گروهی و راهحلهای پیشنهادی که طی فعالیتهای آموزشی ساختارمند توسعه یافتهاند، گردآوری میشوند. دادهها به صورت تماتیک تحلیل میشوند تا سه بُعد را بررسی کنند: سواد زیستفناوری و درک شواهد علمی، استدلال علمی و تفکر انتقادی، و نوآوری زیستپزشکی و حل مسئله مسئولانه. این مطالعه ترکیبات زیستفعال مشتقشده از شیر مادر را به عنوان بستری برای بررسی زیستشناسی مولکولی، ارزیابی شواهد تجربی و بالینی، و درک ترجمه کشفیات علمی به کاربردهای درمانی بالقوه مطرح میکند. به جای تلقی پژوهشهای نوین زیستپزشکی به عنوان عمل بالینی تثبیتشده، چارچوب یادگیری بر دقت علمی، شناسایی عدم قطعیت و مسئولیت اخلاقی تأکید دارد. انتظار میرود این مطالعه با ارائه بینشهایی درباره استفاده از چالشهای اصیل زیستپزشکی برای حمایت از یادگیری میانرشتهای و نوآوری مسئولانه، به آموزش زیستفناوری کمک کند. یافتهها میتوانند طراحی فعالیتهای آموزشی را که دانش علمی را به پژوهشهای معاصر زیستپزشکی پیوند میدهند، بدون نیاز به امکانات تخصصی آزمایشگاهی، اطلاعرسانی کنند.
With the digitization of education, the use of information technology (IT) at work has become a requirement for teachers, rather than an option. However, IT is a double-edged sword that brings teachers great benefits and additional challenges (e.g., technostress). The present study employed a mixed-methods design to understand context-specific technostress creators and their associations with cognitive appraisal outcomes and IT use behaviors among teachers. Phase 1 identified six technostress creators—unreliability (UNR), role conflict, teaching interruption (TI), work overload (WO), information overload (IO), and technology integration (TIG)—through semi-structured interviews with 20 teachers. Phase 2 was conducted to empirically examine how technostress creators influence teachers’ IT use behaviors (i.e., innovative use [IU] and avoidant use) through cognitive appraisal outcomes. The results from structural equation modeling involving 265 Chinese teachers demonstrated that teachers tend to appraise unreliability, role conflict, and teaching interruption as threats, but appraise work overload and technology integration as challenges. Moreover, challenge appraisal is likely to stimulate innovative IT use and decrease avoidant IT use, while threat appraisal (TA) increases avoidant IT use. The findings extended the literature related to IT research by identifying context-specific technostress creators and linking them to IT use among teachers.
با دیجیتالیشدن آموزش، استفاده از فناوری اطلاعات (IT) در محیط کار برای معلمان به یک الزام تبدیل شده است و دیگر یک گزینه اختیاری نیست. با این حال، فناوری اطلاعات یک شمشیر دو لبه است که برای معلمان مزایای فراوان و همچنین چالشهای اضافی (مانند تکنواسترس) به همراه دارد. پژوهش حاضر با بهرهگیری از طرح آمیختهروش به منظور درک عوامل ایجادکننده تکنواسترس خاص بافت و ارتباط آنها با پیامدهای ارزیابی شناختی و رفتارهای استفاده از فناوری اطلاعات در میان معلمان انجام شد. در مرحله اول، شش عامل ایجادکننده تکنواسترس شامل عدم قابلیت اطمینان (UNR)، تعارض نقش، اختلال در تدریس (TI)، اضافهبار کاری (WO)، اضافهبار اطلاعاتی (IO) و یکپارچهسازی فناوری (TIG) از طریق مصاحبههای نیمهساختاریافته با ۲۰ معلم شناسایی شد. مرحله دوم به منظور بررسی تجربی نحوه تأثیرگذاری عوامل ایجادکننده تکنواسترس بر رفتارهای استفاده از فناوری اطلاعات معلمان (یعنی استفاده نوآورانه [IU] و استفاده اجتنابی) از طریق پیامدهای ارزیابی شناختی انجام شد. نتایج مدلیابی معادلات ساختاری با مشارکت ۲۶۵ معلم چینی نشان داد که معلمان تمایل دارند عدم قابلیت اطمینان، تعارض نقش و اختلال در تدریس را به عنوان تهدید ارزیابی کنند، اما اضافهبار کاری و یکپارچهسازی فناوری را به عنوان چالش ارزیابی میکنند. افزون بر این، ارزیابی چالش احتمالاً موجب تحریک استفاده نوآورانه از فناوری اطلاعات و کاهش استفاده اجتنابی از آن میشود، در حالی که ارزیابی تهدید (TA) استفاده اجتنابی از فناوری اطلاعات را افزایش میدهد. یافتهها با شناسایی عوامل ایجادکننده تکنواسترس خاص بافت و پیوند دادن آنها با استفاده از فناوری اطلاعات در میان معلمان، ادبیات مرتبط با پژوهشهای فناوری اطلاعات را گسترش داده است.
Introduction Data-driven training monitoring has enhanced the precision of training-load assessment, fatigue detection, and training regulation in competitive sport. However, continuous data collection, performance metric comparisons, and evaluative feedback may also constitute emerging sources of psychological stress for athletes. Drawing on the Technology Stress Generators Model, the Challenge–Hindrance Stressor Framework, and the Job Demands–Resources Model, this study examined the relationships among data-driven training monitoring stress (DTMS), evaluative anxiety, psychological exhaustion, and athlete burnout, as well as potential differences across gender and sport type. Methods Cross-sectional questionnaire data were collected from 588 active athletes. Confirmatory factor analysis, structural equation modeling, bootstrap tests of indirect effects, and multigroup analysis were conducted to examine the hypothesized relationships and between-group differences. Results DTMS was significantly and positively associated with evaluative anxiety, psychological exhaustion, and athlete burnout. Evaluative anxiety and psychological exhaustion each constituted a significant indirect pathway between DTMS and athlete burnout, and the sequential indirect pathway through evaluative anxiety and psychological exhaustion was also statistically significant. Multigroup analysis further showed significant between-group differences in the association between DTMS and evaluative anxiety. This association was stronger among female athletes than among male athletes and stronger among athletes in physical endurance sports than among those in skill-based sports. Discussion The findings suggest that data-driven training monitoring should extend beyond the technical objectives of data acquisition and assessment accuracy to incorporate psychologically informed practices. Particular attention should be given to the interpretation of monitoring data, the communication of anomalous indicators, and the delivery of evaluative feedback to reduce the psychological burden potentially associated with data-intensive monitoring.
مقدمه: پایش دادهمحور تمرین، دقت ارزیابی بار تمرین، شناسایی خستگی و تنظیم تمرین را در ورزش رقابتی افزایش داده است. با این حال، جمعآوری مداوم دادهها، مقایسه شاخصهای عملکرد و بازخوردهای ارزیابانه میتواند به عنوان منابع نوظهور استرس روانشناختی برای ورزشکاران تلقی شود. با بهرهگیری از مدل مولدهای استرس فناوری، چارچوب استرسورهای چالش-مانع و مدل تقاضا-منابع شغلی، این مطالعه روابط میان استرس پایش دادهمحور تمرین (DTMS)، اضطراب ارزیابانه، خستگی روانشناختی و فرسودگی شغلی ورزشکاران و همچنین تفاوتهای احتمالی بر اساس جنسیت و نوع ورزش را بررسی کرد. روشها: دادههای پرسشنامهای مقطعی از ۵۸۸ ورزشکار فعال جمعآوری شد. برای بررسی روابط فرضشده و تفاوتهای بینگروهی، تحلیل عاملی تأییدی، مدلسازی معادلات ساختاری، آزمون بوتاسترپ اثرات غیرمستقیم و تحلیل چندگروهی انجام شد. نتایج: DTMS با اضطراب ارزیابانه، خستگی روانشناختی و فرسودگی شغلی ورزشکاران ارتباط مثبت و معناداری داشت. اضطراب ارزیابانه و خستگی روانشناختی هر یک مسیر غیرمستقیم معناداری بین DTMS و فرسودگی شغلی ورزشکاران تشکیل دادند و مسیر غیرمستقیم زنجیرهای از طریق اضطراب ارزیابانه و خستگی روانشناختی نیز از نظر آماری معنادار بود. تحلیل چندگروهی همچنین تفاوت معنادار بینگروهی در ارتباط بین DTMS و اضطراب ارزیابانه را نشان داد. این ارتباط در میان ورزشکاران زن نسبت به مردان قویتر بود و در ورزشکاران رشتههای استقامتی نسبت به ورزشهای مهارتی نیز قویتر مشاهده شد. بحث: یافتهها نشان میدهد که پایش دادهمحور تمرین باید فراتر از اهداف فنی جمعآوری داده و دقت ارزیابی، رویکردهای مبتنی بر روانشناسی را نیز دربرگیرد. توجه ویژهای باید به تفسیر دادههای پایش، اطلاعرسانی شاخصهای غیرمعمول و ارائه بازخورد ارزیابانه به منظور کاهش بار روانشناختی احتمالی ناشی از پایش دادهمحور معطوف شود.
Hypothalamic vasopressin neurons are neuroendocrine cells which form part of the homeostatic systems that regulate plasma volume and extracellular fluid osmolarity. In response to synaptic inputs encoding osmolarity and changes in plasma volume, they generate complex and dynamically heterogeneous patterns of spikes that in turn trigger secretion of peptide hormone vasopressin from axonal terminals in the posterior pituitary. The thousands of neurons’ secretory signals generate a summed plasma vasopressin signal acting at the kidneys to regulate water loss. Vasopressin is synthesised in the neuronal cell bodies, packaged into vesicles, and transported to large stores at the pituitary terminals. Supported by activity-dependent upregulation of synthesis and transport, these stores can maintain a secretion response for several days of elevated osmolarity, experimentally tested by dehydration or salt loading. However, despite upregulated synthesis, stores gradually decline during sustained challenge, followed by a slow recovery. With no evidence of a store encoding feedback signal, previous simple modelling explained these synthesis dynamics based on activity-dependent upregulation of transcription and mRNA content. Here we integrate this idea into a detailed neuronal model, coupling spiking, secretion, and synthesis to simulate a complete neural system, from physiological input to output, and ask how a distributed neuroendocrine system can maintain hormone supply-demand balance over prolonged challenge without direct feedback from distant hormone stores. The model suggests that mRNA acts as a long-timescale memory of neuronal activity, extending temporal integration beyond spike activity and intracellular Ca 2+ to coordinate synthesis with sustained demand.
نورونهای وازوپرسین هیپوتالاموس سلولهای نورواندوکرین هستند که بخشی از سامانههای هموستاتیک را تشکیل میدهند و حجم پلاسما و اسمولاریته مایع خارج سلولی را تنظیم میکنند. در پاسخ به ورودیهای سیناپسی که اسمولاریته و تغییرات حجم پلاسما را رمزگذاری میکنند، این نورونها الگوهای پیچیده و بهطور پویا ناهمگنی از پتانسیلهای عمل را ایجاد میکنند که به نوبه خود ترشح هورمون پپتیدی وازوپرسین را از پایانههای آکسونی در هیپوفیز خلفی تحریک میکند. سیگنالهای ترشحی هزاران نورون، سیگنال وازوپرسین پلاسما را به صورت جمعی ایجاد میکند که در کلیهها عمل کرده و اتلاف آب را تنظیم میکند. وازوپرسین در جسم سلولی نورونی سنتز، در وزیکولها بستهبندی و به ذخایر بزرگ در پایانههای هیپوفیز منتقل میشود. این ذخایر با حمایت افزایش وابسته به فعالیت سنتز و انتقال، میتوانند پاسخ ترشحی را برای چندین روز اسمولاریته بالا حفظ کنند که به طور تجربی با دهیدراسیون یا بارگذاری نمک آزمون شده است. با این حال، علیرغم افزایش سنتز، ذخایر در طول چالش پایدار به تدریج کاهش یافته و پس از آن بهبودی آهسته رخ میدهد. با نبود شواهدی از سیگنال بازخورد رمزگذار ذخیره، مدلسازی ساده پیشین این پویاییهای سنتز را بر اساس افزایش وابسته به فعالیت رونویسی و محتوای mRNA توضیح داده است. در این پژوهش، این ایده را در یک مدل نورونی دقیق ادغام میکنیم و با اتصال پتانسیل عمل، ترشح و سنتز، یک سامانه عصبی کامل از ورودی فیزیولوژیک تا خروجی را شبیهسازی میکنیم و میپرسیم چگونه یک سامانه نورواندوکرین توزیعشده میتواند تعادل عرضه و تقاضای هورمون را در طول چالش طولانیمدت بدون بازخورد مستقیم از ذخایر هورمونی دوردست حفظ کند. مدل نشان میدهد که mRNA به عنوان حافظهای با مقیاس زمانی طولانی از فعالیت نورونی عمل میکند و یکپارچگی زمانی را فراتر از فعالیت پتانسیل عمل و Ca2+ داخل سلولی برای هماهنگی سنتز با تقاضای پایدار گسترش میدهد.
In the first part of this paper, Ihighlight recent advances in design research evidenced by the five core papers of this special issue. These advances include planning classroom design studies with an eye toward scale from the outset, design studies that are investigating and supporting the development of cadres of accomplished professional development facilitators, and design studies that are investigating how to support the development of school system capacity to take up and adapt potentially productive innovations. In thesecond part of the paper, Idiscuss three significant challenges for the future. The first concerns the challenges inherent in specifying the learning goals that orient various types of design studies. Thesecond is the challenge of thinking in terms of systems of supports for learning and of seeing those systems as aspects of the school and school system contexts in which educators develop and refine their practices. The third is the challenge of ensuring that aconcern for the equitable distribution of students’ learning opportunities is integral to all types of design studies.
در بخش نخست این مقاله، پیشرفتهای اخیر در پژوهش طراحی که توسط پنج مقاله اصلی این شماره ویژه نشان داده شدهاند، برجسته میشود. این پیشرفتها شامل برنامهریزی مطالعات طراحی کلاس درس با توجه به مقیاس از همان ابتدا، مطالعات طراحی که به بررسی و حمایت از توسعه گروههایی از تسهیلگران حرفهای توسعه شغلی میپردازند، و مطالعات طراحی که به بررسی نحوه حمایت از توسعه ظرفیت نظام آموزشی مدارس برای پذیرش و تطبیق نوآوریهای بالقوه سودمند اختصاص یافتهاند، میباشد. در بخش دوم مقاله، سه چالش مهم برای آینده مورد بحث قرار میگیرد. نخستین چالش، دشواریهای ذاتی در مشخص کردن اهداف یادگیری است که جهتدهنده انواع مختلف مطالعات طراحی هستند. دومین چالش، اندیشیدن در قالب نظامهای حمایتی برای یادگیری و مشاهده این نظامها به عنوان جنبههایی از زمینههای مدرسه و نظام آموزشی است که در آنها معلمان به توسعه و اصلاح شیوههای خود میپردازند. سومین چالش، اطمینان از این است که توجه به توزیع عادلانه فرصتهای یادگیری دانشآموزان، جزء جداییناپذیر همه انواع مطالعات طراحی باشد.
Contextual Qur’anic interpretation faces the challenge of relating the historical meaning of a text to contemporary ethical issues without disregarding its original significance. This challenge is evident in the interpretation of taṭfīf in Q.S. Al-Muṭaffifīn [83]: 1–6, which historically concerns fraudulent measurement and weighing but also presents an ethical pattern involving the fulfillment of entitlements in exchange relationships. Previous studies have examined taṭfīf in relation to commercial ethics and contextual interpretation, yet the analytical relationship between its specific meaning and contemporary ethical application requires further clarification. This study develops an interpretive framework integrating textual context, historical context, and audience-oriented interpretation. It employs qualitative library research and contextual textual analysis of the relevant Qur’anic verses, classical exegetical works, and literature on linguistics and hermeneutics. The analysis examines the passage’s internal structure, its historical context, the audience’s role in constructing understanding, and the conditions for contemporary ethical application. The findings indicate that the contrast between yastawfūn and yukhsirūn represents an asymmetry in the fulfillment of entitlements, while historical contextualization confirms that the primary meaning of taṭfīf remains associated with deficient measurement and weighing. Building on this distinction, the study proposes asymmetrical entitlement as an analytical concept describing a situation in which one party demands full fulfillment of its own entitlement while diminishing another party’s legitimate due. Its application is governed by four criteria: legitimate entitlement, a reciprocal relationship, unequal standards, and an advantage obtained by reducing another party’s due. This study offers a framework for extending the ethical relevance of Qur’anic discourse through contextual interpretation while distinguishing contemporary ethical analogy from the original lexical meaning of taṭfīf.
تفسیر قرآنی مبتنی بر زمینه با چالش ارتباط دادن معنای تاریخی متن با مسائل اخلاقی معاصر بدون نادیده گرفتن اهمیت اصلی آن مواجه است. این چالش در تفسیر تطفیف در سوره مطففین [۸۳]: ۱–۶ آشکار است؛ آیاتی که به طور تاریخی به تقلب در سنجش و وزن اشاره دارند، اما همچنین الگویی اخلاقی در خصوص ایفای حقوق در روابط مبادلهای ارائه میدهند. پژوهشهای پیشین تطفیف را در ارتباط با اخلاق تجاری و تفسیر زمینهای بررسی کردهاند، اما رابطه تحلیلی میان معنای خاص آن و کاربرد اخلاقی معاصر نیازمند تبیین بیشتری است. این مطالعه چارچوب تفسیریای را توسعه میدهد که زمینه متنی، زمینه تاریخی و تفسیر مخاطبمحور را ادغام میکند. پژوهش حاضر با استفاده از روش کتابخانهای کیفی و تحلیل متنی زمینهای آیات مربوطه قرآن، آثار تفسیری کلاسیک و ادبیات زبانشناسی و هرمنوتیک انجام شده است. تحلیل، ساختار درونی این بخش، زمینه تاریخی آن، نقش مخاطب در ساخت فهم و شرایط کاربرد اخلاقی معاصر را بررسی میکند. یافتهها نشان میدهد که تقابل میان «یستوفون» و «یخسرون» بیانگر عدم تقارن در ایفای حقوق است، در حالی که زمینه تاریخی تأیید میکند که معنای اولیه تطفیف همچنان به کمفروشی در سنجش و وزن مربوط است. بر اساس این تمایز، مطالعه حاضر «حق نامتقارن» را به عنوان مفهومی تحلیلی پیشنهاد میدهد که وضعیتی را توصیف میکند که در آن یک طرف خواهان ایفای کامل حق خود است، در حالی که حق مشروع طرف مقابل را کاهش میدهد. کاربرد این مفهوم تابع چهار معیار است: حق مشروع، رابطه متقابل، استانداردهای نابرابر و کسب منفعت از طریق کاهش حق طرف مقابل. این مطالعه چارچوبی برای گسترش ارتباط اخلاقی گفتمان قرآنی از طریق تفسیر زمینهای ارائه میدهد و در عین حال تمایز میان قیاس اخلاقی معاصر و معنای واژگانی اصلی تطفیف را حفظ میکند.
The teacher shortage is a global challenge. However, some countries are less prone to teacher shortages. The aim of this study was to examine three countries with little or no teacher shortage to explore what these countries do to attract and retain educated teachers. The three countries selected for this case study were Finland (Europe), Singapore, and the Republic of Korea (Southeast Asia). The data pertaining to these countries, as three specific case studies, come from policy documents, statistics, reports, and peer-reviewed articles. The themes in each case were thematically encoded and categorised by the described case context. The themes were identified deductively and strongly linked to the data. The results indicate that the teacher shortage and supply are related to teacher status and grounded in students’ performance and results, teacher training/education, systems for incoming and graduated teacher students, and support during their first years in their profession. Teacher status is seen as a loop in which higher teacher status leads to a lower likelihood of a teacher shortage. The conclusion is that attracting and retaining teachers is a multifaceted and complex process that is the result of many interacting aspects in each specific country’s context. Keywords: Finland, multiple case study, Sing
The professional reintegration of veterans is a major challenge for Ukraine’s post-war recovery and requires vocational education aligned with labour market needs. The tourism and hospitality industry offers employment opportunities, but transition to civilian work requires sector-specific knowledge, digital competence, communication, teamwork, decision-making and adaptability. The study aims to develop and theoretically substantiate a conceptual model for integrating interactive digital learning technologies into veterans’ vocational education for employment in the tourism and hospitality industry. The methodology combines secondary analysis of a sociological survey conducted by the Ukrainian Veterans Fund and the Rating Sociological Group in December 2025 among 240 respondents, competency mapping and a systematic literature review. The analysis identified transferable military competencies, including discipline, teamwork under pressure, logistical planning and decision-making in dynamic situations. It also revealed gaps in customer orientation, digital literacy and personalised service. The proposed model links veterans’ competencies and educational needs with labour market requirements through interactive technologies, including problem-based, case-based, simulation-based and scenario-based learning, microlearning, the flipped classroom, Learning Management Systems, Virtual Reality, Augmented Reality and Geographic Information Systems. The model provides a framework for translating military experience into civilian professional competencies and supports vocational programmes for veterans seeking employment in the tourism and hospitality industry. Its application may strengthen employability, facilitate social reintegration and contribute to Ukraine’s post-war recovery. Further research should validate the model through implementation and evaluation.
This study addresses the critical deficiency in speaking skills among university students, a challenge primarily attributed to the reliance on traditional teaching methods and the limited time allocated for authentic verbal practice within the classroom. The research aims to construct a comprehensive theoretical framework for the Flipped Classroom strategy and identify the pedagogical and linguistic justifications for its implementation in developing speaking skills, while providing practical procedural recommendations for its integration into higher education. Adopting a descriptive-analytical approach through a critical review of educational literature, the findings reveal that the flipped model significantly enhances students' fluency, linguistic accuracy, and capacity for spontaneous expression. Furthermore, the model fosters increased motivation and active participation by granting learners the autonomy to progress at their own pace, as pre-class preparation helps mitigate "language anxiety" and bolsters confidence during real-time communicative interactions. Despite these advantages, the research identifies several implementation challenges, most notably the digital divide, potential cognitive overload, and the necessity for intensive faculty training in digital instructional design. Ultimately, the study concludes that the Flipped Classroom represents a fundamental philosophical shift that redefines educational roles, transforming class time from passive instruction into a dynamic "living linguistic laboratory" focused on intensive communicative practice.
University tennis beginners face simultaneous technical, perceptual, tactical, and psychological demands that may exceed their attentional resources, challenge perceived competence, and diminish engagement. This mini-review synthesizes evidence on cognitive load, self-efficacy, autonomous motivation, multidimensional engagement, ecological dynamics, and beginner tennis pedagogy to explain how instructional design can support both skill acquisition and sustained participation. Evidence on equipment scaling and game-based learning indicates that low-compression balls, smaller courts, simplified rules, and cooperative tasks can increase the number of playable exchanges, enjoyment, and early confidence, although direct tests of cognitive load reduction are scarce and university-specific evidence remains limited. Constraints-led practice can then connect stroke production with perception, positioning, decision-making, and tactical intention, whereas selective technical instruction is most useful when a diagnosable movement feature restricts accuracy, consistency, or transfer. On this basis, this review proposes an evidence-informed, stage-matched (readiness-informed) conceptual framework that organizes individually supported instructional functions into a diagnostic, skill-specific, overlapping, and reversible structure rather than an empirically validated sequence: Stage 1 reduces entry barriers and builds credible mastery experiences; Stage 2 develops adaptive exploration and transfer; and Stage 3 refines limiting technical features while progressively restoring standard conditions. Engagement is positioned as a proposed mediating process linking psychological mechanisms to learning and participation. The framework extends evaluation beyond immediate performance toward retention, transfer, confidence under challenge, and sustained participation as an important but currently undertested outcome. Controlled and longitudinal studies are needed to evaluate the proposed mechanisms, pathways, and boundary conditions across diverse university settings.
مبتدیان تنیس در دانشگاه با الزامات همزمان فنی، ادراکی، تاکتیکی و روانشناختی مواجه هستند که ممکن است منابع توجهی آنها را فراتر برده، شایستگی ادراکشده را به چالش کشیده و مشارکت را کاهش دهد. این مرور کوتاه، شواهد مربوط به بار شناختی، خودکارآمدی، انگیزش خودمختار، مشارکت چندبعدی، پویاییهای بومشناختی و آموزش تنیس مبتدی را برای تبیین چگونگی حمایت طراحی آموزشی از اکتساب مهارت و تداوم مشارکت، تلفیق میکند. شواهد مربوط به مقیاسبندی تجهیزات و یادگیری مبتنی بر بازی نشان میدهد که توپهای کمفشار، زمینهای کوچکتر، قوانین سادهشده و وظایف تعاونی میتوانند تعداد تبادلات قابلبازی، لذت و اعتمادبهنفس اولیه را افزایش دهند، اگرچه آزمونهای مستقیم کاهش بار شناختی نادر بوده و شواهد خاص دانشگاهی همچنان محدود است. تمرین مبتنی بر محدودیتها میتواند تولید ضربه را با ادراک، موقعیتیابی، تصمیمگیری و قصد تاکتیکی پیوند دهد، در حالی که آموزش فنی انتخابی زمانی بیشترین سود را دارد که یک ویژگی حرکتی قابلتشخیص، دقت، ثبات یا انتقال را محدود کند. بر این اساس، این مرور یک چارچوب مفهومی مبتنی بر شواهد و مرحلهمحور (مبتنی بر آمادگی) را پیشنهاد میکند که کارکردهای آموزشی با حمایت فردی را در ساختاری تشخیصی، مهارتمحور، همپوشان و برگشتپذیر سازماندهی میکند، نه در توالیای که به طور تجربی اعتبارسنجی شده باشد: مرحله ۱ موانع ورود را کاهش داده و تجارب تسلط معتبر ایجاد میکند؛ مرحله ۲ کاوش سازگار و انتقال را توسعه میدهد؛ و مرحله ۳ ویژگیهای فنی محدودکننده را اصلاح کرده و به تدریج شرایط استاندارد را بازمیگرداند. مشارکت به عنوان یک فرایند میانجی پیشنهادی که سازوکارهای روانشناختی را به یادگیری و مشارکت پیوند میدهد، مطرح شده است. این چارچوب، ارزیابی را فراتر از عملکرد فوری به سمت نگهداری، انتقال، اعتمادبهنفس در شرایط چالشبرانگیز و تداوم مشارکت به عنوان یک پیامد مهم اما در حال حاضر کمتر آزمودهشده گسترش میدهد. مطالعات کنترلشده و طولی برای ارزیابی سازوکارها، مسیرها و شرایط مرزی پیشنهادی در محیطهای متنوع دانشگاهی مورد نیاز است.
This study examined post-pandemic blended learning setups and academic engagement among senior high school students at St. Dominic College of Asia (SDCA). A descriptive, quantitative, non-experimental design was used with 100 respondents: 50 Grade 11 students and 50 Grade 12 students. A structured questionnaire gathered information about respondents’ demographic characteristics, perceptions of blended learning setups, behavioral, emotional, cognitive, and social engagement, and challenges encountered in blended learning. Descriptive statistics, Mann–Whitney U tests, one-way analysis of variance, Spearman’s rank-order correlation, and multiple regression were reported in the thesis. Asynchronous online learning received the highest mean among the three setup indicators (M = 3.87, SD = 0.58), while unreliable internet connectivity was the highest-rated challenge (M = 4.34, SD = 0.65). Reported correlations between blended learning setup scores and the four engagement dimensions were strong and positive (ρ = .898–.906, all p < .001). The thesis also reported statistically significant group differences across demographic categories. However, the regression model’s dependent-variable specification and several descriptive and inferential statistics require confirmation against the original dataset and statistical output before the results can be treated as definitive. The findings point to the importance of accessible learning materials, reliable connectivity, purposeful student interaction, and ongoing monitoring of engagement. A Blended Learning Engagement Framework is proposed to guide institutional assessment, planning, implementation, and continuous improvement.
Disasters pose a formidable challenge for mental health support services in terms of resources and timely response. This study evaluated the effects of different types of events on the Mexico City population during the first year of the COVID-19 pandemic, under the assumption that high-resolution time-scale data analysis performed on ICT-based and telehealth systems could contribute to understanding psychological needs and to identifying events associated with short-term outbursts in support demands, estimating their time of occurrence, and the characteristics of calls for service. The study evaluated the effects of public announcements of quarantine measures, mental health press conferences, festivities during 2020, and earthquakes with public early warnings between 2020 and 2023 reported through national public institutions’ databases, the “Screening Tool for Mental Health Problems” and the “Lifeline Emergency Phone Call Service (LEPCS),” comprising 138,471 interactions. The analysis used qualitative and quantitative methods, including principal component analysis, correlations, and one-way ANOVA. The study successfully identified patterns in responses associated with acute stress, depression, and anxiety, as well as possible times of maximum demand associated with different types of events. Complex scenarios with multiple threats were associated with significant short-term outbursts, posing a challenge to support systems, with a documented case with an increase as high as 2651% on a single day. The research is novel in its time-scope analysis and event-wise approach, providing valuable insights for emergency planning and resource allocation. Additionally, the study proposes evaluation criteria for detecting potential system overloads in telehealth services to enable early countermeasures.
بلایا چالشی جدی برای خدمات حمایتی سلامت روان از نظر منابع و پاسخ بهموقع ایجاد میکنند. این پژوهش تأثیر انواع مختلف رویدادها را بر جمعیت شهر مکزیک در نخستین سال همهگیری COVID-19 ارزیابی کرد، با این فرض که تحلیل دادهها با مقیاس زمانی با وضوح بالا بر روی سامانههای مبتنی بر فناوری اطلاعات و ارتباطات و تلهمدیسین میتواند به درک نیازهای روانشناختی و شناسایی رویدادهای مرتبط با جهشهای کوتاهمدت در تقاضای حمایت، برآورد زمان وقوع آنها و ویژگیهای تماسهای خدماتی کمک کند. این مطالعه تأثیر اعلام عمومی اقدامات قرنطینه، کنفرانسهای مطبوعاتی سلامت روان، جشنها در سال ۲۰۲۰ و زمینلرزهها با هشدار اولیه عمومی بین سالهای ۲۰۲۰ تا ۲۰۲۳ را که از طریق پایگاههای داده نهادهای عمومی ملی، «ابزار غربالگری مشکلات سلامت روان» و «خدمات تماس اضطراری تلفنی (LEPCS)» گزارش شدهاند و شامل ۱۳۸٬۴۷۱ تعامل بودند، مورد ارزیابی قرار داد. تحلیل با استفاده از روشهای کیفی و کمی، از جمله تحلیل مؤلفههای اصلی، همبستگیها و ANOVA یکطرفه انجام شد. این پژوهش موفق به شناسایی الگوهایی در واکنشها شد که با استرس حاد، افسردگی و اضطراب مرتبط بودند و همچنین زمانهای احتمالی اوج تقاضا که با انواع مختلف رویدادها مرتبط بودند را تعیین کرد. سناریوهای پیچیده با تهدیدهای متعدد با جهشهای کوتاهمدت قابل توجهی همراه بودند که چالشی برای سامانههای حمایتی ایجاد کردند، به طوری که یک مورد مستند با افزایش تا ۲۶۵۱٪ در یک روز ثبت شد. این پژوهش از نظر تحلیل مقیاس زمانی و رویکرد رویدادمحور نوآورانه است و بینشهای ارزشمندی برای برنامهریزی اضطراری و تخصیص منابع ارائه میدهد. افزون بر این، مطالعه معیارهایی برای ارزیابی شناسایی احتمال اضافهبار سامانهها در خدمات تلهمدیسین به منظور امکان مقابله زودهنگام پیشنهاد میکند.
Introduction: Ecuadorian higher education has experienced different dynamics in scientific production, presenting a significant challenge regarding the integration and participation of university students. The problem lies in a lack of knowledge analyzing the correlation between academic anxiety and scientific production in a university context in the city of Ambato, Ecuador. Objective: To determine the correlational association between academic anxiety and scientific production among university students in the city of Ambato in 2025. Methodology: The research employed a correlational approach, a quantitative methodology, and a non-experimental design. Data was collected using a structured survey administered to 248 university students, selected through convenience sampling. Results and Discussion: The main results show that 31.45% of students experience physical fatigue when conducting research activities, 57.26% perceive that they are not meeting the demands of a research project, 47.58% avoid engaging in scientific research, and a Pearson correlation coefficient of -0.027 was obtained, demonstrating a negative association between the variables studied. Conclusion: The university students experience physiological, cognitive, and behavioral difficulties when producing a scientific product, where a lack of experience and student support makes scientific research a difficult and uninteresting field for university students to explore.
Discourse competence plays a crucial role in preparing English as Second Language (ESL) learners to produce coherent and cohesive communication. Nevertheless, the effective use of cohesive devices remains a challenge for many ESL learners, hindering their ability to produce coherent and meaningful discourse. To address this issue, the Case of the Lost Linkers Digital Educational Escape Room (DEER) was developed as a gamified learning tool to support the development of discourse competence. This study aimed to investigate ESL learners’ acceptance of the DEER game using the Technology Acceptance Model (TAM). A quantitative survey design was employed involving 151 ESL learners from a Malaysian public university. Data were collected using a five-section questionnaire consisting of demographic information and four TAM constructs: perceived usefulness, perceived ease of use, attitude toward use, and behavioural intention to use. Descriptive analysis revealed high levels of acceptance across all constructs. Learners perceived the DEER game as useful, user-friendly, enjoyable, and effective for learning linkers and cohesive devices. They also expressed strong intentions to continue using and recommending the game. The findings suggest that DEER has considerable potential as an engaging and learner-centred tool for supporting discourse competence development in ESL contexts.
It has also taken over a century for science to fully realize that oxytocin is far more than a “female reproductive hormone.” Both the measurement and interpretation of the biochemical and functional properties of oxytocin have raised controversy and remain works in progress. However, oxytocin is now recognized as a pleiotropic molecule that sits at the center of an extended system which includes vasopressin, the autonomic nervous system, the immune system and more. This larger system affects essentially every bodily function and helps to coordinate these with social context, the history of each individual and perhaps the existence of humans as a species. Together these support survival, reproduction and wellbeing, allowing mammals to manage and benefit from various forms of hormetic challenge. Here we suggest that oxytocin, viewed as a system, in turn acts as a keystone capable of connecting mammalian regulatory physiology to the benefits of social connection.
Against the backdrop of deepening industry-education integration in vocational education and AI-driven digital transformation, productive teaching projects face not only the perennial challenge of transforming authentic production tasks into teachable activities, but also new challenges such as rapid resource obsolescence, heterogeneous learner foundations, and insufficient evidence for process-based assessment. Taking the “Deployment and Maintenance of a Navigation Data Storage Platform” task from the Yangtze River Trunk-Line Ship Water Pollutant Joint Supervision and Service Information System as a case, this study builds on the six-stage process of Select→Deconstruct→Define→Transform→Integrate→Extend and develops a human–AI collaborative mechanism characterized by real projects as the carrier, job competencies as the main line, and AI-supported cognition as the support. To strengthen AI empowerment across project development and implementation, AI is embedded in project selection, work-process deconstruction, competency definition, teaching-task transformation, curriculum integration, and resource expansion, and is integrated with IDEAL project-based learning, multi-stakeholder whole-process assessment, “dual-teacher + AI assistant” collaboration, and a blended virtual–real training environment. This study provides a reference for IT-related programs seeking to build replicable and iteratively improvable AI-empowered productive teaching projects.
Gifted and talented students need well-trained teachers who will challenge and support them in developing their abilities. However, teachers receive no formal professional learning or development focused on teaching academically advanced students, especially those with disabilities. Consequently, gifted and talented students with disabilities are often not given sufficient opportunity to thrive in the classroom. The study assessed the teaching of gifted and talented learners with disabilities. The respondents were 30 parents of Manggahan Elementary School. The researcher utilized a descriptive correlational design. Statistical treatments used were utilized frequency and percentage, weighted mean, t-test and Pearson correlation coefficient. The findings revealed that parent-respondents were mostly in the 50–54 age bracket, predominantly female, and largely composed of parents rather than grandparents or guardians. The results showed that parent-respondents generally viewed the teaching of gifted learners with disabilities positively. The highest rating was given to teachers providing opportunities for enrichment activities, showing that parents particularly noticed efforts that extend the learners’ abilities and interests. The findings also revealed that parent-respondents also assessed the teaching of talented learners with disabilities positively. The highest-rated indicator was teachers’ creativity in addressing both giftedness and disability, which suggests that parents value innovative and flexible teaching approaches. There is a significant difference in the assessment of the parent-respondents on the teaching of gifted and talented learners with disabilities when grouped according to age, sex, and role in the family. Furthermore, there is no significant relationship in the teaching of gifted and talented learners with disabilities based on the computed correlation coefficient and significance value.
ABSTRACT The structural complexity of Arabic verbs (fi'il) frequently presents a distinct challenge for Indonesian middle school learners, primarily due to the absence of inflectional markers for person, tense, and case in their native language. This article offers an in-depth review to unpack the typology of such verbal construction deviations, trace their underlying triggers, and formulate pedagogical remediation directions for the classroom. Employing a qualitative literature review approach, the analytical procedure adapts an error analysis framework supported by theoretical corpora and contemporary research documents. Conceptual findings successfully map eight primary categories of grammatical anomalies—ranging from tense selection, conjugation, agreement, to i'rāb morphosyntax—triggered by accumulated first-language interference, rule overgeneralization, incomplete rule application, and learners' psychological pressures. The final synthesis asserts that instructional remediation should not rely solely on mechanical correction, but rather necessitates the design of category-based diagnostic assessments and feedback strategies that foster autonomous learner awareness. ABSTRAK Kompleksitas struktural fi'il dalam tata bahasa Arab sering kali menghadirkan tantangan tersendiri bagi pembelajar tingkat menengah penutur bahasa Indonesia, terutama karena ketiadaan infleksi persona, waktu, dan kasus pada bahasa ibu mereka. Artikel ini menawarkan tinjauan mendalam guna membedah tipologi penyimpangan konstruksi verba tersebut, menelusuri akar pemicunya, serta merumuskan arah pembenahan pedagogis di kelas. Menggunakan pendekatan kualitatif berbasis kajian literatur, alur penelaahan mengadaptasi kerangka kerja analisis kesalahan yang didukung oleh penelusuran korpus teoretis serta dokumen riset mutakhir. Temuan konseptual berhasil memetakan delapan kategori utama anomali gramatikal mulai dari pilihan waktu, konjugasi, kesesuaian, hingga tata bentuk i'rāb yang dipicu oleh akumulasi interferensi bahasa pertama, generalisasi aturan, kelemahan penerapan kaidah, hingga tekanan psikologis pembelajar. Sintesis akhir menegaskan bahwa perbaikan pengajaran tidak boleh bertumpu pada koreksi mekanis semata, melainkan menuntut perancangan asesmen diagnostik berbasis kategori serta strategi umpan balik yang membangun kesadaran mandiri.
This design case describes the development and iterative refinement of an instructional method for teaching the Spanish prepositions por and para, which are a persistent challenge for learners to master, even at advanced levels. This instructional design is a visually based mnemonic system that uses color-coded images to facilitate the memorization and contextual understanding of 14 distinct usage rules. Initially created from classroom necessity and refined over multiple semesters, the design combines visual aids, student interaction, and a novel “color reveal” step that retroactively assigns color categories—black-and-white for por and color for para—to previously memorized images. This delayed categorization allows learners to chunk and sort abstract grammar rules efficiently, reducing cognitive load and improving retention. The method was implemented in second-semester Spanish courses at a large Midwestern university and later adapted for asynchronous instruction. Only after developing the design did the theoretical underpinnings—dual coding, information processing theory, and schema formation—become clear. This case illustrates to the designer the value of practice-driven innovation and the role of cognitive theory in shaping effective instructional tools.