perceived stress

Background: Psychological stress is a common issue among faculty members due to increasing academic, administrative, and professional responsibilities. Prolonged stress negatively affect mental well-being, job satisfaction, and work performance. Therefore, assessing the level of psychological stress among faculty members is essential for identifying the need for stress-management strategies. This study aimed to evaluate the level of psychological stress among faculty members of colleges and universities. Methods: A cross-sectional survey was conducted among 101 faculty members from colleges and universities. Participants were recruited using a convenience sampling technique. Data were collected through structured online questionnaire consisting of demographic information and the Perceived Stress Scale (PSS). Descriptive statistics, including frequencies and percentages, were used for data analysis. Results: A total of 101 faculty members participated in the study. The majority of participants were above 30 years of age (46%), female (64%), worked 40-50 hours per week (41%), and possessed a master's degree (68%). Assessment of stress levels using the perceived stress scale revealed 91% of participants experienced moderate stress, 6% experienced low stress, and 3% experienced high stress. Most respondents reported experiencing stress-related feelings such as being upset unexpectedly, inability to control important things in life, nervousness, and difficulty coping "sometimes," indicating a moderate level of perceived psychological stress. Conclusions: The findings indicate that psychological stress is prevalent among faculty members of colleges and universities, with moderate stress being the most commonly reported level. These results highlight need for effective stress-management interventions and workplace wellness programs to promote psychological well-being among faculty members.

The purpose of this study is to examine how parentification and perceived stress impact adolescents' psychological and behavioural adjustment. This study explored the associations between parentification, perceived stress, and disruptive behaviour, and the predictive and mediating effects of these variables. The method of the research was descriptive cross sectional, purposive sampling was used for gathering samples, the number of samples obtained was 250.The methods used were descriptive cross sectional design, purposive sampling was used for sampling. The Parentification Inventory, Perceived Stress Scale (PSS-10) and Disruptive Behaviour Scale were used to collect the data. The SPSS Version 26 was used for descriptive statistics, Pearson correlation, regression analysis and Hayes’ PROCESS Macro (Model 4). Results showed that parentification was not a significant predictor of perceived stress and disruptive behaviour. Perceived stress, however, was a strong predictor of disruptive behaviour. Indirect effect of parentification on disruptive behaviour via perceived stress was also non-significant. Impression of stress seems to be a key factor related to disruptive behaviour among adolescents, while the impact of parentification could differ based on contextual and cultural factors. The results emphasize the need for stress reduction and psychological health promotion initiatives for youth in Pakistan.

Emotional contagion refers to the process through which people's emotions may be influenced by the emotional states and expressions of others. This study examined self-reported responses to stress in other people and explored their association with perceived stress. A quantitative, cross-sectional online questionnaire was completed between October 25 and 27, 2026. Of 33 submissions, 32 participants consented and were included in the emotional-response analysis; 31 had sufficient responses for the preliminary perceived-stress analysis. The questionnaire included 15 researcher-developed statements about responses to others' stress and 10 perceived-stress questions resembling the Perceived Stress Scale?10 (PSS-10). Descriptive results showed that 90.6% of participants agreed or strongly agreed that they could sense stress in people around them, while 75.0% reported that stress in family, workplace, or educational settings affected their emotional well-being. An exploratory Spearman correlation indicated a positive association between the emotional-response composite and perceived-stress scores (rs = .526, p = .002, n = 31). This association must be interpreted cautiously because the emotional-response questionnaire was not validated and the exact perceived-stress instrument requires confirmation. Findings provide preliminary descriptive insight but do not establish causation.

Psychosocial risks are an important occupational health concern and may be associated with emotional exhaustion through psychological mechanisms related to employees’ appraisal of adverse working conditions. This secondary analysis used a quantitative, cross-sectional design and data from 458 university employees to examine the mediating role of perceived stress and the moderating role of resilience in the association between psychosocial risks and emotional exhaustion. Correlation, mediation, and moderation analyses were performed, with bootstrap estimation based on 10,000 resamples. Greater psychosocial risk was associated with higher perceived stress and emotional exhaustion, whereas resilience was associated with lower perceived stress. Perceived stress partially mediated the association between psychosocial risks and emotional exhaustion, accounting for approximately 32.5% of the total association. The stress–resilience interaction was statistically significant in the unadjusted model, although its incremental contribution was small (ΔR² = 0.004); after adjustment for sociodemographic and occupational covariates, the interaction retained a similar direction but did not reach conventional statistical significance (p = 0.058). The model accounted for 59.6% of the variance in emotional exhaustion. Given the cross-sectional design, these findings represent statistical associations and do not establish temporal or causal relationships. The results support considering organizational psychosocial conditions, perceived stress, and resilience jointly when examining occupational well-being among university employees.

Background While the COVID-19 pandemic caused major disruptions to social connections and lifestyles, many countries continued the sale of alcohol as an essential commodity. Evidence on change in alcohol use, and its association with mental health and wellbeing during the pandemic is, however, mixed and limited to initial periods of the pandemic. This study aimed to address these research gaps. Methods Data were drawn from the COVID-19 Risks Across the Lifespan (CORAL) Study, a three-wave longitudinal study conducted between May 2020 and April 2021. The present sample included 2,369 participants (age M = 38.81 ± 16.94 years, range = 11–100; 90% females) from the United Kingdom, United States, and Australia. Measures included pre-pandemic alcohol use and changes in consumption frequency, quantity, drinking behaviours (e.g., drinking earlier in the day), and motivations (e.g., drinking for enjoyment) during the pandemic. General perceived stress, COVID-19-related stress, loneliness, and symptoms of depression and anxiety were also assessed. Findings Drinking frequency and quantity remained stable across the first year of the pandemic; however, non-linear age associations were found. Young individuals aged between 11 to 20 years, and mid-aged individuals aged between 50 to 70 years, had the highest probability of increased alcohol use frequency and quantity. Drinking behaviours and motivations also remained largely stable, although age- and country-specific differences emerged, potentially reflecting policy differences such as alcohol access restrictions and lockdown measures. Finally, loneliness unidirectionally predicted subsequent alcohol use quantity. Conclusions These findings highlight the heterogeneous alcohol use patterns across age groups and countries during the pandemic, and underscore loneliness as an important public health issue with implications for alcohol misuse.

Background: Examinations can trigger stress related to performance expectations, uncertainty, and the consequences of receiving a particular grade. Stress may be especially salient for students seeking the highest grade and for students who need a minimum passing grade to complete a course. Objective: To outline a comparative investigation of pre-examination stress among students at Gori State University and European University, with particular attention to students aiming for an A (91–100 points) and students for whom an E-range result (51–60 points) may be sufficient to complete the subject. Methods: The proposed cross-sectional study includes 50 students, 25 from each university. A brief questionnaire should record perceived stress before the examination, grade-related expectations, perceived consequences of the result, and basic demographic/academic variables. Results: The numerical example in this draft is illustrative only and does not represent verified participant data. It demonstrates a reporting structure in which stress scores are compared by university and by grade-related concern. Conclusion: Grade-related expectations and fear of failing may represent different pathways to examination stress. Actual conclusions require analysis of the completed dataset.

Background Perceived social support is an important psychosocial resource for competitive athletes, while perceived stress is closely associated with athlete burnout. Drawing on conservation of resources theory and the cognitive-transactional model of stress, this study examines the relationships among perceived social support, perceived stress, and athlete burnout. Objectives This study aims to investigate the associations among perceived social support, perceived stress, and athlete burnout in competitive athletes, with particular attention to the statistical mediating role of perceived stress. Results Using cluster sampling, questionnaire data were collected from 252 competitive athletes across various sports, including track and field, swimming, and football. The results showed that perceived social support was negatively correlated with perceived stress ( r = -0.478, p < 0.01) and athlete burnout ( r = -0.282, p < 0.01), whereas perceived stress was positively correlated with athlete burnout ( r = 0.421, p < 0.01). Mediation analysis revealed a significant indirect association between perceived social support and athlete burnout through perceived stress ( B = -0.161, 95% CI [-0.240, -0.093]). The direct association was not statistically significant after accounting for perceived stress ( B = -0.095, p = 0.109). Conclusion Perceived social support is associated with lower levels of athlete burnout, both through its overall negative association with burnout and through a significant statistical indirect pathway involving perceived stress. These findings highlight the importance of strengthening athletes’ social support systems and addressing perceived stress in competitive sports settings. Given the cross-sectional design, the findings should be interpreted as associations rather than evidence of causal mediation.

Introduction: During the first year of the COVID-19 pandemic, the global prevalence of anxiety and depression rose by about 25%, with women and young people most affected. Now that the emergency phase is over, it is necessary to know the mental health status of university students' families, a group that is rarely measured directly. Objective: To describe the levels of anxiety, depression and perceived stress among nursing students and their family members, and to explore their relationship with age, gender, socioeconomic stratum and religion. Methods: Quantitative, descriptive, cross-sectional study with non-probability convenience sampling. Thirty-nine people aged 17 to 79 took part: third-semester nursing students at Universidad Metropolitana de Barranquilla and their family members. The GAD-7, the PHQ-9 and the 10-item Perceived Stress Scale (PSS-10) were administered. Associations were tested with the chi-square test and, because of the small cell counts, with an exact test estimated by Monte Carlo simulation.Results: Of the participants, 67% were women, 31% were aged 17 to 25, 49% belonged to socioeconomic stratum 2 and 87% were Catholic. Absence of symptoms and mild levels predominated. Mild anxiety was the most frequent category among those aged 17 to 25 (66.7%), and 25% of those aged 44 to 52 had severe anxiety. The chi-square test suggested an association between age and anxiety (p = 0.046), but the exact test did not confirm it (p = 0.080). No other variable was significantly associated with anxiety, depression or stress. Conclusions: Participants mostly showed mild or no symptoms, with no significant differences by sociodemographic variables. The cross-sectional design and the sample size do not allow these levels to be attributed to the pandemic, but the cases of severe anxiety and moderately severe depression among middle-aged family members warrant follow-up of family mental health in the post-pandemic period.

Background Everyday stress and social inhibition are relevant to mental health during emerging adulthood. Daily psychological richness may help explain the temporal association between perceived stress and subsequent social inhibition. Methods In a 15-day diary study, 186 emerging adults provided 2,790 observations of perceived stress, psychological richness, and social inhibition. Perceived social support was assessed at the person level. Two-level dynamic structural equation modeling (DSEM) was used to examine lagged associations and cross-level moderation. Results Higher perceived stress was associated with lower psychological richness the following day [estimate = −0.588, 95% highest posterior density credible interval (HPD CrI) (−0.672, −0.501)]. Psychological richness was negatively associated with social inhibition on the subsequent day [estimate = −0.093, 95% HPD CrI (−0.108, −0.079)], and perceived stress showed a positive direct association with social inhibition 2 days later [estimate = 0.224, 95% HPD CrI (0.192, 0.257)]. Higher perceived social support was associated with weaker stress–richness and direct stress–inhibition associations. The credible interval for moderation of the richness–inhibition path included zero. The conditional indirect association was smaller at high than low support [difference = −0.040, 95% HPD CrI (−0.065, −0.016)]. Conclusion The findings identify a temporally ordered indirect association involving daily psychological richness and support-related differences in stress-linked pathways. They inform further research on everyday psychosocial experiences and social functioning among emerging adults.

Background Digital systems are integral to nursing practice, but sustained digital engagement may be accompanied by fatigue. The roles of general fear of missing out (FoMO) and perceived stress in the association between digital fatigue and nurses’ job burnout remain unclear. Guided by conservation of resources theory, this study examined the separate and serial indirect associations through FoMO and perceived stress. Method A cross-sectional survey included 554 clinical nurses recruited by convenience sampling from five tertiary Grade A hospitals in Hunan, China, between January and May 2026. Self-report measures assessed the four constructs. Structural equation modeling with bootstrap confidence intervals examined the proposed associations. Results Digital fatigue remained positively associated with job burnout when FoMO and perceived stress were included in the model. Positive indirect associations were identified through each variable separately and through FoMO followed by perceived stress (effect = 0.041, 95% CI [0.021, 0.066]). Conclusion Digital fatigue was positively associated with nurses’ job burnout, both directly and indirectly through general FoMO and perceived stress. Hospital managers could assess digital fatigue, stress, and burnout when reviewing digital workflows. Clearer expectations for responding to work messages and protected recovery time warrant prospective evaluation, including effects on staff wellbeing, workflow, and patient safety.

Objective Operating room nurses work long-term in high-intensity, high-risk environments and suffer from a high prevalence of occupational fatigue, which seriously affects their physical and mental health as well as patient safety. Based on the Job Demand-Control-Support (JDCS) model, this study aimed to examine the mediating role of perceived stress between the dimensions of the JDCS model and occupational fatigue—including acute fatigue, chronic fatigue, and inter-shift recovery—among operating room nurses. Methods This multi-center cross-sectional study was conducted from August to September 2026, enrolling 1,122 operating room nurses from 9 tertiary Grade-A hospitals in eastern, central, and western China. A general information questionnaire, the Occupational Fatigue Exhaustion Recovery Scale, the Perceived Stress Scale (PSS-10), and the Job Content Questionnaire (JCQ) were administered. SPSS 25.0 was used for descriptive statistics, difference analysis, correlation analysis, and hierarchical multiple regression; AMOS 21.0 was used to construct a structural equation model, and the bias-corrected Bootstrap method was employed to test mediating effects. Results The scores of acute fatigue, chronic fatigue, and inter-shift recovery among operating room nurses were 45.55 ± 18.77, 44.13 ± 17.89, and 56.27 ± 17.83, respectively, indicating an overall moderate level of occupational fatigue. The perceived stress score was 21.01 ± 5.24; job demand was 36.44 ± 4.80; job control was 71.54 ± 18.07; and social support was 24.02 ± 6.61. Hierarchical regression showed that, after controlling for demographic and work characteristics, job demand, job control, and social support remained independent correlates of all three outcomes (acute fatigue model R 2 = 0.460, chronic fatigue R 2 = 0.305, inter-shift recovery R 2 = 0.353). The structural equation model showed that job demand positively predicted perceived stress ( β = 0.182, p < 0.001), while job control ( β = −0.251, p = 0.033) and social support ( β = −0.168, p = 0.040) negatively predicted perceived stress. Perceived stress positively predicted acute fatigue ( β = 0.336, p < 0.001) and chronic fatigue ( β = 0.209, p < 0.001), and negatively predicted inter-shift recovery ( β = −0.134, p = 0.029). Bootstrap tests indicated that perceived stress played a significant partial mediating role between job demand, job control, and social support and the outcomes of acute fatigue, chronic fatigue, and inter-shift recovery, although the indirect effects were small in magnitude (proportion mediated 3.41–17.35%). Conclusion Occupational fatigue among operating room nurses in 9 tertiary Grade-A hospitals is at a moderate level, and inter-shift recovery needs improvement. Perceived stress acted as a mediating variable linking JDCS dimensions to occupational fatigue, although the mediating effects were modest in magnitude. Nursing managers can improve occupational fatigue and recovery among operating room nurses by reducing unreasonable job demands, enhancing job control, strengthening social support, and alleviating perceived stress.

Background: Workplace stress, anxiety, burnout and psychological distress are important concerns affecting employee well-being and organisational performance. The increasing use of artificial intelligence (AI) in digital mental health support offers opportunities for accessible and timely assistance, while raising concerns regarding privacy, informed consent, algorithmic bias, clinical safety, accountability and human oversight. This study aims to examine the potential role and responsible integration of AI-based psychiatric counselling for managing employee stress and supporting workplace mental health by 2030. Materials and Methods: A mixed-methods research design will be used, combining quantitative survey data with qualitative interviews. The quantitative component will include approximately 350–450 employees, while the qualitative component will involve approximately 25–35 interviews with HR professionals, organisational leaders, EAP professionals and mental health practitioners. Data will assess perceived stress, anxiety, burnout, psychological safety, trust, confidentiality, privacy concerns, AI counselling acceptance and willingness to use AI-based mental health support. Quantitative data will be analysed using descriptive statistics, reliability testing, correlation, regression, t-tests, ANOVA and appropriate mediation or moderation analyses. Qualitative data will be analysed thematically. Results: The study is expected to identify factors influencing employee acceptance and trust in AI-based psychiatric counselling and to examine the role of privacy, human oversight, psychological safety and organisational support in its responsible adoption. Conclusion: AI-based psychiatric counselling may serve as a supportive component of workplace mental health systems, particularly for early support, psychoeducation, self-help and triage. However, it should complement rather than replace qualified mental health professionals. Responsible implementation will require privacy safeguards, informed consent, clinical oversight, transparency, fairness, accountability and clear referral pathways.

زمینه: استرس محیط کار، اضطراب، فرسودگی شغلی و پریشانی روان‌شناختی از دغدغه‌های مهمی هستند که بهزیستی کارکنان و عملکرد سازمانی را تحت تأثیر قرار می‌دهند. افزایش استفاده از هوش مصنوعی (AI) در حمایت دیجیتال سلامت روان، فرصت‌هایی برای دسترسی و کمک به‌موقع فراهم می‌کند، در حالی که نگرانی‌هایی درباره حریم خصوصی، رضایت آگاهانه، سوگیری الگوریتمی، ایمنی بالینی، مسئولیت‌پذیری و نظارت انسانی ایجاد می‌کند. هدف این مطالعه بررسی نقش بالقوه و ادغام مسئولانه مشاوره روان‌پزشکی مبتنی بر هوش مصنوعی برای مدیریت استرس کارکنان و حمایت از سلامت روان محیط کار تا سال ۲۰۳۰ است. مواد و روش‌ها: از طرح پژوهشی آمیخته استفاده خواهد شد که داده‌های پیمایش کمی را با مصاحبه‌های کیفی ترکیب می‌کند. بخش کمی شامل حدود ۳۵۰ تا ۴۵۰ نفر از کارکنان خواهد بود و بخش کیفی شامل حدود ۲۵ تا ۳۵ مصاحبه با متخصصان منابع انسانی، رهبران سازمانی، متخصصان EAP و درمانگران سلامت روان خواهد بود. داده‌ها میزان استرس ادراک‌شده، اضطراب، فرسودگی شغلی، ایمنی روان‌شناختی، اعتماد، محرمانگی، نگرانی‌های مربوط به حریم خصوصی، پذیرش مشاوره مبتنی بر هوش مصنوعی و تمایل به استفاده از حمایت سلامت روان مبتنی بر هوش مصنوعی را ارزیابی خواهند کرد. داده‌های کمی با استفاده از آمار توصیفی، آزمون پایایی، همبستگی، رگرسیون، آزمون t، ANOVA و تحلیل‌های میانجی‌گری یا تعدیل‌گری مناسب تحلیل می‌شوند. داده‌های کیفی به صورت مضمون‌محور تحلیل خواهند شد. نتایج: انتظار می‌رود مطالعه عوامل مؤثر بر پذیرش و اعتماد کارکنان به مشاوره روان‌پزشکی مبتنی بر هوش مصنوعی را شناسایی کند و نقش حریم خصوصی، نظارت انسانی، ایمنی روان‌شناختی و حمایت سازمانی را در پذیرش مسئولانه آن بررسی نماید. نتیجه‌گیری: مشاوره روان‌پزشکی مبتنی بر هوش مصنوعی می‌تواند به عنوان بخشی حمایتی از نظام‌های سلامت روان محیط کار، به ویژه برای حمایت اولیه، آموزش روانی، خودیاری و ارجاع اولیه مورد استفاده قرار گیرد. با این حال، باید مکمل و نه جایگزین متخصصان واجد شرایط سلامت روان باشد. اجرای مسئولانه نیازمند تضمین‌های حریم خصوصی، رضایت آگاهانه، نظارت بالینی، شفافیت، انصاف، مسئولیت‌پذیری و مسیرهای ارجاع روشن خواهد بود.

Irritability is a common and functionally impairing affective experience in young adults, yet its momentary dynamics and connections to everyday functioning remain poorly understood in non-clinical populations. Using ecological momentary assessment, this study examined how stable trait irritability relates to fluctuating state irritability in college-attending young adults, and how these dimensions are differentially associated with daily physical and mental functioning in the context of perceived stress and affective states. Trait irritability was associated with poorer physical functioning but showed no statistically meaningful association with mental functioning, suggesting a more enduring connection with somatic and activity-related domains. In contrast, state irritability emerged as the primary within-person correlate of impaired mental functioning, with only a modest association with physical functioning, indicating that day-to-day fluctuations of irritability are more related to impairments in psychological well-being. Both between-person differences and within-person changes in perceived stress and negative affect were linked to corresponding shifts in state irritability. Positive affect notably was associated with better daily functioning across physical and mental domains. Together, these findings position irritability as a multidimensional construct with distinct trait and state pathways to physical and mental functioning, underscoring the importance of contextual stress and affective states in the expression of irritability.

تحریک‌پذیری یک تجربه عاطفی رایج و مختل‌کننده عملکرد در بزرگسالان جوان است، اما پویایی‌های لحظه‌ای آن و ارتباطش با عملکرد روزمره در جمعیت‌های غیر بالینی به‌خوبی شناخته نشده است. با استفاده از ارزیابی لحظه‌ای بوم‌شناختی، این پژوهش بررسی کرد که چگونه تحریک‌پذیری صفتی پایدار با تحریک‌پذیری حالتی متغیر در بزرگسالان جوان دانشجو مرتبط است و این ابعاد چگونه به‌طور متفاوتی با عملکرد جسمی و روانی روزانه در زمینه استرس ادراک‌شده و حالات عاطفی ارتباط دارند. تحریک‌پذیری صفتی با عملکرد جسمی ضعیف‌تر مرتبط بود اما ارتباط آماری معناداری با عملکرد روانی نشان نداد، که حاکی از پیوندی پایدارتر با حوزه‌های جسمانی و مرتبط با فعالیت است. در مقابل، تحریک‌پذیری حالتی به‌عنوان همبسته اصلی درون‌فردی اختلال عملکرد روانی ظاهر شد و تنها ارتباط اندکی با عملکرد جسمی داشت، که نشان می‌دهد نوسانات روزانه تحریک‌پذیری بیشتر با اختلال در بهزیستی روان‌شناختی مرتبط است. هم تفاوت‌های بین‌فردی و هم تغییرات درون‌فردی در استرس ادراک‌شده و عاطفه منفی با تغییرات متناظر در تحریک‌پذیری حالتی مرتبط بودند. عاطفه مثبت به‌طور قابل توجهی با عملکرد بهتر روزانه در حوزه‌های جسمی و روانی همراه بود. این یافته‌ها در مجموع تحریک‌پذیری را به‌عنوان سازه‌ای چندبعدی با مسیرهای متمایز صفتی و حالتی به‌سوی عملکرد جسمی و روانی معرفی می‌کند و بر اهمیت استرس زمینه‌ای و حالات عاطفی در بروز تحریک‌پذیری تأکید دارد.

The period of university studies is associated with numerous stressors that can negatively affect the psychological functioning of young adults. This study aimed to investigate the relationship between perceived stress levels, preferred coping strategies, and psychological resilience. The analysis focused on resilience as a potential moderator of the relationship between coping strategies and stress intensity. The study included 607 Polish students. A significant part of the group was medical students (61.72%). The study employed the Perceived Stress Scale (PSS-10), the Coping Inventory (Mini-COPE), the Resilience Scale (SPP-25), and used an author-developed questionnaire to collect sociodemographic information. The respondents exhibited moderate stress intensity (M = 22.54; SD = 7.04) and a moderately high level of general resilience (M = 59.39; SD = 15.37). Among coping strategies, acceptance (M = 1.94) and active coping (M = 1.85) were chosen most frequently, while turning to religion and helplessness were chosen least frequently. Analysis of personal resources showed the highest scores in openness to experience and sense of humor. Interaction effects rarely reached statistical significance. The study group showed a profile of students who were stressed but had functional coping resources. The moderation analysis results indicate the complex nature of the relationships among the variables studied—although psychological resilience is a key resource, its role as a moderator of the relationship between coping strategies and stress is not universal and emerges only in specific areas of functioning. The data obtained suggest that psychological interventions should focus on strengthening existing resources (such as active coping) and developing resilience, which may serve as a buffer against the negative effects of academic stress.

دوره تحصیلات دانشگاهی با عوامل استرس‌زای متعددی همراه است که می‌توانند عملکرد روان‌شناختی بزرگسالان جوان را به طور منفی تحت تأثیر قرار دهند. هدف این پژوهش بررسی رابطه بین سطوح استرس ادراک‌شده، راهبردهای مقابله‌ای ترجیحی و تاب‌آوری روان‌شناختی بود. تحلیل‌ها بر تاب‌آوری به عنوان یک تعدیل‌گر بالقوه در رابطه بین راهبردهای مقابله‌ای و شدت استرس متمرکز شد. این پژوهش شامل ۶۰۷ دانشجوی لهستانی بود که بخش قابل توجهی از گروه را دانشجویان پزشکی (۶۱٫۷۲٪) تشکیل می‌دادند. در این مطالعه از مقیاس استرس ادراک‌شده (PSS-10)، فهرست مقابله (Mini-COPE)، مقیاس تاب‌آوری (SPP-25) و پرسشنامه‌ای تدوین‌شده توسط نویسندگان برای جمع‌آوری اطلاعات جمعیت‌شناختی استفاده شد. پاسخ‌دهندگان شدت متوسطی از استرس (M = 22.54؛ SD = 7.04) و سطح نسبتاً بالایی از تاب‌آوری کلی (M = 59.39؛ SD = 15.37) را نشان دادند. در میان راهبردهای مقابله‌ای، پذیرش (M = 1.94) و مقابله فعال (M = 1.85) بیشترین فراوانی را داشتند، در حالی که گرایش به مذهب و درماندگی کمترین فراوانی را داشتند. تحلیل منابع فردی بالاترین نمرات را در گشودگی نسبت به تجربه و حس شوخ‌طبعی نشان داد. اثرات تعاملی به ندرت به سطح معناداری آماری رسیدند. گروه مورد مطالعه، نمایه‌ای از دانشجویان را نشان داد که دچار استرس بودند اما منابع مقابله‌ای کارآمدی داشتند. نتایج تحلیل تعدیل‌گری، ماهیت پیچیده روابط میان متغیرهای مورد بررسی را نشان می‌دهد—اگرچه تاب‌آوری روان‌شناختی یک منبع کلیدی است، نقش آن به عنوان تعدیل‌گر رابطه بین راهبردهای مقابله‌ای و استرس همگانی نیست و تنها در حوزه‌های خاصی از عملکرد ظاهر می‌شود. داده‌های به‌دست‌آمده حاکی از آن است که مداخلات روان‌شناختی باید بر تقویت منابع موجود (مانند مقابله فعال) و توسعه تاب‌آوری متمرکز شوند، که می‌تواند به عنوان یک سپر در برابر اثرات منفی استرس تحصیلی عمل کند.

Physical interior elements are increasingly becoming roboticised to support occupant needs. Partitions, ceilings, and furniture can now physically and autonomously change shape or move to architecturally “adapt” indoor spaces, with the aim of improving occupant comfort, satisfaction, and wellbeing. However, occupants sometimes reject these adaptations when they are perceived as disruptive, unpredictable, or difficult to control. Motivated by the goal of making architectural robots more acceptable, we involved an interdisciplinary team of experts in human-building interaction, human-robot interaction, psychology, anthropology, and human comfort to qualitatively re-analyze how occupants accepted adaptations across three previous studies on robotic partitions. We found that an occupant tended to accept an adaptation when they recognized a personal need that the architectural robot was capable of addressing in a socially justifiable way. Accordingly, we developed the Architectural Robot Acceptance Model (ARAM), in which three qualitative thresholds along a continuum of perceived stress severity define four distinct acceptance responses to a specific adaptation. As the positions of these thresholds may vary across occupants and situations, ARAM supports testable estimates of how an occupant may respond to different appraisal states of personal need, adaptation capability, and social justification. Because architectural robot adaptations may simultaneously be experienced as robotic behaviors, building automation, and socially situated environmental adjustments, ARAM is particularly relevant to individual adaptations that enter occupants' spatial experience and may affect co-located others. We then discuss how the model can inform situated estimates of occupant acceptance of architectural robot adaptations, and outline how its broader relevance to other robotic, automated, intelligent, and smart technologies embedded in the built environment may be evaluated in future work.

عناصر فیزیکی داخلی به طور فزاینده‌ای رباتیک می‌شوند تا نیازهای ساکنان را پشتیبانی کنند. دیوارهای جداکننده، سقف‌ها و مبلمان اکنون می‌توانند به صورت فیزیکی و خودکار شکل خود را تغییر دهند یا جابه‌جا شوند تا فضاهای داخلی را به طور معماری «سازگار» کنند، با هدف بهبود راحتی، رضایت و سلامت روانی ساکنان. با این حال، گاهی ساکنان این سازگاری‌ها را زمانی که آن‌ها را مخرب، غیرقابل پیش‌بینی یا دشوار برای کنترل درک می‌کنند، رد می‌کنند. با انگیزه افزایش پذیرش ربات‌های معماری، یک تیم میان‌رشته‌ای از متخصصان تعامل انسان-ساختمان، تعامل انسان-ربات، روان‌شناسی، انسان‌شناسی و راحتی انسان را درگیر کردیم تا به طور کیفی بازتحلیل کنیم که چگونه ساکنان در سه پژوهش پیشین درباره دیوارهای جداکننده رباتیک، سازگاری‌ها را پذیرفته‌اند. دریافتیم که یک ساکن زمانی تمایل به پذیرش یک سازگاری دارد که یک نیاز شخصی را تشخیص دهد که ربات معماری قادر به پاسخگویی به آن به شیوه‌ای اجتماعی-قابل توجیه باشد. بر این اساس، مدل پذیرش ربات معماری (ARAM) را توسعه دادیم که در آن سه آستانه کیفی در امتداد یک پیوستار شدت استرس ادراک‌شده، چهار پاسخ پذیرش متمایز نسبت به یک سازگاری خاص را تعریف می‌کند. از آنجا که موقعیت این آستانه‌ها ممکن است در میان ساکنان و موقعیت‌ها متفاوت باشد، آرام امکان برآوردهای آزمون‌پذیر از نحوه واکنش یک ساکن به وضعیت‌های ارزیابی نیاز شخصی، قابلیت سازگاری و توجیه اجتماعی را فراهم می‌کند. از آنجا که سازگاری‌های رباتیک معماری ممکن است همزمان به عنوان رفتارهای رباتیک، خودکارسازی ساختمان و تنظیمات محیطی اجتماعی-موقعیتی تجربه شوند، آرام به ویژه برای سازگاری‌های فردی که وارد تجربه فضایی ساکنان می‌شوند و ممکن است بر دیگران هم‌مکان تأثیر بگذارند، مرتبط است. سپس بحث می‌کنیم که چگونه این مدل می‌تواند برآوردهای موقعیتی از پذیرش ساکنان نسبت به سازگاری‌های رباتیک معماری را اطلاع‌رسانی کند و چگونگی ارزیابی ارتباط گسترده‌تر آن با سایر فناوری‌های رباتیک، خودکار، هوشمند و هوش‌مند تعبیه‌شده در محیط ساخته‌شده را در پژوهش‌های آتی ترسیم می‌کنیم.

Background: This study examined the association between cohabitation status and masticatory discomfort among older adults in Korea.Methods: This cross-sectional study analyzed 8 years of data from the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES), from 2016 to 2023.This study included 13,416 adults aged 65 years or older.The independent variable was cohabitation status with a spouse or partner, categorized as yes or no, and the dependent variable was self-reported masticatory discomfort.Complex-samples frequency analysis and cross-tabulation analyses were performed, followed by complex-samples logistic regression analysis to evaluate the association between cohabitation status with a spouse or partner and masticatory discomfort.Sampling weights were applied to account for the complex-sampling design of KNHANES.Results: Overall, 36.2% of the older adults experienced masticatory discomfort.The prevalence of masticatory discomfort was significantly higher among older adults who did not cohabit with a spouse or partner than among those cohabiting with a spouse or partner (43.0% vs. 33.0%,p＜0.001).In the unadjusted model, the odds of masticatory discomfort were higher among older adults who did not cohabit with a spouse or partner than among those who did (odds ratio [OR]=1.532,95% confidence interval [CI]=1.403∼1.674,p＜0.001).After adjusting for age, sociodemographic characteristics, health behaviors, systemic disease, perceived stress, and activity limitations, the association remained statistically significant (OR=1.171,95% CI=1.038∼1.320,p=0.010).Conclusion: Cohabitation with a spouse or partner was independently associated with masticatory discomfort in older adults in Korea.These findings suggest that the spouse/partner cohabitation status should be considered alongside clinical and health-related factors when identifying older adults who are vulnerable to oral function deterioration.Community-based oral health programs may benefit from incorporating the spouse/partner cohabitation status into screening and preventive oral health strategies for older adults.

زمینه: این مطالعه به بررسی ارتباط وضعیت هم‌زیستی با همسر یا شریک زندگی و ناراحتی جویدنی در بزرگسالان سالمند در کره پرداخت. روش‌ها: این مطالعه مقطعی داده‌های هشت ساله حاصل از پیمایش ملی سلامت و تغذیه کره (KNHANES) از سال 2016 تا 2023 را تحلیل کرد. در این مطالعه، ۱۳٬۴۱۶ فرد بزرگسال با سن ۶۵ سال یا بیشتر وارد شدند. متغیر مستقل، وضعیت هم‌زیستی با همسر یا شریک زندگی بود که به صورت بله یا خیر دسته‌بندی شد و متغیر وابسته، ناراحتی جویدنی خودگزارش‌شده بود. تحلیل فراوانی نمونه‌های پیچیده و تحلیل جداول توافقی انجام شد و سپس تحلیل رگرسیون لجستیک نمونه‌های پیچیده برای ارزیابی ارتباط بین وضعیت هم‌زیستی با همسر یا شریک زندگی و ناراحتی جویدنی به کار رفت. وزن‌دهی نمونه‌ها برای در نظر گرفتن طرح نمونه‌گیری پیچیده KNHANES اعمال شد. نتایج: به طور کلی، ۳۶/۲٪ از سالمندان ناراحتی جویدنی را تجربه کردند. شیوع ناراحتی جویدنی در میان سالمندانی که با همسر یا شریک زندگی خود هم‌زیست نبودند به طور معناداری بیشتر از افرادی بود که با همسر یا شریک زندگی خود هم‌زیست بودند (۴۳/۰٪ در مقابل ۳۳/۰٪، p<۰/۰۰۱). در مدل بدون تعدیل، شانس ناراحتی جویدنی در سالمندانی که با همسر یا شریک زندگی خود هم‌زیست نبودند بیشتر از افرادی بود که هم‌زیست بودند (نسبت شانس [OR]=۱/۵۳۲، فاصله اطمینان ۹۵٪ [CI]=۱/۴۰۳ تا ۱/۶۷۴، p<۰/۰۰۱). پس از تعدیل برای سن، ویژگی‌های اجتماعی-جمعیتی، رفتارهای سلامت، بیماری سیستمیک، استرس ادراک‌شده و محدودیت‌های فعالیت، این ارتباط همچنان از نظر آماری معنادار باقی ماند (OR=۱/۱۷۱، CI ۹۵٪=۱/۰۳۸ تا ۱/۳۲۰، p=۰/۰۱۰). نتیجه‌گیری: هم‌زیستی با همسر یا شریک زندگی به طور مستقل با ناراحتی جویدنی در سالمندان کره‌ای مرتبط بود. این یافته‌ها نشان می‌دهد که وضعیت هم‌زیستی با همسر یا شریک زندگی باید در کنار عوامل بالینی و مرتبط با سلامت هنگام شناسایی سالمندانی که در معرض خطر افت عملکرد دهانی هستند، مورد توجه قرار گیرد. برنامه‌های سلامت دهان مبتنی بر جامعه می‌توانند از گنجاندن وضعیت هم‌زیستی با همسر یا شریک زندگی در راهبردهای غربالگری و پیشگیری سلامت دهان برای سالمندان بهره‌مند شوند.

This paper aims to understand the patient experiences of women who suffered a miscarriage during the COVID-19 pandemic and examine the relationships of patient experience with miscarriage management, psychological distress, and COVID-19-related stressors. A convergent parallel mixed-methods design combined cross-sectional survey data and qualitative descriptive interviews. Seventy-one women in North Carolina who experienced a miscarriage during the COVID-19 stay-at-home mandates were assessed on patient experience, miscarriage management, perceived stress, anxiety, depression, posttraumatic stress, and COVID-19–related stressors. In-depth interviews were conducted with a subsample of 18 participants. Quantitative and qualitative findings of the subsample were integrated using a joint display to examine the level of convergence. Approximately half of participants reported poor patient experiences (52%), and half reported good patient experiences (48%). COVID-19–related stressors, including inability to have a support person present and access to care disruptions, did not differ significantly between groups. Participants reporting poor patient experiences had significantly higher levels of perceived stress, anxiety, and depressive symptoms (p < .05). Among those receiving medical and/or surgical management, good patient experiences were associated with lower psychological distress; this pattern was not observed among participants undergoing expectant management. Qualitative findings identified four categories shaping miscarriage care: Access to Care, Healthcare Provider Interactions, Healthcare Support Staff Interactions, and Healthcare System Interactions. Data integration demonstrated strong convergence for all four subcategories of the Healthcare Provider Interactions category; moderate convergence for access to care; and weak convergence for healthcare support staff interactions and healthcare system interactions. Findings underscore the central role of provider and nursing interpersonal care in shaping patient experiences and psychological well-being following miscarriage, even amid COVID-19-related system disruptions. Results highlight the need for structured follow-up, emotionally supportive care, and attention to organizational policies to improve miscarriage care during public health crises.

هدف این مقاله، درک تجربه بیماران زنانی است که در دوران پاندمی کووید-۱۹ دچار سقط جنین شده‌اند و بررسی روابط تجربه بیمار با مدیریت سقط جنین، پریشانی روان‌شناختی و عوامل استرس‌زای مرتبط با کووید-۱۹ می‌باشد. طرح پژوهش ترکیبی همگرا و موازی، داده‌های پیمایش مقطعی و مصاحبه‌های توصیفی کیفی را ترکیب کرده است. هفتاد و یک زن در کارولینای شمالی که در طول دستورات ماندن در خانه کووید-۱۹ دچار سقط جنین شده بودند، از نظر تجربه بیمار، مدیریت سقط جنین، استرس ادراک‌شده، اضطراب، افسردگی، استرس پس از سانحه و عوامل استرس‌زای مرتبط با کووید-۱۹ مورد ارزیابی قرار گرفتند. مصاحبه‌های عمیق با زیرنمونه‌ای متشکل از ۱۸ شرکت‌کننده انجام شد. یافته‌های کمی و کیفی زیرنمونه با استفاده از نمایش مشترک برای بررسی سطح همگرایی ادغام شد. تقریباً نیمی از شرکت‌کنندگان تجربه بیمار ضعیف (۵۲٪) و نیمی دیگر تجربه بیمار خوب (۴۸٪) را گزارش کردند. عوامل استرس‌زای مرتبط با کووید-۱۹، از جمله عدم امکان حضور فرد حمایت‌کننده و اختلال در دسترسی به مراقبت، بین گروه‌ها تفاوت معناداری نداشت. شرکت‌کنندگانی که تجربه بیمار ضعیف را گزارش کردند، سطوح بالاتری از استرس ادراک‌شده، اضطراب و نشانه‌های افسردگی داشتند (p < .05). در میان افرادی که مدیریت پزشکی و/یا جراحی دریافت کردند، تجربه بیمار خوب با پریشانی روان‌شناختی کمتر همراه بود؛ این الگو در میان شرکت‌کنندگانی که مدیریت انتظاری را تجربه کردند مشاهده نشد. یافته‌های کیفی چهار مقوله شکل‌دهنده مراقبت از سقط جنین را شناسایی کرد: دسترسی به مراقبت، تعامل با ارائه‌دهندگان مراقبت بهداشتی، تعامل با کارکنان پشتیبانی مراقبت بهداشتی و تعامل با نظام مراقبت بهداشتی. ادغام داده‌ها همگرایی قوی برای هر چهار زیرمقوله تعامل با ارائه‌دهندگان مراقبت بهداشتی، همگرایی متوسط برای دسترسی به مراقبت و همگرایی ضعیف برای تعامل با کارکنان پشتیبانی مراقبت بهداشتی و تعامل با نظام مراقبت بهداشتی را نشان داد. یافته‌ها نقش محوری مراقبت بین‌فردی ارائه‌دهندگان و پرستاران را در شکل‌دهی تجربه بیماران و بهزیستی روان‌شناختی پس از سقط جنین، حتی در میان اختلالات نظام ناشی از کووید-۱۹، برجسته می‌کند. نتایج بر نیاز به پیگیری ساختارمند، مراقبت عاطفی حمایت‌کننده و توجه به سیاست‌های سازمانی برای بهبود مراقبت از سقط جنین در دوران بحران‌های سلامت عمومی تأکید دارد.