Psychological distress during young adulthood may be influenced by early emotional experiences and current interpersonal relationships. The current study investigates the relationship between childhood emotional neglect, peer support and psychological distress in young adults. A quantitative research design was used with 200 participants aged 18-25 years selected through purposive sampling from educational institutions of Lahore. Childhood emotional neglect, peer support and psychological distress were measured with the Childhood Emotional Neglect Questionnaire (CENQ), Multidimensional Scale of Perceived social support (MSPSS), and Kessler Psychological Distress Scale (K10), respectively. Data were analyzed using Pearson- product moment correlation, hierarchical regression, PROCESS moderation analysis and one way ANOVA. Childhood emotional neglect was significantly and positively associated with psychological distress while peer support was not significantly and directly associated with psychological distress. Hierarchical regression indicates that psychological distress was significantly predicted by childhood emotional neglect, while peer support was not a significant direct predictor. The regression model explained 12.5% of variance in psychological distress. Moderation analysis showed significant interaction effects of friends’ support (P= .017) and family support (P= .032), indicating that these sources of support moderated the relationship between childhood emotional neglect and psychological distress. There were significant socio-economic differences for childhood emotional and peer support, but not for psychological distress. The findings highlight the importance of considering childhood emotional experiences and interpersonal resources when understanding psychological distress among young adults.
University students who live away from their families may experience loneliness and depressive symptoms, while perceived social support may alter this relationship. This study examined the associations among loneliness, perceived social support, and depressive symptoms and tested whether perceived social support moderated the loneliness-depressive symptoms relationship. A cross-sectional quantitative design involved 396 university students living in boarding houses in Yogyakarta. Data were analyzed using Pearson correlations and moderated multiple regression. Perceived social support was negatively associated with depressive symptoms. Loneliness was also significantly associated with depressive symptoms, but the direction was negative and therefore did not support the proposed positive hypothesis. The interaction between loneliness and perceived social support was significant, indicating that the loneliness slope differed across levels of support. The findings highlight the relevance of perceived social support for student mental health while also showing that the unexpected loneliness pattern requires cautious interpretation and replication.
The present study aimed at examining relationship between sociotropy and autonomy with self-esteem and anxiety in adults in Pakistan and to test the moderation effect of perceived social support in the relationships between sociotropy and autonomy with self-esteem and anxiety. Methods: A quantitative correlational design was used. The sample consisted of 500 healthy unmarried individuals aged 18-29 years who were selected from government and private universities across the country, using a purposive sampling technique. The Personal Style Inventory, Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support, Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale, and the anxiety subscale of the Depression Anxiety Stress Scales-21 were all filled out by the participants. Data were processed in SPSS version 26, descriptive statistics, Pearson product-moment correlation, Hayes' PROCESS Macro Model 1 and internal consistency analysis were used. Results: There was a significant correlation between sociotropy and anxiety (r=.22, p<.01) and with perceived social support (r=.29, p<.01), but not with self-esteem (r=-.05, p=.267). Self-esteem (r=.15, p<.01), anxiety (r=.12, p<.01) and perceived social support (r=.20, p<.01) were positively related to autonomy. Perceived social support was shown to be significantly positively related to self-esteem (r=.14, p<.01) and, surprisingly, not significantly related to anxiety (r≈0, p=.977). Sociotropy × perceived social support interactions were significant for self-esteem (B=.002, p=.026) and anxiety (B=.001, p=.010), but the autonomy × perceived social support interactions were not significant for self-esteem (B≈0, p=.750) or anxiety (B≈0, p=.569). Conclusion: The results suggest that the sociotropic orientation is related to higher anxiety and that perceived social support modifies the relationship between sociotropy and self-esteem and anxiety. A positive relationship was found between autonomy and self-esteem and autonomy and anxiety; and perceived social support did not significantly change these relationships. These findings underline the need for taking both vulnerability and inter-personal resources into account to comprehend anxiety in young adults in Pakistan.
Families raising children with special educational needs (SEN) may experience adversities. However, previous research has focused on individual children, and limited research has examined family polyvictimization (FPV) and SEN correlates from a family-centered perspective. This study analyzed data from a family-based survey conducted in Hong Kong between August 2022 and March 2023, comparing families with and without children with SEN. A total of 1,400 respondents participated (mean age = 39.75 years, SD = 6.99; 75.4% female), each representing one participating family. Of these respondents, 130 reporting children with SEN and 1,270 without. Respondents provided information on sociodemographic characteristics, family violence and FPV experiences, and health outcomes. Multivariable logistic regression identified factors associated with having children with SEN. Lifetime FPV prevalence was higher among families reporting children with SEN than among other families (23.1% vs. 8.2%). After adjustment for sociodemographic, family-context, psychosocial-attitude, and social-support variables, FPV was associated with higher odds of SEN-reporting family status (aOR = 2.630, 95% CI 1.529–4.524). Other adjusted correlates included lower family income, male dominance, violence socialization, lower perceived social support, violence against adult parents, children, and older family members, poorer respondent physical health, and lower child quality of life. These findings underscore the importance of viewing families raising children with SEN as a window for identifying family violence and call for early detection, systematic screening, and family-centered interventions. Future research should examine these associations over time and strengthen family-based support.
Background Perceived social support is an important psychosocial resource for competitive athletes, while perceived stress is closely associated with athlete burnout. Drawing on conservation of resources theory and the cognitive-transactional model of stress, this study examines the relationships among perceived social support, perceived stress, and athlete burnout. Objectives This study aims to investigate the associations among perceived social support, perceived stress, and athlete burnout in competitive athletes, with particular attention to the statistical mediating role of perceived stress. Results Using cluster sampling, questionnaire data were collected from 252 competitive athletes across various sports, including track and field, swimming, and football. The results showed that perceived social support was negatively correlated with perceived stress ( r = -0.478, p < 0.01) and athlete burnout ( r = -0.282, p < 0.01), whereas perceived stress was positively correlated with athlete burnout ( r = 0.421, p < 0.01). Mediation analysis revealed a significant indirect association between perceived social support and athlete burnout through perceived stress ( B = -0.161, 95% CI [-0.240, -0.093]). The direct association was not statistically significant after accounting for perceived stress ( B = -0.095, p = 0.109). Conclusion Perceived social support is associated with lower levels of athlete burnout, both through its overall negative association with burnout and through a significant statistical indirect pathway involving perceived stress. These findings highlight the importance of strengthening athletes’ social support systems and addressing perceived stress in competitive sports settings. Given the cross-sectional design, the findings should be interpreted as associations rather than evidence of causal mediation.
The aim of this study was to identify the latent profiles of young adults based on their levels of cyber victimization, perceived social support, self-compassion, and difficulties in emotion regulation (DER), and to examine whether these profiles differed according to gender and academic year. The study included 425 young adults enrolled at a public university in Türkiye. Data were collected using the Cyber Victimization Scale, the Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support, the Self-Compassion Scale–Short Form, and the Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale. Latent Profile Analysis (LPA) and the R3STEP procedure were used to analyze the data. The findings revealed four distinct latent profiles: The Protective Resources Profile, Low Self-Compassion / High DER Profile, Moderate Psychosocial Adjustment Profile, and High Self-Compassion / Average DER Profile. The R3STEP analysis indicated that gender was significantly associated with latent profile membership, whereas academic year showed limited associations. Specifically, compared with male students, female students were less likely to belong to the Low Self-Compassion / High DER Profile and the High Self-Compassion / Average DER Profile rather than the Protective Resources Profile, but were more likely to belong to the Moderate Psychosocial Adjustment Profile rather than the Low Self-Compassion / High DER Profile. Additionally, fourth-year students were more likely than first-year students to belong to the Low Self-Compassion / High DER Profile rather than the Protective Resources Profile.
Background Everyday stress and social inhibition are relevant to mental health during emerging adulthood. Daily psychological richness may help explain the temporal association between perceived stress and subsequent social inhibition. Methods In a 15-day diary study, 186 emerging adults provided 2,790 observations of perceived stress, psychological richness, and social inhibition. Perceived social support was assessed at the person level. Two-level dynamic structural equation modeling (DSEM) was used to examine lagged associations and cross-level moderation. Results Higher perceived stress was associated with lower psychological richness the following day [estimate = −0.588, 95% highest posterior density credible interval (HPD CrI) (−0.672, −0.501)]. Psychological richness was negatively associated with social inhibition on the subsequent day [estimate = −0.093, 95% HPD CrI (−0.108, −0.079)], and perceived stress showed a positive direct association with social inhibition 2 days later [estimate = 0.224, 95% HPD CrI (0.192, 0.257)]. Higher perceived social support was associated with weaker stress–richness and direct stress–inhibition associations. The credible interval for moderation of the richness–inhibition path included zero. The conditional indirect association was smaller at high than low support [difference = −0.040, 95% HPD CrI (−0.065, −0.016)]. Conclusion The findings identify a temporally ordered indirect association involving daily psychological richness and support-related differences in stress-linked pathways. They inform further research on everyday psychosocial experiences and social functioning among emerging adults.
College athletes face substantial challenges from the combined demands of academic study and athletic training, placing them at elevated risk for academic burnout (AB). This study examined how perceived social support (PSS) is associated with AB by testing the mediating roles of mental toughness (MT) and athlete burnout (ATHB) and the moderating effect of cognitive reappraisal (CR). Using a cross-sectional design, 1,918 college athletes from over 20 Chinese universities completed standardized questionnaires assessing PSS, MT, ATHB, CR, and AB. Serial and moderated serial mediation were analyzed with the PROCESS macro (Models 6 and 89) while controlling for demographic and sport-related variables. PSS was directly and negatively associated with AB (β = −0.122, p < 0.001), with significant indirect associations separately through MT and ATHB and sequentially through MT and ATHB. CR showed path-specific moderation: at higher levels of CR, the negative PSS–AB association was stronger, but so was the positive ATHB–AB association, whereas the MT–AB association did not differ significantly across CR levels. Thus, CR should not be interpreted as having a uniformly buffering role. These findings may inform future multicomponent support approaches aimed at strengthening PSS and MT and identifying and addressing ATHB, while applying CR-related training cautiously and with attention to the specific pathway involved. The effectiveness and boundary conditions of such approaches require longitudinal or experimental testing.
ورزشکاران دانشگاهی با چالشهای قابل توجهی ناشی از ترکیب الزامات تحصیلی و تمرینات ورزشی مواجه هستند که آنها را در معرض خطر بالای فرسودگی شغلی تحصیلی (AB) قرار میدهد. این مطالعه به بررسی ارتباط حمایت اجتماعی ادراکشده (PSS) با AB از طریق آزمون نقشهای میانجیگری سرسختی روانی (MT) و فرسودگی شغلی ورزشکار (ATHB) و همچنین اثر تعدیلگری بازارزیابی شناختی (CR) پرداخت. با استفاده از طرح مقطعی، ۱۹۱۸ ورزشکار دانشگاهی از بیش از ۲۰ دانشگاه چینی پرسشنامههای استاندارد ارزیابی PSS، MT، ATHB، CR و AB را تکمیل کردند. میانجیگری زنجیرهای و میانجیگری زنجیرهای تعدیلشده با استفاده از ماکروی PROCESS (مدلهای ۶ و ۸۹) و با کنترل متغیرهای جمعیتشناختی و مرتبط با ورزش تحلیل شد. PSS به طور مستقیم و منفی با AB ارتباط داشت (β = −0.122, p < 0.001) و ارتباطات غیرمستقیم معناداری به طور جداگانه از طریق MT و ATHB و به صورت متوالی از طریق MT و ATHB مشاهده شد. CR تعدیلگری خاص مسیر را نشان داد: در سطوح بالاتر CR، ارتباط منفی PSS–AB قویتر بود، اما ارتباط مثبت ATHB–AB نیز قویتر بود، در حالی که ارتباط MT–AB در سطوح مختلف CR تفاوت معناداری نداشت. بنابراین، CR نباید به عنوان یک نقش محافظتی یکنواخت تفسیر شود. این یافتهها میتوانند راهنمای رویکردهای حمایتی چندمولفهای آینده با هدف تقویت PSS و MT و شناسایی و رسیدگی به ATHB باشند، در حالی که آموزشهای مرتبط با CR باید با احتیاط و توجه به مسیر خاص مورد نظر به کار گرفته شود. اثربخشی و شرایط مرزی چنین رویکردهایی نیازمند آزمونهای طولی یا تجربی است.
Suicidal ideation in people with suicide attempt histories may reflect dispositional, contextual, and interpersonal factors. We examined associations among Dark Triad traits, life-event stress, perceived social support, and suicidal ideation in 235 adults with suicide attempt histories recruited from several hospitals and clinics in Iran (53.6% women, 46.4% men; mean age = 33.97 years, SD = 7.90). Participants completed validated self-report measures, and data were analyzed using Bayesian path models, regularized partial-correlation networks, and repeated nested cross-validated elastic-net regression. Across analyses, greater life-event stress was associated with lower perceived social support, and lower perceived support was associated with greater suicidal ideation. Narcissism showed the clearest positive association with suicidal ideation among the Dark Triad traits. The network placed perceived social support at a central position in the multivariable system, and cross-validation indicated that models including perceived social support performed better than models without it. These cross-sectional findings identify perceived social support and narcissism as consistent correlates of suicidal ideation but do not establish temporal or causal relations.
افکار خودکشی در افراد با سابقه اقدام به خودکشی ممکن است بازتابدهنده عوامل سرشتی، زمینهای و بینفردی باشد. در این پژوهش، ارتباط میان ویژگیهای سهگانه تاریک، استرس رویدادهای زندگی، حمایت اجتماعی ادراکشده و افکار خودکشی در ۲۳۵ بزرگسال با سابقه اقدام به خودکشی که از چندین بیمارستان و درمانگاه در ایران جذب شده بودند (۵۳/۶٪ زن، ۴۶/۴٪ مرد؛ میانگین سن = ۳۳/۹۷ سال، انحراف معیار = ۷/۹۰) بررسی شد. شرکتکنندگان پرسشنامههای خودگزارشدهی معتبر را تکمیل کردند و دادهها با استفاده از مدلهای مسیر بیزی، شبکههای همبستگی جزئی منظمشده و رگرسیون الاستیک نت تودرتو و تکرارشونده با اعتبارسنجی متقاطع تحلیل شدند. در تمامی تحلیلها، استرس بیشتر ناشی از رویدادهای زندگی با حمایت اجتماعی ادراکشده کمتر و حمایت اجتماعی ادراکشده کمتر با افکار خودکشی بیشتر همراه بود. در میان ویژگیهای سهگانه تاریک، نارسیسیسم بیشترین ارتباط مثبت را با افکار خودکشی نشان داد. شبکه، حمایت اجتماعی ادراکشده را در موقعیت مرکزی سیستم چندمتغیره قرار داد و اعتبارسنجی متقاطع نشان داد مدلهایی که حمایت اجتماعی ادراکشده را دربرمیگیرند عملکرد بهتری نسبت به مدلهای فاقد آن دارند. این یافتههای مقطعی، حمایت اجتماعی ادراکشده و نارسیسیسم را به عنوان همبستههای ثابت افکار خودکشی شناسایی میکنند اما روابط زمانی یا علّی را اثبات نمیکنند.
Abstract Collegiate student-athletes manage simultaneous academic, athletic, psychological, and social demands, yet institution-specific evidence remains limited in Northwestern Mindanao. This descriptive quantitative study examined academic-athletic role strain, psychological need satisfaction, perceived mental health stigma, perceived social support, and self-reported mental health challenges among 150 student-athletes from an estimated institutional population of approximately 400. A 48-item researcher-developed questionnaire was informed by established theories and measures, reviewed by three subject-matter validators, and pilot tested with 50 student-athletes from other universities. Pilot-test Cronbach’s alpha coefficients ranged from .76 to .85. Descriptive statistics showed moderate academic-athletic role strain (M = 2.92, SD = 0.70), with institutional expectations receiving the highest dimension mean; moderate psychological need satisfaction (M = 3.12, SD = 0.72), with relatedness highest and autonomy lowest; moderate perceived mental health stigma (M = 2.68, SD = 0.83); and high perceived social support (M = 3.26, SD = 0.64), led by teammate and coach support. Self-reported mental health challenges were moderate overall (M = 2.91, SD = 0.75), with stress and anxiety having the highest numerical means. The findings portray a setting in which strong athletic social networks coexist with moderate role strain, stigma, psychological-need satisfaction, and mental health challenges. Because the instrument was researcher-developed, the sample came from one institution, and the analysis was descriptive, the results should not be interpreted as clinical diagnoses, population prevalence estimates, or evidence of relationships or causation. The study provides baseline evidence for reviewing academic-athletic coordination, autonomy-supportive practices, mental health communication, counseling access, and referral pathways.
دانشجویان ورزشکار همزمان با تقاضاهای تحصیلی، ورزشی، روانشناختی و اجتماعی مواجه هستند، اما شواهد مبتنی بر نهاد در شمالغرب میندانائو محدود باقی مانده است. این مطالعه توصیفی کمی به بررسی فشار نقش تحصیلی-ورزشی، ارضای نیازهای روانشناختی، انگ ادراکشده سلامت روان، حمایت اجتماعی ادراکشده و چالشهای سلامت روان خودگزارشدهی شده در میان ۱۵۰ دانشجوی ورزشکار از جمعیت نهادی تقریبی ۴۰۰ نفر پرداخت. پرسشنامهای ۴۸ مادهای که توسط پژوهشگر تدوین شده بود، بر اساس نظریهها و ابزارهای معتبر تهیه شد، توسط سه داور موضوعی مورد بازبینی قرار گرفت و با ۵۰ دانشجوی ورزشکار از دانشگاههای دیگر به صورت آزمایشی اجرا شد. ضرایب آلفای کرونباخ در آزمون آزمایشی بین ۰٫۷۶ تا ۰٫۸۵ بود. آمار توصیفی نشان داد فشار نقش تحصیلی-ورزشی در سطح متوسط (میانگین = ۲٫۹۲، انحراف معیار = ۰٫۷۰) است که انتظارات نهادی بالاترین میانگین بعد را داشت؛ ارضای نیازهای روانشناختی در سطح متوسط (میانگین = ۳٫۱۲، انحراف معیار = ۰٫۷۲) بود که ارتباط بالاترین و خودمختاری پایینترین مقدار را داشت؛ انگ ادراکشده سلامت روان در سطح متوسط (میانگین = ۲٫۶۸، انحراف معیار = ۰٫۸۳)؛ و حمایت اجتماعی ادراکشده در سطح بالا (میانگین = ۳٫۲۶، انحراف معیار = ۰٫۶۴) بود که حمایت همتیمی و مربی پیشتاز بودند. چالشهای سلامت روان خودگزارشدهی شده در کل در سطح متوسط (میانگین = ۲٫۹۱، انحراف معیار = ۰٫۷۵) قرار داشت که استرس و اضطراب بالاترین میانگین عددی را داشتند. یافتهها محیطی را ترسیم میکند که در آن شبکههای اجتماعی ورزشی قوی در کنار فشار نقش متوسط، انگ، ارضای نیازهای روانشناختی و چالشهای سلامت روانی قرار دارند. با توجه به اینکه ابزار پژوهشگرساخته بود، نمونه از یک نهاد انتخاب شده و تحلیل توصیفی بود، نتایج نباید به عنوان تشخیص بالینی، برآورد شیوع جمعیتی یا شواهدی از روابط یا علیت تفسیر شود. این مطالعه شواهد پایهای برای بازنگری در هماهنگی تحصیلی-ورزشی، شیوههای حمایت از خودمختاری، ارتباطات سلامت روان، دسترسی به مشاوره و مسیرهای ارجاع فراهم میکند.
ABSTRACT Objective This study aimed to broaden the understanding of how parental exhaustion evolves during war, and how war exposure and social support are associated with these changes within individuals and between partners. Background Wars exert strain on parents. The Balance Between Risks and Resources Model posits that without sufficient resources, parents may experience parental exhaustion. The Conservation of Resources theory further suggests that fluctuations in stress and resources can trigger changes to one's own and one's partner's parental exhaustion. Method A longitudinal study followed 106 Israeli parent pairs, starting two and a half weeks after the onset of the Israel‐Hamas war. Self‐report measures were collected five times across 10 weeks and analyzed via a longitudinal actor‐partner interdependence model. Results The parental exhaustion of both parents declined during the war. Temporal increases in mothers' war exposure were associated with both parents' concurrent increase in parental exhaustion. Overall and temporal perceived social support were associated with lower parental exhaustion in mothers. Moreover, temporal increases in social support perceived by either parent were associated with reduced concurrent parental exhaustion in the other parent. Conclusion Parental exhaustion during war is a dynamic and relational process, associated with fluctuating stress and social support within and between partners. Implications The findings emphasize the need for systemic interventions designed to strengthen sustained social support, with particular attention to mothers' needs during war.
چکیده هدف: این مطالعه با هدف گسترش درک چگونگی تحول فرسودگی والدینی در طول جنگ و بررسی ارتباط مواجهه با جنگ و حمایت اجتماعی با این تغییرات درون افراد و بین زوجین انجام شده است. پیشزمینه: جنگها فشار زیادی بر والدین وارد میکنند. مدل تعادل بین خطرات و منابع بیان میکند که در صورت نبود منابع کافی، والدین ممکن است دچار فرسودگی والدینی شوند. نظریه حفظ منابع نیز پیشنهاد میکند که نوسانات استرس و منابع میتواند موجب تغییر در فرسودگی والدینی فرد و شریک او شود. روش: یک مطالعه طولی ۱۰۶ زوج والد اسرائیلی را از دو هفته و نیم پس از آغاز جنگ اسرائیل و حماس دنبال کرد. دادههای خودگزارشی در پنج نوبت طی ۱۰ هفته جمعآوری و با استفاده از مدل طولی وابستگی بازیگر-شریک تحلیل شد. نتایج: فرسودگی والدینی هر دو والد در طول جنگ کاهش یافت. افزایش مواجهه مادران با جنگ به طور همزمان با افزایش فرسودگی والدینی هر دو والد همراه بود. حمایت اجتماعی ادراکشده کلی و مقطعی با فرسودگی والدینی کمتر در مادران مرتبط بود. همچنین، افزایش مقطعی حمایت اجتماعی ادراکشده توسط هر یک از والدین با کاهش همزمان فرسودگی والدینی در والد دیگر همراه بود. نتیجهگیری: فرسودگی والدینی در طول جنگ فرایندی پویا و رابطهای است که با نوسانات استرس و حمایت اجتماعی درون و بین زوجین مرتبط است. پیامدها: یافتهها بر ضرورت مداخلات نظاممند برای تقویت حمایت اجتماعی پایدار، با توجه ویژه به نیازهای مادران در دوران جنگ تأکید میکند.
Schools require well-designed mental health education programs to address adolescent hesitation in help-seeking. This mixed-methods study evaluated a promotion program integrating Bronfenbrenner’s socio-ecological theory into the PRECEDE-PROCEED model to improve help-seeking behaviors and life satisfaction among Iranian female adolescents. Following qualitative focus groups to identify barriers, a randomized controlled trial was conducted with 174 high school girls aged 15–17 (intervention = 86; control = 88). The intervention group completed a six-session educational program. Data analysis using Generalized Estimating Equations (GEE) revealed significant overall Group × Time interactions across all outcome variables ( p < 0.001). The most substantial intervention effect was observed for multidimensional students’ life satisfaction (MSLS), which showed a notable positive change (B = 0.888, 95% CI: 0.341 to 1.434, p < 0.001). Help-seeking intention (HSI) and recognition of personal need for professional psychological help (RPNPPH) also improved considerably (B = -0.542 and B = -0.370, respectively, p < 0.001). Perceived social support (MSPSS) and mental health literacy (MHL) demonstrated significant enhancements (B = -0.839 and B = -0.521, respectively, p < 0.001). Although the main effect of group was not statistically significant for actual help-seeking behavior (HSB) and ways of coping (WOC) (B = 0.433, p = 0.072), the group-by-time interaction for both outcomes was highly significant ( p < 0.001), indicating that the intervention group showed distinct longitudinal improvements compared to the control group. These findings indicate that structured multi-level educational interventions can effectively enhance female adolescents’ help-seeking behaviors and overall life satisfaction.
مدارس به برنامههای آموزش سلامت روان با طراحی مناسب نیاز دارند تا به تردید نوجوانان در کمکخواهی پاسخ دهند. این مطالعه با روش ترکیبی، یک برنامه ارتقایی را که نظریه اجتماعی-بومشناختی Bronfenbrenner را در مدل PRECEDE-PROCEED ادغام کرده بود، به منظور بهبود رفتارهای کمکخواهی و رضایت از زندگی در میان نوجوانان دختر ایرانی ارزیابی کرد. پس از انجام گروههای متمرکز کیفی برای شناسایی موانع، یک کارآزمایی تصادفیشدهی کنترلشده با ۱۷۴ دختر دبیرستانی ۱۵ تا ۱۷ ساله (گروه مداخله = ۸۶؛ گروه کنترل = ۸۸) اجرا شد. گروه مداخله یک برنامه آموزشی ششجلسهای را تکمیل کرد. تحلیل دادهها با استفاده از معادلات برآورد تعمیمیافته (GEE) نشان داد که تعامل کلی گروه × زمان در تمامی متغیرهای پیامد معنادار بود (p < 0.001). بیشترین اثر مداخله برای رضایت از زندگی چندبعدی دانشآموزان (MSLS) مشاهده شد که تغییر مثبت قابل توجهی را نشان داد (B = 0.888، 95% CI: 0.341 تا 1.434، p < 0.001). قصد کمکخواهی (HSI) و شناسایی نیاز شخصی به کمک روانشناختی حرفهای (RPNPPH) نیز به طور قابل توجهی بهبود یافتند (به ترتیب B = -0.542 و B = -0.370، p < 0.001). حمایت اجتماعی ادراکشده (MSPSS) و سواد سلامت روان (MHL) نیز بهبودهای معناداری را نشان دادند (به ترتیب B = -0.839 و B = -0.521، p < 0.001). اگرچه اثر اصلی گروه برای رفتار واقعی کمکخواهی (HSB) و شیوههای مقابله (WOC) از نظر آماری معنادار نبود (B = 0.433، p = 0.072)، اما تعامل گروه-زمان برای هر دو پیامد بسیار معنادار بود (p < 0.001)، که نشان میدهد گروه مداخله بهبودهای طولی متمایزی نسبت به گروه کنترل نشان داد. این یافتهها نشان میدهد که مداخلات آموزشی ساختاریافته چندسطحی میتواند به طور مؤثری رفتارهای کمکخواهی و رضایت کلی از زندگی نوجوانان دختر را ارتقا دهد.
