teachers

The study examined the relationship between Educational Philosophical Orientation and the Organizational practices of Secondary Mathematics teachers. Using a descriptive-correlational quantitative design, the study involved 150 secondary mathematics teachers and investigated how educational philosophical orientations are associated with teachers’ organizational practices. Findings revealed that Pragmatism obtained the highest mean score (M = 3.852) indicating that the teacher generally valued practical, experiential and problem-solving approaches in mathematics instruction. However, regression results show that Pragmatism did not significantly predict their actual practices. Instead, Idealism emerged as a significant positive predictor of Planning and Lesson Preparation( b = 0.343, p<.001), Collaboration with Colleagues and School Personnel ( b = 0.206, p = 0.044) and Professional Responsibility ( b = 0.374, p<.001). Realism was a significant predictor of Classroom Organization and Management ( b = 0.216, p = .038), and Existentialism did not significantly predict any of the Organizational Practice Dimensions. These findings indicate that the relationship between educational philosophical orientation and teachers’ organizational practice is domain specific rather than uniform across professional activities. The higher endorsement of Pragmatism alongside its lack of significant unique predictive contribution also suggests that teachers espoused philosophical preferences do not necessarily correspond directly to their professional practices. Overall, the finding highlights the value of integrating philosophical reflection with practical and contextual consideration in teacher education and professional development, particularly in strengthening teachers’ awareness of how educational beliefs relate to their professional practice.

This study examined the classroom and instructional management practices of new and experienced teachers and their relationship with students’ learning engagement in selected public secondary schools in Cortes District, Division of Bohol, during School Year 2026–2027. Anchored in the Classroom Management Scripts Model, Instructional Clarity Framework, Multidimensional Student Engagement Framework, and Huberman’s Teacher Career Cycle, the study employed a quantitative comparative-correlational research design. Respondents comprised 15 new teachers, 46 experienced teachers, and 278 students, totaling 339 participants. Data were gathered using a researcher-modified, validated, and pilot-tested questionnaire and analyzed through descriptive statistics, Pearson product–moment correlation, and independent-samples t-tests. Results revealed consistently high classroom and instructional management practices among both teacher groups, with no statistically significant differences. Classroom management and instructional management exhibited a strong positive relationship (r = 0.724, p < 0.001), whereas neither classroom management (r = 0.040, p = 0.760) nor instructional management (r = −0.062, p = 0.635) was significantly associated with students’ overall learning engagement. Students taught by new teachers demonstrated significantly higher overall and emotional engagement (p = 0.017), while behavioral and cognitive engagement showed no significant differences. The study concluded that teaching experience alone does not determine management effectiveness and that favorable management practices do not necessarily correspond to higher student engagement. A school-based professional development program emphasizing mentoring, collaborative lesson planning, peer observation, and instructional improvement was proposed. The study supports Sustainable Development Goal 4 (Quality Education) by promoting effective teaching, inclusive learning environments, and continuous professional growth. Its educational and institutional sustainability contribution lies in providing localized evidence to guide sustained professional development and improvements in students’ learning experiences.

This study examined technological self-efficacy and classroom technology use among early childhood teachers at Cabangahan Elementary School, Siaton, Negros Oriental. Employing a quantitative descriptive-correlational design, the researchers collected self-reported data from five teachers using an expert-reviewed, Google Forms questionnaire. Descriptive frequencies, percentages, and five-point weighted means were used to characterize teachers’ profiles, basic technology skills, confidence in pedagogical integration, troubleshooting ability, frequency of technology use, diversity of digital tools, and perceived effects on children’s learning and engagement. The reported mean scores were 4.56 for basic technology skills, 4.56 for pedagogical integration, and 4.52 for technical troubleshooting, all interpreted as highly confident. Classroom technology use was rated 4.60 for frequency, 4.16 for diversity of tools, and 4.76 for perceived learning engagement. The study reported a very strong positive Pearson correlation between self-efficacy and classroom technology implementation (r = .94); no corresponding significance test was provided. Results suggest that the participating teachers perceived themselves as technologically capable and frequent users of digital resources, although the range of tools used was comparatively limited. The proposed action plan prioritizes device access, technical support, targeted professional learning, and classroom monitoring. Given the five-person, single-school sample and reliance on self-report, the findings should be interpreted as local descriptive evidence, not as proof of causal effects on children’s outcomes.

Social capital represents a relational resource developed through trust, professional networks, collaboration, peer support, and knowledge exchange. In the context of Social Studies Education, social capital can support teachers in accessing information, experiences, and professional resources relevant to professional development and instructional planning. This study aims to analyze the conceptualization of teachers’ social capital, identify its dimensions in relation to teacher professionalism, and examine its relevance to Social Studies teaching practices and instructional planning. The study employs a Systematic Literature Review (SLR) approach guided by the PRISMA 2020 framework. The literature analyzed consists of scholarly publications published between 2023 and 2026 in Indonesian and English that met the established inclusion criteria. The data were analyzed through thematic synthesis based on conceptual dimensions, forms of professional relationships, and their contributions to teaching practices. The synthesis indicates that social capital facilitates teachers’ access to information, experiences, feedback, and professional support through networks and collaborative relationships. These resources can strengthen professional learning and pedagogical decision-making relevant to Social Studies instructional planning. However, empirical evidence directly linking teachers’ social capital to the quality of Social Studies instructional planning remains limited. These findings highlight the need for further research on how social capital can be translated into improvements in the quality of Social Studies instructional planning components.

This study investigated the challenges facing head teachers in providing leadership support for the implementation of the Competence-Based Curriculum (CBC) in public primary schools in Muleba District, Tanzania. The study was guided by one specific objective: to identify the challenges faced by head teachers in providing leadership support for CBC implementation. Grounded in Hallinger and Murphy's (1985) Instructional Leadership Theory, the study adopted a pragmatic paradigm with a convergent parallel mixed-methods design. The target population comprised 2,166 individuals from 237 public primary schools. Data were collected using structured questionnaires from 112 respondents (100 classroom teachers and 12 heads of schools), semi-structured interviews with head teachers and one School Quality Assurance Officer, and document review. Quantitative data were analysed using descriptive statistics through SPSS Version 22, while qualitative data were analysed thematically following Braun and Clarke's (2006) framework. The findings revealed seven interconnected challenges: inadequate CBC training for head teachers themselves (84.8%), inadequate funding preventing leadership support (81.3%), heavy administrative workloads (76.8%), unclear government support (76.8%), financial constraints generally (67.9%), overcrowded classrooms (64.3%), and teacher resistance to CBC changes (52.7%). The study concluded that head teachers' effectiveness in leading CBC implementation is systematically undermined by systemic factors beyond their control. The study recommends mandatory CBC training for head teachers, reduction of administrative workloads, increased capitation grants with CBC-specific allocations, clear national implementation guidelines, and investment in school infrastructure.

This study examined the perceived impact of active learning as a teaching strategy among 20 overseas Filipino teachers working in schools across the United Arab Emirates. Guided by the five Whole Child tenets and an Input-Process-Output framework, the study explored teachers’ experiences with active learning, their views on its classroom application, and its perceived contribution to student learning. A quantitative research design was employed using an adapted questionnaire with a five-point Likert scale. Responses were analyzed through frequency counts and mean scores to describe participants’ perceptions and reported practices. Findings indicated that most respondents regularly incorporated active learning strategies into their teaching and expressed favorable attitudes toward their implementation. Teachers perceived these approaches as encouraging student participation, strengthening the integration of learning, promoting classroom engagement, and supporting improvements in instructional practice. However, respondents also identified practical challenges that constrained implementation, including limited training and experience with active learning methodologies, inadequate funding for instructional materials, and classroom seating arrangements that were not conducive to interactive activities. The findings underscore the importance of institutional support in helping teachers translate favorable perceptions into effective classroom practices. The study recommends targeted professional development to strengthen teachers’ competence in active learning, revisions to departmental plans to facilitate the integration of these strategies, and improved consideration of classroom resources and learning environments. Further investigation from students’ perspectives is recommended to provide additional insight into how active learning is experienced and how it may contribute to learning outcomes in international school settings across the United Arab Emirates.

This mixed-methods study examined whether first-year teachers could improve relationships with students through Positive Behavioral Interventions and Supports (PBIS). Fifty novice teachers implemented one of three PBIS strategies: daily one-on-one conversation, verbal praise, or immediate rewards with 192 selected students over a two-week period. Teacher-student relationships were measured using the Student-Teacher Relationship Scale (STRS) before and after the intervention. Results showed significant reductions in conflict (t(191) = 7.14, p < .001, d = 0.98) and moderate increases in closeness (t(191) = –7.11, p < .001, d = 0.67). No significant differences emerged across grade levels, teacher and student gender, or PBIS strategy type. Thematic analysis of teacher reflections highlighted improvements in engagement, cooperation, emotional regulation, and relational trust. Although the study was limited by its two-week duration and reliance on teacher self-reports, the findings demonstrate that even brief PBIS interventions can yield measurable relational benefits. Implications are discussed for teacher preparation programs and school-based practice. Keywords: teacher-student relationships, Positive Behavioral Interventions and Supports (PBIS), teacher preparation programs, first-year/novice teachers, school climate.

This study examined how classroom observation by school leaders influenced teachers’ effectiveness in lesson preparation and presentation in public secondary schools in Kyerwa District Council, Kagera, Tanzania. The study was guided by the pragmatist paradigm and employed a mixed-methods approach using a convergent parallel research design. A sample of 87 respondents was selected through stratified random, simple random, and purposive sampling techniques. The sample size was determined using Yamane’s (1967) formula (n=N/[1+N(e)^2]). Quantitative data were collected using structured questionnaires and classroom observation checklists, while qualitative data were collected through semi-structured interviews. Quantitative data were analysed using frequencies, percentages, means, correlation, and regression analysis, whereas qualitative data were analysed thematically. The findings indicated that classroom observation by school leaders contributed to teachers’ effectiveness in lesson preparation and presentation through professional feedback, identification of instructional weaknesses, guidance, and follow-up support. The findings further showed that regular and constructive classroom observation enhanced teachers’ preparedness, organisation of lesson content, use of teaching and learning materials, and classroom presentation practices. However, inadequate time, limited follow-up, and competing administrative responsibilities constrained the effectiveness of classroom observation. The study concluded that systematic, supportive, and constructive classroom observation was an important instructional supervision practice for improving teachers’ effectiveness in lesson preparation and presentation. The study recommended that school leaders and education authorities should strengthen regular classroom observation, professional feedback, and follow-up mechanisms to promote continuous improvement in teaching practices.

Character education is an important foundation for preparing preservice teachers. However, the internalization of moral values does not necessarily entail the ability to make ethical decisions in professional practice. This article aims to synthesize the conceptual relationships among character education, moral development, professional identity, and professional ethics among preservice teachers and formulate a framework for strengthening teacher education. The study employed an integrative literature review involving targeted searches for major theoretical works and scholarly articles on character education, moral reasoning, teachers’ professional ethics, and preservice teacher education. The literature was analyzed thematically by comparing theoretical foundations, research contexts, findings, and pedagogical implications. The synthesis indicates that the transition from personal character to professional ethics is a nonlinear process integrating five mechanisms: recognition of values and moral sensitivity, role modeling, reasoning through ethical dilemmas, guided reflection during field placements, and an institutional culture consistent with ethical values. The synthesis also identifies a gap between ethical knowledge and the ability to apply moral concepts explicitly when considering conflicts between values. These findings underscore the need for ethics education that connects an understanding of norms with reasoning practice and reflection on professional experiences. This article proposes a Character–Professional Ethics Transition Model linking value internalization, moral reasoning, professional identity formation, and accountable ethical action. In practical terms, the framework may guide the integration of learning based on ethical dilemmas, reflection on field placements, and the strengthening of institutional culture into preservice teacher education. The proposed model requires empirical testing, particularly through longitudinal research in Indonesian teacher education contexts.

This study examined the relationship between innovative and inclusive teaching practices and student motivation and academic performance among Grade 5 and Grade 6 pupils in selected public elementary schools in Lutayan, Sultan Kudarat, Philippines, during the School Year 2025–2026. Specifically, it determined the level of innovative teaching practices in terms of teaching strategies, use of instructional materials and technology, and student engagement activities; assessed inclusive teaching practices in terms of respect for learner diversity, equal participation, and support for diverse learning needs; identified the level of student motivation; and examined the relationships between these variables and academic performance. A descriptive-correlational research design using a quantitative approach was employed. Data were gathered from 97 Grade 5 and Grade 6 pupils through a validated researcher-made questionnaire with a reliability coefficient of 0.892, indicating strong internal consistency. Descriptive statistics and correlational analysis were used to analyze the data. Findings revealed that School administrators should provide sustained professional development to strengthen teachers’ innovative and inclusive instructional approaches and allocate resources to enhance access to technology and learning materials. Teachers should consistently apply differentiated, student-centered strategies and foster welcoming, diversity-affirming classrooms to boost student motivation and equitable achievement further further. Parents and guardians should reinforce school learning at home by encouraging curiosity, effort, and consistent study habits, and maintaining open communication with teachers. Future researchers should conduct experimental or longitudinal studies to examine cause-and-effect relationships and explore additional factors influencing academic performance beyond those investigated in this study. Innovative teaching practices, inclusive teaching practices, and student motivation were rated at a high level, which means teachers effectively practice inclusive teaching by recognizing learner diversity, promoting equal participation, and providing support to students with different learning needs; teachers also frequently use innovative teaching practices, apply engaging teaching strategies, integrate instructional materials and technology, and promote active student engagement in classroom learning activities. Furthermore, significant positive relationships were found between innovative teaching practices and academic performance, inclusive teaching practices and academic performance, and student motivation and academic performance, with a moderate correlation coefficient (r = 0.57). Overall, the findings indicate that these educational variables are positively associated with academic performance among the respondents.

Geometry problem-solving requires learners to coordinate conceptual knowledge, spatial representation, strategy use and the regulation of cognition, motivation and effort. This systematic review examined how self-regulated learning (SRL) operates in geometry problem-solving and which learner, task, social, instructional and developmental conditions shape it. A Scopus search reported according to PRISMA 2020 identified 1,298 records; database limits left 529, and eligibility screening retained 32 empirical studies published from 2021 to 2026. Twelve studies involved undergraduates or pre-service teachers, seven involved school pupils, one involved kindergarten children and 12 did not state the educational level in the extracted records. Study quality was appraised with the Mixed Methods Appraisal Tool, and thematic synthesis identified four themes: planning and strategic regulation; monitoring, control and strategy adaptation; learner characteristics and outcomes; and instructional scaffolding and technology. Successful performance was associated with problem representation, strategy selection, monitoring, error detection, adaptation and evaluation. Diagnostic and elaborated feedback, content-focused peer feedback and supportive scaffolding were more informative than the presence of technology. Evidence on learner characteristics was mainly correlational, and evidence on young learners was thin. The review proposes a Process-Oriented Framework of Self-Regulated Geometry Problem-Solving that links input conditions, forethought, performance regulation, reflection, and outcomes and it is best supported for adolescent and adult learners. Future research should combine self-report with behavioural, longitudinal and process-tracing evidence and develop age-appropriate SRL measures for young children.

This study examines career development as a predictor of achievement motivation among public elementary school teachers in Pabelan District, Semarang Regency, Indonesia. The study employed a quantitative approach with a cross-sectional design. The population consisted of public elementary school teachers in Pabelan District, and data were collected from 128 teachers using structured Likert-scale questionnaires measuring career development and achievement motivation. The data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, assumption testing, and simple linear regression to determine the predictive association between career development and teachers’ achievement motivation. The findings indicate that teachers’ achievement motivation was generally high, with a mean score of 148.09, while career development also demonstrated a relatively favorable level, with a mean score of 128.93. Among the dimensions of achievement motivation, the need for affiliation obtained the highest percentage (88.10%), followed by the need for achievement (87.30%) and the need for power (85.40%). Regarding career development, self-development showed the highest percentage (87.50%), followed by experience (86.90%) and work performance (82.90%). Regression analysis indicated a positive and statistically significant predictive association between career development and achievement motivation. The estimated regression model was Ŷ = 52.86 + 0.74X, with an estimated R² of 0.490, indicating that career development statistically accounted for approximately 49.0% of the variance in achievement motivation within the sample. These findings highlight the importance of providing sustainable opportunities for teachers’ professional growth, career development, and self-improvement to support achievement-oriented motivation.

این پژوهش، توسعه شغلی را به‌عنوان پیش‌بینی‌کننده انگیزه دستاورد در میان معلمان مدارس ابتدایی دولتی در منطقه پابلان، شهرستان سمراگ، اندونزی مورد بررسی قرار می‌دهد. این مطالعه از رویکردی کمی با طرح مقطعی استفاده کرد. جامعه آماری شامل معلمان مدارس ابتدایی دولتی منطقه پابلان بود و داده‌ها از طریق پرسشنامه‌های ساختاریافته لیکرت که توسعه شغلی و انگیزه دستاورد را اندازه‌گیری می‌کردند، از ۱۲۸ معلم جمع‌آوری شد. داده‌ها با استفاده از آمار توصیفی، آزمون فرضیات و رگرسیون خطی ساده برای تعیین رابطه پیش‌بینی‌کننده بین توسعه شغلی و انگیزه دستاورد معلمان تحلیل شدند. یافته‌ها نشان داد که انگیزه دستاورد معلمان به‌طور کلی بالا بود، با میانگین نمره ۱۴۸.۰۹، در حالی که توسعه شغلی نیز سطح نسبتاً مطلوبی را نشان داد، با میانگین نمره ۱۲۸.۹۳. در میان ابعاد انگیزه دستاورد، نیاز به تعلق‌گیری بالاترین درصد (۸۸.۱۰٪) را به خود اختصاص داد، پس از آن نیاز به دستاورد (۸۷.۳۰٪) و نیاز به قدرت (۸۵.۴۰٪) قرار داشت. در مورد توسعه شغلی، خودتوسعه بالاترین درصد (۸۷.۵۰٪) را نشان داد، پس از آن تجربه (۸۶.۹۰٪) و عملکرد شغلی (۸۲.۹۰٪). تحلیل رگرسیون نشان داد که رابطه پیش‌بینی‌کننده مثبت و معناداری از نظر آماری بین توسعه شغلی و انگیزه دستاورد وجود دارد. مدل رگرسیون تخمین‌زده‌شده به صورت Ŷ = 52.86 + 0.74X بود، با R² تخمین‌زده‌شده ۰.۴۹۰ که نشان می‌دهد توسعه شغلی به‌طور آماری حدود ۴۹.۰٪ از واریانس انگیزه دستاورد را در نمونه توضیح می‌دهد. این یافته‌ها بر اهمیت فراهم‌سازی فرصت‌های پایدار برای رشد حرفه‌ای، توسعه شغلی و خودبهبودی معلمان برای حمایت از انگیزه مبتنی بر دستاورد تأکید دارند.

The article substantiates a four-stage theoretical model for developing critical thinking competence in pre-service English teachers. Each stage is linked to problem-based, project-based, collaborative learning and reflective writing; indicators and a three-level scale are proposed.

این مقاله یک مدل نظری چهارمرحله‌ای برای توسعه شایستگی تفکر انتقادی در معلمان آینده زبان انگلیسی را توجیه می‌کند. هر مرحله به یادگیری مبتنی بر مسئله، یادگیری مبتنی بر پروژه، یادگیری مشارکتی و نوشتن تأملی مرتبط است؛ شاخص‌ها و یک مقیاس سه‌سطحی پیشنهاد شده‌اند.

There is growing research interest in how adult education can better respond to an increasingly diverse student population as part of realising inclusive education. However, less attention has been given to practice oriented perspectives that examine how inclusion is enacted as a dynamic, situated process in everyday teaching. This study examines how teachers navigate the challenges involved in shaping inclusive adult education in Swedish municipal adult education (SMAE), drawing on the theory of practice architectures. Qualitative survey data were collected from teachers in eight SMAE institutions. The findings show that teachers encounter challenges embedded in cultural-discursive, material-economic, and social-political arrangements within a marketised system. These arrangements both enable and constrain their efforts to realise inclusive education. Teachers respond by adopting different strategies, ranging from disengagement and workaround solutions to market responsive and professionally accountable approaches, illustrating the uneven conditions shaping inclusive practice.

This study investigated the relationship between Senior High School mathematics teachers’ epistemological knowledge and mathematical discourse practices, examined differences based on selected profile variables, and determined the predictive influence of epistemological knowledge on discourse practices. Employing a descriptive-correlational research design, the study involved 43 Senior High School mathematics teachers from 13 public secondary schools in the Schools Division of Lipa City, selected through total population sampling. Data were gathered using two researcher-developed instruments: the Epistemological Knowledge in Mathematics Questionnaire (EKMQ) and the Mathematical Discourse Practices Questionnaire (MDPQ), both subjected to expert validation and reliability testing. Following ethical research protocols, questionnaires were administered online. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, independent samples t-test, one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA), Pearson product-moment correlation, and simple linear regression. Findings revealed that teachers demonstrated a high extent of epistemological knowledge and highly practiced mathematical discourse in classroom instruction. No significant differences in epistemological knowledge were observed based on ancillary roles, while mathematical discourse practices differed significantly according to the number of mathematics-related trainings and seminars attended. Furthermore, a strong positive relationship existed between epistemological knowledge and mathematical discourse practices, with epistemological knowledge significantly predicting discourse practices. These findings emphasized the importance of strengthening teachers’ understanding of mathematical knowledge and promoting meaningful classroom communication. Consequently, the Mathematical Discourse Enhancement Program (MDEP) was developed as a research-based professional development initiative designed to enhance teachers’ epistemological knowledge, improve mathematical discourse practices, and support effective mathematics instruction through targeted professional learning opportunities and continuous instructional improvement.

This study contributes to the scholarship of teaching and learning (SoTL) by examining how case-based teaching and threshold concepts promote culturally inclusive pedagogical practices among pre-service teachers (PSTs). Our research design reflects SoTL principles by taking a systematic, transparent, iterative, and collaborative approach to collecting, analysing, and sharing data. Our work is explicitly aligned with theoretical frameworks, and we address unresolved issues in order to facilitate transformative learning. We aimed to explore how PSTs perceive culturally inclusive pedagogy and professional competence in a case-based course. Three key findings emerged: increased awareness of classroom diversity, a change in the PSTs’ understanding of culturally inclusive teaching, and resistance to exploratory learning designs. Many PSTs demonstrated transformative learning and sound professional judgment. However, some expressed resistance and uncertainty, underscoring the importance of scaffolding and support. The findings align with the literature on threshold concepts as gateways to boundary crossing and a deeper understanding of diversity in SoTL. The results highlight the potential of case-based teaching to encourage metacognitive reflection and to promote inclusive educational practices in teacher education programs. The study demonstrates that designing inquiry-based learning activities that integrate case studies and threshold concepts can facilitate critical reflection and metacognition among PSTs.

This study aimed to investigate the effectiveness of a training program based on constructivist theory in improving the pedagogical competencies of female digital skills teachers. To achieve this aim, a quasi-experimental approach was employed with a sample of 20 female digital skills teachers. A pedagogical competency test was developed, and its validity and reliability were established. The findings revealed statistically significant differences at the significance level of α ≤ 0.05 between the mean post-test scores of the experimental and control groups in the dimension of subject-matter knowledge, attributable to the training program. Statistically significant differences were also found between the two groups’ mean post-test scores in the dimension of knowledge of students’ characteristics and educational needs, attributable to the training program. Finally, the results indicated statistically significant differences between the two groups’ mean post-test scores in the dimension of pedagogical knowledge, attributable to the training program. The study offered several recommendations, most notably incorporating constructivist theory-based training programs into teachers’ professional development across different disciplines because of their role in improving knowledge of instructional content, students’ characteristics and educational needs, and teaching principles and strategies. It also recommended providing specialized training programs in teaching methods and strategies, with particular emphasis on training teachers to select the most appropriate instructional strategy according to the nature and characteristics of their students.

This study examined teachers' readiness, attitudes, challenges, lived experiences, and assessed effectiveness of the Academic Recovery and Accessible Learning (ARAL) Program in the Division of Bohol during School Year 2026–2027 as a basis for a comprehensive action plan. Anchored in program implementation, reading readiness, constructivist, and sociocultural learning perspectives, the study employed an explanatory sequential mixed-method design involving 277 Grade 7 ARAL teachers from 129 public secondary schools. Data were collected using a validated researcher-developed questionnaire and semi-structured interviews and analyzed through descriptive statistics, multiple regression, and thematic analysis. Findings revealed high teacher readiness (M = 3.16), highly favorable attitudes (M = 3.22), highly encountered challenges (M = 2.88), and highly assessed program effectiveness (M = 3.08). Regression analysis showed that readiness, attitudes, and challenges significantly predicted assessed effectiveness (R² = 0.643, p < .001), explaining 64.3% of its variance, with attitudes emerging as the strongest predictor. Teachers reported challenges involving limited instructional time, inadequate resources, additional workloads, irregular learner attendance, and insufficient parental support. Qualitative findings highlighted differentiated instruction, diagnostic assessment, collaboration, and adaptive teaching practices as coping mechanisms. The study concluded that teacher preparedness, positive attitudes, and effective challenge management were essential to ARAL implementation. It recommended continuous professional development, adequate resources, flexible scheduling, stronger stakeholder collaboration, and regular monitoring. The study supported Sustainable Development Goal 4 (Quality Education) and SDG 17 (Partnerships for the Goals) by promoting equitable learning recovery and collaborative educational interventions. Its sustainability contribution emphasized institutional capacity building, educational continuity, and strengthened stakeholder participation for long-term program implementation.

Despite global advances in digital pedagogy, structured professional development that integrates technology into martial arts instruction remains scarce. Grounded in the Technological Pedagogical Content Knowledge (TPACK) framework, this explanatory sequential mixed-methods study examined the self-described TPACK proficiency of Wushu teachers and the specific proficiency gaps they experience in practice. A researcher-developed questionnaire was administered to a random sample of Wushu teachers, and ten of them were subsequently interviewed. Quantitative findings indicate that teachers are generally proficient across all three TPACK domains (overall M = 2.98, SD = 0.26), with Content Knowledge ranking highest (M = 3.01) and Technological Knowledge lowest (M = 2.96). Qualitative findings, however, revealed three concrete gaps: limited use of mobile and wearable technologies, absence of standardized tools for performance assessment, and inadequate understanding of biomechanics and physical conditioning principles. The study concludes that Wushu teachers possess strong mastery of technique and instructional strategy but require targeted development in technology integration, objective assessment, and the science of movement. A four-module ITM-Wushu (Integrated TPACK Training Model for Wushu Teachers) is proposed to address these gaps. Implications for teacher education and suggestions for future research are discussed.

In the modern world, students should be equipped with critical thinking, problem-solving, and autonomous learning skills. Problem-Based Learning (PBL) is designed to foster these competencies by shifting the focus from teacher-centered instruction to student-centered learning. However, many instructors struggle with this transition and tend to take control of the classroom instead of encouraging students to take charge of their own learning. This study investigates how teachers implement PBL and what factors contribute to teacher dominance in a student-centered approach. We employed a mixed-methods design, incorporating classroom observations and semi-structured interviews with 20 teachers from two universities in East Java, Indonesia. Findings revealed that teachers correctly implemented only 37.50% of PBL phases, while in 62.50% of cases, the instructors misapplied or didn’t complete the PBL phase. Teacher-centered activities dominated 64.17% of classroom interactions, limiting opportunities for learner autonomy. Interview results highlighted that many teachers misunderstood problem presentation, while some believed PBL was only effective for high-achieving students. These findings highlight a need for targeted professional development programs to help teachers become facilitators rather than content deliverers. Without proper training, PBL risks becoming a modified version of traditional teaching. Future research should explore long-term changes in teacher autonomy and incorporate students’ perspectives in order to better understand the impact of PBL implementation.

Researchers have explained the emigration of Nigerian teachers, popularly termed japa, mainly through low remuneration and insecurity, while giving less attention to access to professional development and career progression. This study examined the professional development and career opportunities available to Nigerian nursery and primary school teachers in Nigeria and abroad, and how these are linked to the decision to migrate. A mixed-methods design was adopted. The study analysed the quantitative responses from 384 teachers in Nigeria and 20 teachers in the diaspora using means, standard deviations, and percentages. The study also thematically analysed semi-structured interviews with eight teachers (four in Nigeria and four in the United Kingdom and Canada). Teachers in Nigeria reported some exposure to professional development, but only 44% agreed that it was sufficient and 39% that it was affordable, although they indicated that most came from private schools and external organisations rather than from government. Teachers abroad reported greater access to professional development, often free and mandatory, and 80% agreed that they did not feel limited in their career advancement. However, only 40% agreed that they had experienced better career growth, and the interviews showed that visa conditions and the absence of Qualified Teacher Status confined some teachers to support roles. Professional development and certifications also functioned as a pathway to migration: the interview revealed that two of the teachers in Nigeria were preparing to leave through courses and certification, and three of the four teachers abroad had migrated in order to study. The findings suggest that limited professional development operates as a push factor and that certifications provide the route out. It was recommended that affordable and sustainable professional development should be provided for teachers in Nigeria.

Microteaching is one of the courses that plays an important role in preparing prospective Islamic Religious Education (PAI) teachers to possess competencies that meet the demands of the teaching profession. This study aims to examine the urgency of microteaching in preparing professional PAI teachers through the development of pedagogical, professional, social, and personal competencies. The study employs a qualitative approach using library research. Data were obtained from various literature sources, including books, scientific journals, research articles, and academic documents relevant to microteaching and teacher professionalism. Data collection was conducted through documentation studies, while data analysis employed content analysis techniques. The findings indicate that microteaching serves as a means of bridging theory and teaching practice, training basic teaching skills, developing self-reflection abilities, and enhancing students' readiness to face field practice and the professional world. Furthermore, microteaching makes a significant contribution to the development of pedagogical, professional, social, and personal competencies among prospective PAI teachers. Its successful implementation is supported by lecturer guidance, the availability of learning facilities, and student motivation, although challenges remain, including limited time, nervousness, and differences between simulated situations and actual classroom conditions. Therefore, optimizing microteaching through the use of innovative methods, educational technology, constructive feedback, and continuous practice is necessary to produce professional, competent PAI teachers who are prepared to face the challenges of education in the modern era.

Professional Learning Communities (PLCs) are an essential mechanism for collaborative professional learning of teachers. However, evidence remains limited on the specific activities secondary school Biology teachers engage in within PLCs and their perceived contribution to competence-based teaching in Tanzania. This study investigated the PLC activities conducted by secondary school Biology teachers in Dodoma City and their perceived contribution to competence-based teaching practices. Social Constructivist Theory guided the study. A cross-sectional survey design was adopted, and data were collected through a structured questionnaire from 103 Biology teachers in 60 randomly selected public and private secondary schools and analysed using descriptive statistics. The key findings show that teachers engaged mainly in practice-oriented activities: collaborative lesson planning (83.5% of respondents) and peer observation (52.4%) were the only activities reported by more than half of the teachers, whereas setting and reviewing goals (21.4%) and action research and inquiry-based learning (16.5%) were the least practised. Teachers rated the contribution of PLC activities to competence-based teaching as great on all six indicators (M = 3.99–4.18). The strongest contributions were in preparing competence-based lesson plans integrating lessons into real-life situations and involving students in classroom activities, while formative assessment received the lowest, though still high, rating. These findings imply that PLCs benefit learners by helping teachers deliver more learner-centred, contextualised, and participatory lessons, which are the classroom conditions through which competence-based learning and academic performance are improved. The study recommends strengthening inquiry-oriented PLC activities, particularly action research and the collaborative analysis of assessment evidence, so that PLCs can more fully support learners’ achievement.

This study examined the challenges and opportunities experienced by elementary teachers in the new normal education in the Third Congressional District of the Schools Division of Iloilo, Philippines, during the school year 2021–2022, as a basis for developing an instructional training program. Anchored on the Volatility, Uncertainty, Complexity, and Ambiguity (VUCA) framework, the study employed a descriptive-correlational research design involving 60 elementary teachers. Data were collected using a researcher-modified questionnaire and analyzed through descriptive statistics, the Mann–Whitney U test, and Spearman rho correlation. Findings revealed that teachers experienced a moderately challenging level of difficulties (M = 2.68), primarily involving limited internet connectivity, health safety concerns, insufficient technological devices, and financial constraints. Conversely, respondents reported a high level of opportunities (M = 3.85), particularly in professional learning, personal development, technological adaptation, and learner engagement. No significant differences were found in challenges and opportunities when respondents were classified according to age, sex, and civil status. However, a significant negative relationship was established between challenges and opportunities (rs = −0.453, p < 0.001), indicating that greater challenges were associated with fewer perceived opportunities. Based on these findings, a five-day instructional training program focusing on technological competencies and digital instructional applications was proposed. The study supports Sustainable Development Goal 4 (Quality Education) by emphasizing teacher professional development and inclusive instructional practices, and SDG 9 (Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure) through educational technology integration. Its sustainability implications highlight the importance of continuous professional development, institutional technical assistance, and adaptable instructional strategies in strengthening educational resilience and sustaining quality elementary education.

This study examined teachers’ readiness and perceived effectiveness in implementing Makabansa and Araling Panlipunan under the revised K to 10 (MATATAG) Framework across 33 public schools in the Schools Division of Parañaque City during School Year 2025–2026. Specifically, it sought to determine whether teacher readiness significantly predicted perceived effectiveness and to identify which readiness domains most strongly influenced outcomes. Employing a quantitative-correlational design, the study utilized stratified random sampling to ensure proportional representation across grade levels and supervisory contexts. The study involved 271 public school respondents, composed of 227 teachers handling learners in Key Stages 1–3 and 44 immediate coordinators, namely head teachers and master teachers. Data were collected through validated researcher-made survey instruments measuring readiness and perceived effectiveness and were analyzed using descriptive statistics, correlation, and regression techniques. Findings revealed that both teachers and coordinators demonstrated very high levels of readiness and effectiveness. Correlation analysis confirmed a significant positive relationship between readiness and effectiveness, while regression analysis demonstrated that readiness significantly predicted effectiveness. Teacher readiness explained 22.4% of the variance in perceived effectiveness (R² = .224, β = .473, p < .001), while coordinator readiness explained 53.9% (R² = .539, β = .734, p < .001). As a practical output, the study developed a Teacher Readiness Toolkit for Makabansa and Araling Panlipunan.

This study examined teacher candidates' technostress levels and information and communication technology (ICT) competencies, the association between these constructs, and differences according to selected variables. A quantitative correlational survey design was used with 427 third- and fourth-year teacher candidates from nine programs at the Faculty of Education, Akdeniz University, in the 2024–2025 academic year. Data were collected with the Teachers' Technostress Levels Defining Scale, adapted for teacher candidates, and the ICT Competencies Scale for Teacher Candidates and were analyzed with simple linear regression, Mann–Whitney U, and Kruskal–Wallis H tests; group comparisons were treated as exploratory and adjusted with the Holm procedure. Mean technostress scores fell within the upper third of the possible range, and mean ICT competence scores fell within the lower third. ICT competence was negatively associated with technostress and accounted for 36.5% of its variance. Female candidates reported higher technostress than males, with small effect sizes. Technostress was higher and ICT competence was lower in the Science and Guidance and Psychological Counseling programs. Because the design is cross-sectional, these findings indicate associations rather than causal effects.

Teacher performance is a key determinant of educational quality and the successful implementation of learning processes. Among the factors that may influence teacher performance are the adequacy of educational facilities and infrastructure, as well as the quality of the working environment. This study aims to examine the influence of facilities and infrastructure, together with the work environment, on teacher performance at SMA Negeri 1 Batukliang Utara, Central Lombok Regency. A quantitative approach with a descriptive research design was employed. The study involved all 33 active teachers using a total sampling technique. Data were collected through a structured questionnaire based on a five-point Likert scale and analyzed using multiple linear regression with IBM SPSS Statistics version 26. The findings reveal that facilities and infrastructure do not have a significant partial effect on teacher performance (β = 0.017; p = 0.933), whereas the work environment has a positive and statistically significant effect (β = 0.770; p = 0.003). Simultaneously, both independent variables significantly influence teacher performance (F = 10.840; p < 0.001), explaining 41.9% of the variance in teacher performance, while the remaining 58.1% is attributable to other factors not included in the research model. These findings indicate that a supportive and conducive work environment plays a more substantial role than educational facilities in improving teacher performance. Therefore, school management should prioritize the creation of a positive work environment while continuing to improve educational facilities to support teachers' professional responsibilities.

This study aimed to develop an Islamic Theology and Ethics learning module for Islamic Junior High Schools (Madrasah Tsanawiyah, MTs) based on tazkiyatun nafs (purification of the soul) for prospective Islamic Religious Education (IRE) teachers using the ADDIE development model. The research employed a research and development approach comprising five stages: analysis, design, development, implementation, and evaluation. The participants were 22 prospective IRE teachers enrolled in the Islamic Religious Education Materials for MTs course at STAI Al-Hamidiyah Bangkalan during the 2025/2026 academic year. Data were collected through expert validation forms, student response questionnaires, student reflections, observations, and documentation. Quantitative data were analyzed descriptively using percentages, while qualitative data were analyzed through data condensation, data display, and conclusion drawing. The validation results indicated that the module achieved feasibility scores of 91.00% from the subject matter expert and 89.00% from the instructional media expert, yielding an overall average of 90.00%, categorized as highly feasible. Student responses reached 83.18% (366 out of 440), indicating very positive responses. The practical examples received the highest score (86.36%), while the clarity and systematic presentation of the material received the lowest score (80.00%). Student reflections highlighted muhasabah (self-reflection), emotional regulation, moral awareness, and teacher role modeling as meaningful learning experiences. The module offers a contextual learning resource that integrates spiritual purification into Islamic Theology and Ethics education. However, the findings are limited to module feasibility and participants' perceptions and do not establish improvements in pedagogical competence or learning effectiveness. Future research should examine the module's effectiveness using larger samples and structured learning outcome assessments.

This paper examines the significant role played by teachers in fostering the holistic development of students, extending beyond academic achievement to encompass their intellectual, emotional, social, ethical, physical and creative growth. Teachers play a significant role in shaping students’ knowledge, skills, attitudes, values and competencies through effective pedagogical practices, learner-centered approaches and inclusive classroom environments. Their ability to recognize diverse learning needs, encourage critical thinking, nurture creativity and promote social-emotional well-being is essential for facilitating meaningful and comprehensive student development. Furthermore, continuous professional development and adherence to ethical and professional standards enable teachers to respond effectively to the evolving educational needs of learners. However, holistic student development cannot be achieved through teacher’s efforts alone. Educational institutions and school leadership also play a crucial role in establishing supportive, equitable, and inclusive learning environments. The paper highlights the importance of shared leadership, collaborative planning and professional learning communities (PLCs) in strengthening cooperation between teachers and school administration. Such collaborative practices can facilitate the integration of academic learning with life skills, value education, experiential learning and the development of essential twenty-first century competencies; the paper also examines challenges that may hinder holistic student development, including limited resources, time constraints, hierarchical administrative structure and inadequate opportunities for professional collaboration. It argues that fostering trust, effective communication, psychological safety and collective responsibility is essential for overcoming these barriers. The paper concludes that holistic student development requires a collaborative and learner-centered educational ecosystem in which teachers; school leaders and other stakeholders work together to nurture well-rounded, responsible, resilient and lifelong learners.

ABSTRACT Digital transformation in education has encouraged changes in school management, requiring school principals to demonstrate adaptive and visionary leadership and to facilitate organizational change. Transformational leadership is a relevant approach because it emphasizes the ability of leaders to build a vision, provide motivation, encourage innovation, and empower teachers in responding to change. This study aimed to analyze teachers’ perceptions of the principal’s transformational leadership in the digital era at SMAN 9 Mataram based on the dimensions of idealized influence, inspirational motivation, intellectual stimulation, and individualized consideration. The study employed a quantitative approach with a descriptive survey design. The study population and sample consisted of 57 teachers selected using total sampling (census sampling), in which all active teachers were included as respondents. Data were collected through questionnaires and analyzed using descriptive statistics. The results showed that teachers’ perceptions of the principal’s transformational leadership were in the positive category. The principal was perceived as demonstrating exemplary leadership, fostering motivation, supporting innovation, and paying attention to teachers’ professional development. These findings indicate that transformational leadership is reflected in various leadership practices that support an adaptive school environment in response to educational change and digital transformation. ABSTRAK Transformasi digital dalam pendidikan telah mendorong perubahan dalam pola pengelolaan sekolah sehingga kepala sekolah dituntut memiliki kepemimpinan yang adaptif, visioner, dan mampu menggerakkan perubahan organisasi. Kepemimpinan transformasional menjadi pendekatan yang relevan karena menekankan kemampuan pemimpin dalam membangun visi, memberikan motivasi, mendorong inovasi, serta memberdayakan guru dalam menghadapi perubahan. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis persepsi guru terhadap kepemimpinan transformasional kepala sekolah pada era digital di SMAN 9 Mataram berdasarkan dimensi idealized influence, inspirational motivation, intellectual stimulation, dan individualized consideration. Penelitian ini menggunakan pendekatan kuantitatif dengan desain survei deskriptif. Populasi sekaligus sampel penelitian berjumlah 57 guru yang dipilih menggunakan teknik sampling jenuh (sensus), sehingga seluruh guru aktif dijadikan responden. Data diperoleh melalui kuesioner dan dianalisis menggunakan statistik deskriptif. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa persepsi guru terhadap kepemimpinan transformasional kepala sekolah berada pada kategori positif. Kepala sekolah dinilai mampu memberikan keteladanan, membangun motivasi, mendukung inovasi, serta memperhatikan pengembangan kompetensi guru. Temuan ini menunjukkan bahwa kepemimpinan transformasional tercermin dalam berbagai praktik kepemimpinan yang mendukung terciptanya lingkungan sekolah yang adaptif terhadap perubahan dan transformasi digital pendidikan.

Background Assessing dance performance in physical education teacher education (PETE) requires judges to integrate technical and aesthetic qualities. Analytic rubrics make relevant dimensions explicit, whereas Adaptive Comparative Judgment (ACJ) elicits holistic pairwise decisions and produces a relative performance scale. This study compared the outcomes and student perceptions associated with the two approaches. Methods Seventeen pre-service teachers assessed 46 video-recorded student dance performances using an analytic rubric and ACJ. An expert reference was derived from five PETE lecturers who had assessed the performances live using the rubric and subsequently evaluated the video recordings through ACJ. Analyses examined rubric reliability and ACJ precision, convergence between method-derived rankings, student–expert rank alignment, cross-condition rubric score differences, and students’ perceptions of ease of use, usefulness, transparency, and fairness. Results Rubric- and ACJ-derived rankings were strongly associated within the student panel (Spearman's ρ = .863) and the expert reference panel ( ρ = .879). Aggregated student rankings also aligned closely with the expert-reference rankings under rubric scoring ( ρ = .890) and ACJ ( ρ = .888), with no clear difference in alignment between the methods. Aggregated student rubric scores showed high reliability, ICC(2,17) = .955, while ACJ scale separation reliability was .780 for students and .836 for experts. Student video-based rubric scores were, on average, 0.77 points higher than the archived live expert consensus scores. Students perceived ACJ as easier to use but the analytic rubric as more transparent. Perceived usefulness did not differ clearly, while fairness ratings descriptively favored the rubric. Conclusion Analytic rubric scoring and ACJ produced strongly convergent aggregate rankings, and the aggregated student panel differentiated relative performance quality in ways closely aligned with the expert reference under both approaches. However, the methods differed in score interpretation and perceived transparency. The results support considering ACJ as a complementary approach for digitally supported assessment and moderation rather than as a direct replacement for criterion-based summative assessment.

Academic achievement in higher education is associated not only with individual and instructional factors but also with students' social environment. However, evidence on peer environments among Social Studies Education students in Indonesia remains limited, particularly regarding how peer interactions are experienced in academic contexts. This study examines the relationship between peer environment and academic achievement among pre-service Social Studies teachers at the Social Studies Education Study Program, Faculty of Education and Teacher Training, State Islamic University of Maulana Malik Ibrahim Malang. A sequential explanatory mixed-methods design was used. The quantitative phase involved 220 students from a population of 488 students in the 2023, 2024, and 2025 cohorts and was analyzed using PLS-SEM. The qualitative phase involved semi-structured interviews with 15 students selected purposively from the quantitative phase. The quantitative results indicated a positive and statistically significant association between peer environment and academic achievement (β = 0.145; t = 2.123; p = 0.034), although the effect size was small (f² = 0.014) and the model explained 1.5% of the variance in academic achievement (R² = 0.015). The qualitative findings identified four themes: academic behavior modeling, socio-academic support, group learning norms, and positive competitive drive. Together, the findings suggest that peer environment is a contextual factor associated with academic achievement through students' academic behaviors and interactions, rather than a dominant determinant of GPA. The study extends the application of Peer Influence Theory to pre-service Social Studies teacher education by highlighting the academic orientation and quality of peer interactions.

School violence continues to present serious challenges to teaching, learning, and teacher well-being in post-apartheid South Africa. Existing research has largely focused on the prevalence, causes, management, and disciplinary responses associated with violence in schools. Thereby positioning teachers as informants for experiences of school violence. Such a singular focus limits our understanding of how teachers interpret and make sense of these experiences within their professional lives. This paper attempts to fill this gap by using currere as a reflective, autobiographical approach to study lived educational experiences. I purposively selected two teachers from schools in the Mashishing Circuit of Mpumalanga Province to participate in the study. To collect data, I used reflective journals guided by the four stages of currere: regressive, analytical, progressive, and synthetic. Currere created a platform for teachers to revisit their past experiences of school violence and analyse how these experiences shape their current pedagogical choices and practices. The findings suggest that violence in schools is an ongoing emotional and structural condition. It influences teachers’ well-being, authority, pedagogical choices, and attitude toward learners. Currere enabled teachers to reimagine pedagogical approaches that balance classroom safety with meaningful learning. The study highlights the methodological value of currere for examining teachers' lived experiences in violent school settings. The paper recommends providing well-being support for teachers who experienced violence and adopting restorative approaches in schools.

This study assessed the extent of instructional supervision practices among head teachers in public primary schools in Kibondo District, Tanzania. The study was guided by the positivist research paradigm and employed a mixed-methods approach using a convergent parallel research design. A total of 294 participants were involved in the study, comprising 12 head teachers, 272 primary school teachers, 9 Ward Education Officers (WEOs), and 1 District Education Officer (DEO). Head teachers, WEOs, and the DEO were selected using purposive sampling, while primary school teachers were selected through simple random sampling. Quantitative data were collected using structured questionnaires administered to teachers, while qualitative data were obtained through interviews with head teachers, WEOs, and the DEO. Documentary review was also used to examine supervision schedules, classroom-observation records, lesson-plan monitoring records, and teachers’ feedback records. Quantitative data were analysed using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) through descriptive statistics, particularly means and standard deviations, while qualitative data were analysed thematically. The findings revealed that instructional supervision practices were generally implemented at low to moderate levels. Maintaining written supervision records received the highest rating (M = 2.80, SD = 1.40), followed by organising school-based professional development (M = 2.65, SD = 1.40) and encouraging peer observation and mentoring (M = 2.61, SD = 1.44). In contrast, classroom-focused activities recorded relatively lower ratings, including reviewing teachers’ schemes of work (M = 2.26, SD = 1.51), classroom observation (M = 2.27, SD = 1.48), checking lesson plans (M = 2.29, SD = 1.47), and monitoring continuous assessment practices (M = 2.29, SD = 1.53). Qualitative and documentary evidence indicated that competing administrative responsibilities, staffing constraints, and other school-level demands constrained the consistent implementation of classroom-focused supervision. The study concludes that instructional supervision was implemented unevenly, with relatively greater emphasis on administrative documentation and professional development activities than on direct classroom-focused supervision. The study recommends strengthening head teachers’ instructional leadership competencies, reducing competing administrative workloads, addressing staffing constraints, and establishing systematic mechanisms for regular classroom observation, constructive feedback, professional development, and follow-up of instructional practices.

With the continuous advancement of the construction of a national lifelong learning system and the deepening reform of the modern vocational education system, exploring the internal and external driving factors underlying the high-quality development of higher vocational colleges in border regions can effectively address several prominent challenges faced by northern higher vocational institutions, including insufficient connotative development in relation to construction requirements, inadequate motivation for autonomous learning among teachers and students, and difficulties in adapting lifelong education services to the needs of regional industries. Therefore, this research has significant practical implications.Drawing on self-efficacy theory and lifelong education theory, this study clarifies the transmission mechanisms among variables and constructs a theoretical model centered on lifelong education driving factors, teachers’ and students’ self-efficacy, and the high-quality development of higher vocational colleges. The study conducted a survey among 14 public higher vocational colleges in Heilongjiang Province, collecting 628 valid teacher questionnaires and 864 valid student questionnaires. Empirical analysis was conducted using SPSS 26.0 and the PROCESS macro, including reliability and validity tests, correlation analysis, and Bootstrap tests of mediating effects.The empirical results reveal several key findings. First, four driving factors associated with lifelong education—digital learning resource provision, the implementation of industry–education integration, the cultivation of a lifelong learning-oriented campus environment, and modern institutional governance—can all positively promote the high-quality development of higher vocational colleges. Second, these four types of factors significantly enhance the self-efficacy levels of both teachers and students. Finally, teachers’ and students’ self-efficacy plays a mediating role in this process: various lifelong education-related factors not only directly improve the quality of institutional development but also indirectly facilitate the connotative development of colleges by strengthening teachers’ and students’ confidence in learning and career development.Based on the practical context of higher vocational education in Heilongjiang Province, this study enriches the theoretical framework concerning institutional development from the perspective of lifelong education and provides two practical implications for higher vocational colleges in northern border regions. Higher vocational institutions should not only align their educational practices with local industrial characteristics but also focus on stimulating the subjective initiative of teachers and students, thereby establishing a sustainable and stable model of high-quality development.

This study examined the alignment between professional development opportunities and instructional practices among public kindergarten teachers at West City Elementary School, Dumaguete City, during school year 2025–2026. Guided by the integrated Gibbs–ERA reflective framework, it employed a descriptive-correlational design and total enumeration of seven kindergarten teachers. Data were collected through an adapted structured questionnaire administered via Google Forms and analyzed using descriptive statistics and Spearman’s rank-order correlation. Respondents rated trainings and seminars (reported composite mean = 3.29), coaching and mentoring (3.48), classroom management (3.88), and teaching strategies (3.89) positively. Teachers particularly endorsed collaborative coaching, effective use of classroom time, supportive student–teacher relationships, differentiation, and adjustment of teaching strategies. Professional development opportunities had a very strong positive association with reported instructional practices (Spearman’s ρ = .860, p = .013, n = 7). These self-reported findings suggest that professional learning and instructional practice are closely aligned in the school, although the single-school, small-sample design cannot establish causality or verify changes in pupil outcomes. The study recommends sustained, school-based training, peer coaching, mentoring, instructional observation, and structured reflection to support transfer of professional learning to everyday teaching.

Creativity is a core competency within Kenya’s Competency-Based Education framework, and Integrated Science offers opportunities for learners to investigate, collaborate, experiment, and apply scientific knowledge. However, limited context-specific evidence exists on how teachers combine instructional strategies to foster creativity in Junior School Integrated Science. This study assessed variations in teachers’ combined use of inquiry-based, collaborative, experiential and hands-on, and technology-enhanced strategies in public Junior Schools in Ainabkoi Sub-County, Uasin Gishu County, Kenya. Guided by Piaget’s Cognitive Constructivist Theory, it adopted a pragmatic worldview and convergent parallel mixed-methods design. Questionnaires were completed by 81 Integrated Science teachers, and semi-structured interviews were conducted with 15 Lead Integrated Science Teachers. Quantitative data were analysed using descriptive statistics and hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA), while qualitative data underwent thematic analysis. Collaborative learning recorded the highest use (M = 4.06, SD = 0.65), followed by inquiry-based learning (M = 3.94, SD = 0.66), experiential/hands-on learning (M = 3.54, SD = 0.53), and technology-enhanced instruction (M = 2.92, SD = 0.37). HCA yielded three exploratory profiles distinguished by relative emphasis on technology, inquiry and experiential learning, and collaboration. Interviews indicated that teachers adapted strategy combinations to lesson demands, resources, time, class size, and preparation requirements. The findings show variation in teachers’ reported practices, supporting differentiated professional development and improved access to practical and digital resources. Learner creativity was not directly measured.

This descriptive study examined the reported extent of best teaching practices among private secondary school teachers in the Apostolic Vicariate of Tabuk, Kalinga and Apayao, Philippines. The 2015 investigation involved 70 teachers from 10 private secondary schools and used a five-point survey questionnaire addressing teachers’ professional conduct, subject-matter expertise, student-centered teaching, experiential learning, moral development, critical thinking, and facilitation. Frequencies, percentages, weighted means, and reported analysis-of-variance (ANOVA) comparisons were used. Most respondents were female (74.29%), aged 20–30 years (91.43%), college graduates (65.71%), and had served for 1–10 years (95.71%). The overall reported mean for teaching practices was 4.72, classified as “Very Much Use.” Strongly rated practices included facilitating group dynamics (M = 4.97), demonstrating expertise in the field (M = 4.96), and content knowledge (M = 4.90). The original ANOVA summaries classified differences by civil status (F = 10.1274), educational attainment (F = 8.4656), and years of service (F = 7.1212) as significant, while gender (F = 0.7169) and age (F = 1.602) were not. Because some source calculations, degrees of freedom, and narrative interpretations conflict, inferential decisions require verification from the original data. Overall, teachers reported frequent implementation of professionally grounded, values-oriented, and learner-responsive practices. The findings support continued contextualized faculty development, equitable instructional resources, and careful evaluation of classroom practices.

This study examined the relationships among teachers’ core behavioral competencies, professional performance, and students’ learning achievement in Music, Arts, Physical Education, and Health (MAPEH) in the Department of Education Districts of Ilog I and II, Negros Occidental, Philippines. Using a descriptive-correlational research design, the study involved 38 MAPEH teachers and 190 students from ten public secondary schools, selected through total enumeration and proportional sampling, respectively. Data were gathered using a standardized questionnaire based on DepEd Order No. 2, s. 2015, teachers’ Individual Performance Commitment and Review Form (IPCRF) ratings, students’ academic records, and supplementary key informant interviews. Descriptive statistics and Pearson correlation analysis were employed. Findings revealed very high competencies in self-management (M = 3.826) and professionalism and ethics (M = 3.736), while result focus, teamwork, service orientation, and innovation were rated high. Teachers demonstrated very satisfactory professional performance (M = 3.557), whereas students achieved satisfactory academic performance in MAPEH (M = 84.142). Significant positive relationships were reported between result focus and teachers’ performance (r = .869, p = .028), innovation and students’ learning achievement (r = .797, p = .043), and teachers’ performance and students’ learning achievement (r = .797, p = .043). The findings highlighted the relevance of result-oriented practices, instructional innovation, and professional competence in supporting educational outcomes. Continuous professional development and a one-year competency enhancement plan were recommended to strengthen teaching effectiveness and student achievement. The study aligns with Sustainable Development Goal 4 (Quality Education) by emphasizing teacher development and improved learning outcomes. Its contribution to educational and institutional sustainability lies in supporting continuous professional improvement, instructional innovation, and sustained educational quality in public secondary schools.

The aim of this systematic review is to comprehensively evaluate recent research examining the relationships between teachers’ psychological resilience, burnout, and related variables from a holistic perspective. In this context, empirical and review studies published between 2020 and 2025 and conducted with teacher samples were analyzed using a systematic review methodology. The literature search was carried out in the Social Sciences Citation Index (SSCI), Emerging Sources Citation Index (ESCI), and Scopus databases, and studies were selected based on predetermined inclusion and exclusion criteria. As a result of this process, 23 empirical studies and 4 review studies were included in the systematic review.The findings indicate that teachers’ psychological resilience is negatively associated with the emotional exhaustion and depersonalization dimensions of burnout, while it is positively related to favorable outcomes such as professional efficacy, well-being, and work engagement. Teachers with higher levels of psychological resilience appear to be more resistant to occupational demands and experience lower levels of burnout symptoms. While some of the reviewed studies identified psychological resilience as a direct predictor of burnout, others revealed indirect effects through variables such as job stress, teacher self-efficacy, motivation, and organizational conditions. The findings of the review studies further support these results and emphasize the importance of conceptualizing teachers’ psychological resilience within a framework of individual and organizational resources.In conclusion, this systematic review demonstrates that teachers’ psychological resilience functions as a significant protective factor against burnout. The findings suggest that interventions aimed at strengthening teachers’ psychological resilience at both individual and organizational levels may play a critical role in promoting sustainable teacher well-being.

This qualitative descriptive study examined the perspectives of teachers with direct experience implementing the push-in model in general education classrooms in selected schools in Nevada, California, Arizona, and New Mexico, United States. It explored perceived educational value, implementation challenges, collaborative practices, professional roles, and opportunities for growth, and used the findings to formulate the Collaborative Push-In Enhancement Program (C-PEP). Participants were purposively selected from teachers experienced in push-in delivery or collaboration; the methodology described 11 co-participants, although another part of the dissertation reports a different sample count. Semi-structured interview accounts were examined using the six-phase thematic-analysis approach described in the dissertation. Five overarching themes were developed: push-in as inclusive and collaborative support for diverse learners; navigation of instructional, structural, and relational challenges; collaboration as the foundation of effective implementation; evolving instructional roles and complementary push-in/pull-out functions; and professional growth with holistic student development. Participants described greater classroom participation, confidence, access to grade-level teaching, and belonging, while emphasizing constrained planning time, scheduling, resources, and ambiguous teacher roles. The proposed C-PEP integrates differentiated instruction, problem-solving, co-planning, role clarification, mentoring, learner monitoring, and sustainability measures. Findings concern teachers’ reported experiences rather than independently measured student outcomes. The study highlights how inclusive practice depends on both responsive instruction and organizational support.

Although professional collaboration among teachers plays a critical role in enhancing school effectiveness and instructional quality, empirical studies that jointly examine the organizational and individual determinants of this collaboration remain limited. This study aimed to identify variables that significantly predict the likelihood of elementary school teachers engaging in professional collaboration. The study employed a quantitative, cross-sectional, and correlational survey design. The sample consisted of 310 teachers working in elementary schools in the city center of Siirt, selected through cluster sampling. Data were collected using the Servant Leadership Scale and the Professional Collaboration subscale. Binary logistic regression analysis was used to analyze the data. Results showed that school level, participation in professional activities, professional seniority, and principals’ servant leadership behaviors significantly predicted teachers’ likelihood of engaging in professional collaboration. In contrast, gender, marital status, educational status, length of time working with the school principal, and length of service at the school were not significant predictors. Overall, the findings highlight the role of servant leadership.

School heads’ leadership practices, such as how they set direction, support instruction, and build trust, are consistently linked to teachers’ work satisfaction, which in turn shapes motivation, commitment, and retention. The main objective of this study was to determine the School Heads’ Instructional Leadership Practices and Teachers’ Work Satisfaction in selected districts of the Division of Bukidnon during the School Year 2026–2027. Specifically, this aimed to find out the level of respondents’ perception of school heads’ instructional leadership practices; ascertain the level of work satisfaction in terms of the motivator factor; and determine whether a relationship exists between school heads’ instructional leadership practices and teachers’ work satisfaction in terms of the hygiene factor and as well as motivator factor. The study used a descriptive-correlational design and included two hundred five (205) Key Stage 2 teachers selected through universal sampling. Data were collected using a researcher-made questionnaire and analyzed using weighted mean, Pearson correlation, and multiple regression. Findings showed that instructional leadership was highly practiced, especially in aligning the school vision. Teachers also reported high job satisfaction in both hygiene and motivator factors. Instructional leadership was positively related to teachers’ work satisfaction. It also significantly predicted work satisfaction, with school vision alignment being the strongest predictor. It is concluded that instructional leadership is most effective when school heads ensure that the school’s mission and academic goals are perfectly aligned with the school-wide program and the current DepEd curriculum standards. School heads should improve teamwork, teaching, resource use, staff training, recognition, and the school environment.

The purpose of this study is to determine pre-service early childhood teachers’ views and perceived competency levels regarding neurolinguistic-based science, technology, engineering, arts, and mathematics (STEAM) applications in phonemic skills instruction, and to examine whether these perceptions differ significantly according to demographic (gender, age, and grade level) and professional/experiential (having received phonemic awareness training, STEAM experience, and familiarity with the concept of neurolinguistic programming [NLP]) variables. Adopting a descriptive survey design, one of the quantitative research methods, the study group consisted of 179 pre-service teachers enrolled in an early childhood education undergraduate program at one university in Kazakhstan. The research data were collected through a demographic information form, a structured views questionnaire, and a data collection tool measuring pre-service teachers’ perceived competency. The findings show that participants’ overall perceived competency was high. However, 36.9% of participants regarded phonemic awareness as a naturally developing process and 31.3% viewed STEAM as unrelated to language skills, which may indicate conceptual gaps; and although 41.9% stated that the art component made phoneme discrimination more concrete, 53.6% considered art either unrelated to phonemic awareness or merely entertaining. Perceived competency did not differ significantly by gender or age, whereas third-year pre-service teachers reported lower perceived competency than first- and second-year students; a “reality shock” after practicum is a possible but untested explanation, as practicum was not measured. In addition, pre-service teachers who had previously received phonemic awareness training, who had STEAM experience, and who were familiar with the concept of NLP reported significantly higher perceived competency. The findings suggest that teacher educators may consider adding applied, STEAM-integrated phonemic awareness modules supported by microteaching, including a critical examination of the evidence on NLP and learning-styles claims. The findings are limited by self-report data and a single-university convenience sample.

This study examined teacher self-efficacy, Social-Emotional Learning (SEL) integration, and their predictive relationships with teacher effectiveness in the Academic Recovery and Accessible Learning (ARAL) Program in the Tagbilaran City Division, Bohol, Philippines. Anchored in Social Cognitive Theory, the Prosocial Classroom Model, the CASEL SEL Framework, Self-Determination Theory, and Emotional Intelligence Theory, the study employed an explanatory sequential mixed-methods design. Quantitative respondents comprised 202 ARAL teachers and 23 school heads or designated supervisors from eight public junior high schools. The qualitative phase involved 15 teachers and five supervisory participants. Data were collected using a validated, researcher-developed questionnaire, open-ended questions, and interviews, and analyzed through descriptive statistics, multiple regression, Welch’s t-test, and thematic analysis. Findings revealed high teacher self-efficacy (M = 3.99), SEL integration, and teacher effectiveness. SEL integration significantly and positively predicted content knowledge and pedagogy (R² = .154), assessment and reporting (R² = .520), and learning environment (R² = .537), whereas teacher self-efficacy showed no statistically significant unique contribution after accounting for SEL integration. Teachers’ and supervisors’ assessments showed no significant differences. Challenges included learner disengagement, language barriers, diverse learning needs, inadequate instructional resources, insufficient training, and monitoring difficulties. Professional commitment, instructional adaptability, supportive relationships, and administrative assistance facilitated implementation. The study recommends sustained SEL-focused professional development, differentiated instruction, strengthened supervision, and systematic learner monitoring. It supports Sustainable Development Goals 4 (Quality Education), 3 (Good Health and Well-Being), and 8 (Decent Work and Economic Growth) through inclusive learning recovery, socio-emotional support, and teacher welfare. Its sustainability contribution lies in informing institutional capacity-building, equitable educational opportunities, and continuing professional support for effective ARAL implementation.

Background: Preservice teachers may solve equality tasks correctly while still explaining them procedurally, suggesting that correct performance does not necessarily reflect a relational understanding of the equal sign. When planning lessons, they must translate their mathematical understanding into instructional decisions, making lesson redesign a useful context for examining developing pedagogical reasoning. Aim: This study explored what critique-mediated lesson redesign revealed about preservice mathematics teachers’ emerging pedagogical reasoning when planning Grade 7 lessons on the equal sign. Setting: The study took place in a mathematics methodology course at a South African university. Methods: A qualitative multiple-case artefact-analysis design was used. Three group lesson redesigns were compared using lesson plans, written rationales and lecturer critique. The Knowledge Structures of Teaching in Emerging Practice (K-STEP) framework was used to interpret how the groups’ reasoning developed during redesign. Results: Redesign prompted greater attention to relational meanings of the equal sign, conceptual sequencing and learner understanding, although procedural routines and limited responses to anticipated learner thinking persisted. Conclusion: Critique-mediated lesson redesign made visible the uneven nature of developing pedagogical reasoning. The groups began to move towards more relational and learner-responsive lesson designs, although this development remained incomplete. Contribution: The study shows how lesson redesign can be used not only to improve planning but also to explore how preservice teachers interpret, revise and justify instructional decisions.

An educational process organized based on an integrative approach significantly enhances the level of meta-competence among prospective primary school teachers. This article analyzes a four-component model for developing meta-competence (comprising goal-oriented, content-related, technological, and outcome-based dimensions) and evaluates its effectiveness through a pedagogical experiment. The study involved 519 students from the pedagogical institutes of Andijan and Namangan, as well as Navoi State University (divided into experimental and control groups). The results showed a substantial improvement in meta-competencies within the experimental group, whereas no significant changes were observed in the control group. These findings are particularly relevant, as they can be utilized to refine educational modules and assessment tools within higher pedagogical education institutions.

This study explored collaborative lesson planning practices as part of lesson study-based supervision in selected public primary schools in Bagamoyo District, Tanzania. The study was guided by Social Constructivist Theory and employed a qualitative case study design, with Bagamoyo District as the bounded case and four selected public primary schools as embedded units of analysis. A total of 34 participants, comprising 28 classroom teachers, four head teachers, and two Ward Education Officers, were purposively selected. Data were collected through semi-structured interviews, focus group discussions, observation, and document analysis and were analysed thematically. The findings revealed that collaborative lesson planning was widely practiced in the selected schools through joint preparation of lesson plans, discussion of learning objectives and teaching strategies, development of teaching aids, and sharing of instructional knowledge and resources. Teachers reported that these practices enhanced professional learning, teaching confidence, pedagogical knowledge, and collective problem-solving. However, the implementation of collaborative lesson planning was constrained by heavy teaching workloads, limited time, inadequate instructional resources, and competing administrative responsibilities. The study concludes that collaborative lesson planning constitutes an important foundation of lesson study-based supervision and provides teachers with opportunities for continuous professional learning and improvement of instructional practice. The study recommends that school leaders and education authorities allocate adequate time and resources for collaborative lesson planning, strengthen institutional support, and minimise competing responsibilities that interfere with regular lesson study activities

This study examined the coping mechanisms and pedagogical challenges experienced by elementary teachers in utilizing interactive multimedia tools in selected public elementary schools in the Schools Division of Leyte, during School Year 2025–2026. Specifically, it determined the teachers’ demographic and professional profiles, assessed the extent of pedagogical challenges encountered in terms of technological fluency, competence, curriculum and lesson integration, time management, and resource management, and identified the coping mechanisms used to address these challenges. The study also examined whether significant differences existed in the teachers’ assessments when grouped according to their demographic characteristics and determined the relationship between pedagogical challenges and coping mechanisms. A quantitative descriptive-correlational and descriptive-comparative research design was employed, involving the total population of 145 elementary teachers from five selected public schools. Data were gathered using a researcher-made questionnaire validated by educational technology experts and analyzed using frequency, percentage, weighted mean, standard deviation, t-test, analysis of variance, and Pearson product-moment correlation at the 0.05 level of significance. The findings showed that teachers experienced varying degrees of difficulty in integrating interactive multimedia tools, particularly in managing technological demands, aligning digital resources with lessons, allocating preparation time, and addressing limitations in available resources. Despite these challenges, teachers demonstrated adaptive coping practices, particularly through collaboration and peer support, resourcefulness, adaptation, personal reflection, and self-care. The findings further indicated differences in some assessments when respondents were grouped according to selected demographic characteristics, while the relationship between pedagogical challenges and coping mechanisms reflected the teachers’ efforts to adjust to technology-related demands. Based on the findings, enhanced digital-based literacy teaching-learning activities were developed to strengthen teachers’ technological and pedagogical competencies and support more practical, engaging, and sustainable technology integration in elementary classrooms.

Purpose: Although leadership behaviors have been widely examined in relation to teacher outcomes, limited empirical research has explored how different leadership dimensions influence teachers’ morale within highly centralized educational systems such as Thailand’s primary education sector. Existing studies have often emphasized administrative control and procedural compliance, while comparatively less attention has been given to the role of relationship-oriented leadership behaviors in sustaining teachers’ morale within centralized administrative contexts. This study therefore examines the relationship between leadership behaviors within educational administration and teachers’ morale in Thai primary schools in central Thailand. Research design, data and methodology: This study employed a quantitative research design using a survey approach. Data were collected from 417 teachers and educational personnel working in primary schools across central Thailand through anonymous self-administered questionnaires. Leadership behaviors were categorized into task-oriented and relationship-oriented dimensions, while teachers’ morale was examined through Herzberg’s Motivation-Hygiene Theory. Descriptive statistics, Pearson correlation analysis, and multiple regression analysis were employed to examine the relationships between leadership behaviors and teachers’ morale. Results: The findings revealed that both task-oriented and relationship-oriented leadership behaviors were positively associated with teachers’ morale. Relationship-oriented leadership behaviors, particularly motivation and participation, demonstrated stronger predictive influence on teachers’ morale than task-oriented dimensions such as planning and supervision. The regression model explained a substantial proportion of variance in teachers’ morale, indicating that interpersonal and participatory leadership practices play an important role within centralized educational environments. Conclusions: The study contributes empirical evidence to educational administration research by demonstrating that leadership effectiveness within centralized educational systems may involve not only administrative coordination and policy implementation but also relationship-oriented leadership practices that support teachers’ professional well-being. The findings further suggest that balancing organizational structure with human-centered leadership may help sustain teachers’ morale within Thai primary schools.

Purpose: This study aims to identify the factors influencing teachers’ job satisfaction using a middle school in Dazhou City, Sichuan Province, China. Research design, data and methodology: A quantitative research design was adopted. Questionnaire surveys were distributed to 90 teachers at a middle school in Tongchuan District using stratified random sampling. Multiple linear regression was used to examine the relationships between working hours, work pressure, organizational commitment, teacher self-efficacy, teacher career motivation, and job satisfaction. In addition, a 16-week strategic planning program was implemented with 30 teachers to improve job satisfaction. Paired sample t-tests were applied to compare the pre- and post-intervention results. Results: The multiple linear regression results show that organizational commitment, teacher career motivation, and teacher self-efficacy have significant positive effects on job satisfaction. Working hours and work pressure do not show significant direct effects in the regression model. After the program implementation, the paired sample t-test results indicate significant improvements in working hours, work pressure, organizational commitment, teacher self-efficacy, teacher career motivation, and overall job satisfaction. Conclusions: The findings suggest that school management practices that strengthen organizational commitment, support teachers’ professional motivation, and improve working conditions can enhance teachers’ job satisfaction. Practical actions such as flexible work arrangements, professional development opportunities, and participatory school governance may help improve teachers’ workplace experiences and support sustainable educational development.

Introduction Computer teachers are widely recognized as key drivers of digital transformation in education, given their central role in integrating technology into teaching and learning processes. Their position places them at the forefront of adopting and modeling innovative pedagogical approaches and associated technologies—such as gamification—to support sustainable integration within schools. Methods The study aimed to identify the extent of gamification adoption among computer teachers in Jordan; to do so, a descriptive approach was used. The study instrument was a questionnaire that had items measuring computer teachers' familiarity with gamification, attitudes toward gamification, employment of gamification, and the obstacles to employing gamification. The participants were 104 computer teachers from one governorate in Jordan. Results Results indicated that computer teachers had high familiarity with gamification and positive attitudes toward gamification, reflecting strong conceptual acceptance, whereas their reported classroom use was moderate. Teachers tended to rely on basic elements such as points and rewards rather than advanced strategies, indicating surface-level application. Additionally, familiarity with gamification was not comprehensive, with a stronger understanding of general concepts than specific tools. Perceived obstacles were moderate, with administrative and institutional factors identified as the most influential barriers. Discussion The study recommends strengthening institutional support and providing targeted training to enable effective and sustained implementation of gamification in practice.

This study examined the relationship between teachers’ pedagogical approaches and the Kindergarten learners’ reading performance in selected schools in the Division of Cagayan de Oro. It assessed five approaches: context support, ICT integration, language experience, phonemic awareness, and the whole-word approach. It also evaluated learners’ performance in comprehension, phonics, and vocabulary. Using a descriptive-correlational research design, the study involved 115 Kindergarten teachers and 230 learners. Data were gathered through a modified questionnaire and standardized test, then analyzed using descriptive statistics and Pearson’s Correlation Coefficient. The findings revealed that teachers demonstrated a very high level of pedagogical approaches, with the whole-word approach rated highest and language experience lowest. Meanwhile, learners achieved satisfactory reading performance, with comprehension as their strongest area and vocabulary as their weakest. However, no significant relationship was found between teachers’ pedagogical approaches and learners’ reading performance. The study concluded that teachers were well-equipped to facilitate reading instruction through various strategies. It recommended providing more opportunities for learners to connect reading and writing activities with their personal experiences, interests, and real-life situations. Teachers were also encouraged to explore alternative instructional practices that address learners’ specific reading needs and improve their overall reading performance.

Creative competence, defined as the knowledge, skills, and dispositions required both to act creatively and to cultivate creativity in learners, is increasingly framed as a core professional capability for teachers, yet initial teacher education rarely addresses it systematically. This brief research report examines whether a game-based instructional module embedded in a standard pedagogy course can strengthen pre-service teachers' creative competence. Using a quasi-experimental, nonequivalent-groups pre-test/post-test design, two intact cohorts of undergraduate pre-service teachers ( N = 118) completed either a 12-week game-based module (“Creative Pedagogy Lab”; n = 61) or a conventional seminar covering the same syllabus ( n = 57). Outcomes included creative self-efficacy and creative personal identity (Short Scale of Creative Self), teaching-for-creativity competence, divergent thinking (Alternative Uses Task), and blind consensual ratings of an authentic lesson-design product; reflective journals and focus groups captured participants’ experiences. Covariate-adjusted analyses showed significant advantages for the game-based condition in creative self-efficacy ( η p² = .10), teaching-for-creativity competence ( η p² = .12), originality of ideas ( η p² = .06), and rated creativity of lesson designs (d = 0.82). No significant effect emerged for ideational fluency, and the effect on creative personal identity was small and did not survive correction for multiple comparisons. Qualitative findings offer contextual insight into these patterns rather than independent evidence of causal mechanism: participants described the games as low-stakes “safe-fail” spaces that granted permission to experiment, while time pressure and coverage anxiety constrained engagement. The results provide preliminary evidence that game-based approaches can be integrated into professional preparation without displacing core content, and they point to organizational conditions—curricular space, facilitator development, and assessment alignment—needed to sustain such approaches in teacher-education organizations. As a single-institution study with a predominantly female, elementary-track sample, these findings are preliminary and may not generalize to other subject areas, institutions, or more gender-balanced cohorts.

The professionalism of guidance and counseling (BK) teachers plays an important role in services that support students’ personal, social, academic, and career development. However, research on professional challenges, competencies, and development strategies for BK teachers tends to examine these three aspects separately without integrating ethical responsibilities. This article aimed to analyze BK teachers’ professionalism in the digital era, encompassing competencies, challenges and opportunities associated with technology use, and continuing competency development. The study employed a literature review method with a descriptive qualitative approach. Articles and documents published between 2020 and 2025 were retrieved through Google Scholar and Portal Garuda and analyzed thematically. The findings indicate that BK teachers’ professionalism rests on mastery of pedagogical, personal, social, and professional competencies, alongside continuing competency development. However, training and supervision remain limited in terms of duration, evaluation indicators, and monitoring, with a greater focus on professional competence. Digital technologies extend the reach of services but require digital competence and protection of client data confidentiality. The reviewed literature also indicates limited availability of standardized guidelines for online counseling in Indonesia. These findings provide an integrated perspective on BK teachers’ professionalism in the digital era, linking competency mastery, ethical responsibilities, and the ability to use technology. In practical terms, competency development for BK teachers needs to integrate digital competence and online counseling ethics through continuing training, supervision, and evaluation based on measurable indicators. Support from professional associations in developing online counseling guidelines is also needed to strengthen professional and responsible service delivery.

Background: Job instability within teachers in Nepal's private schools is a persistent matter, however its combined impacts on teaching performance and organizational trust remain under investigated. In this research, "permanent" denotes benefit-eligible status (teachers who get a provident fund, social security fund, insurance allowance, and government-standard paid leave after a certain qualifying period) whereas "temporary or contract-based" denotes teachers are deprived of one or more of these advantages. Objectives: This research investigates (i) the impact of job stability type on teaching performance and workplace effectiveness, (ii) the relationship between organizational job-security assist and organizational trust, and (iii) the joint predictive effect of both independent variables, along with quality of communication and collaboration tested as a possible moderator. Methods: A quantitative comparative-correlational approach was applied. Data were gathered from 219 teachers in private schools of Kathmandu Valley via a structured questionnaire utilizing a 5-point Likert scale. Item-level descriptives applied median and IQR; construct-level composites were examined applying independent-samples *t*-test, Pearson correlation, and multiple regression in SPSS. Job status was defined by availability of organizational benefits: permanent (benefit-eligible) teachers get provident fund, social security fund contributions, insurance allowance, and government-standard paid leave after a qualifying period, whereas contract-based teachers are deprived of. Results: Permanent teachers reported substantially higher teaching performance (M difference = 0.254, *p* = .036) and organizational trust (M difference = 0.269, *p* = .027) than temporary teachers. Multiple regression displayed that perceived employment stability (β = .560, *p* < .001) and institutional job-security support (β = .352, *p* < .001) combinely predicted teaching performance, R² = .793, F(2, 216) = 414.87, *p* < .001. For organizational trust, both predictors were additionally significant (β = .443 and .510, both *p* < .001), R² = .863, F(2, 216) = 677.95, *p* < .001. Moderation by communication quality was not assisted (all four interactions non-significant; *p* > .05). EFA extracted two factors justifying 73.75% of variance; Harman's test exhibited 54.64% on the first factor, just above the 50% threshold. Conclusion: Both perceived employment stability and institutional job-security assist independently and collectively predict teaching performance and organizational trust. Permanent employment is connected with higher results. Moderation by communication quality was not assisted. Novelty: This is within the first research to integrate employment stability type and institutional job-security assist in collectively predicting both teaching performance and organizational trust in Nepal's private school field, applying ordinal-appropriate item-level descriptives and composite-level parametric analysis.

The study aimed to find whether differences exist in the perspective of teachers towards online learning when grouped according to profile. Specifically, the study endeavored to describe the profile of the respondents in terms of age, gender, civil status, and educational attainment; determine the extent of teachers’ perspective towards online learning in the areas of access, interaction, response, and results; ascertain the level of teachers’ preparedness towards online learning in teaching social studies; and find out whether a significant difference exists in the preparedness of teachers towards online learning when grouped according to age, gender, civil status, and educational attainment. The study was conducted among the national high schools in the Division of Malaybalay City, Bukidnon for the School Year 2020-2021. A total of 96 Social Studies teachers were drawn from (6) national schools through purposive sampling. To gather relevant information needed for the study, the researcher adopted the questionnaire developed by Larsen (2012) and Lichoro (2015). Descriptive statistics such as frequency, percentage, mean, standard deviation, t-test, and analysis of variance were used to treat the data. The majority of the teachers were in middle adulthood and were predominantly female. It is further revealed that most of them were single and bachelor’s degree holders. Access and interaction were observed in great extent, while responses and results were demonstrated in moderate extent, suggesting that the teachers’ perspective towards online learning showed certainty in the way they take online learning as a learning platform in this pandemic period. Similarly, teachers’ preparedness towards online learning yielded positive results in all indicators, implying that teachers consider online learning as a powerful tool for them to teach and support the learning of the students in response to the COVID-19 pandemic. There was a significant difference in the preparedness of teachers when they were grouped according to age, where younger teachers are construed to be ready for this kind of learning delivery, while sex, civil status, and educational attainment did not show significant differences. This means that regardless of their characteristics in these three variables, their preparedness for online learning is the same. Thus, school administrators have to consider teachers to acquire new skills, sharpen existing ones, perform better, increase productivity and be better teachers in this new way of approaching learning.

Background: Teacher agency is essential to educational transformation, yet teacher development in Nepal often relies on standardized training approaches that emphasize prescribed methods rather than critical reflection, contextual experimentation, and collaborative learning. Objectives: This study explores how teachers develop and exercise agency through Critical–Creative Pedagogy (CCP) and participatory action research in two Nepali public-school contexts. Methods: Using a participatory action research approach, the study examined two contexts: a cross-school initiative involving 11 teachers from eight public schools in Helambu and a school-based initiative involving 30 teachers at Janata Secondary School in Bardibas. Data were generated over nine months through workshop interactions, teacher reflections, lesson plans, classroom observations, reflective dialogues, and informal conversations with students. The analysis examined how reflection, dialogue, classroom experimentation, and collective professional learning contributed to the development of teacher agency. Results: The findings indicate that teacher agency developed through iterative cycles of reflection, action, observation, dialogue, and re-reflection rather than through standardized training alone. Teachers began questioning textbook-centred and examination-driven practices and experimenting with learning activities grounded in students’ experiences and local contexts. Contextual adaptation and engagement with the wider school community, including school management committees and parents, emerged as important dimensions of pedagogical change. The Bardibas initiative appeared to foster stronger shared reflection, mutual support, and continuity of pedagogical change than the cross-school arrangement in Helambu. Conclusion: Teacher agency is a relational and context-dependent process that develops through critical reflection, pedagogical experimentation, and collaborative learning. Sustaining educational transformation requires professional learning opportunities that connect teachers’ agency with local knowledge, school-level collaboration, and community engagement. Novelty: By examining participatory action research across two distinct school contexts, this study highlights how the institutional setting of teacher collaboration may shape opportunities for collective reflection, mutual support, and sustained pedagogical change. It also foregrounds the importance of connecting teacher learning with school and community contexts in efforts to transform classroom practice.

This study investigates how a novice EFL (English as a Foreign Language) teacher enacts professional identity within the context of reading instruction. While prior research has established the dynamic and multifaceted nature of teacher identity, limited attention has been given to how professional identity is constructed and enacted through subject-specific pedagogical practices, particularly in reading instruction. This qualitative case study draws on interview and classroom observation data to explore how a novice EFL teacher enacts professional identities in reading instruction. The findings suggest that the teacher’s professional identity is not a fixed set of roles but is expressed through situated teaching practices and professional reflections. Specifically, three interrelated identity positions were identified—facilitator of meaning-making, cultural and textual guide, and reflective learner. These positions were reflected in instructional practices such as scaffolding, interpretive questioning, and the provision of cultural and textual background knowledge, as well as in the teacher’s willingness to learn from students and engage in professional development. Furthermore, the findings highlight the relationship between the teacher’s professional identity, individual agency, and the working conditions of her teaching context. By situating teacher identity within the practices of reading instruction, this study extends existing research by foregrounding the practice-based and context-sensitive nature of novice teacher identity. An Activity Theory perspective further informs the interpretation of how professional identity relates to pedagogical practices, instructional tools, and contextual conditions.

Allocation of educational resources affects the learning environment and equality of opportunity for students. Frontline teachers' views on the urban-rural disparity in educational resources for Chinese primary and secondary schools are investigated in this study. An exploratory comparative design was used, and based on questionnaire responses from 26 teachers, six were from urban schools and twenty were from rural or township schools. Teacher staffing and qualifications, school facilities, digital resources, curriculum implementation, professional development, family cooperation, funding and policy execution were also analysed. Therefore, the deficiencies in urban and rural areas cannot be confined to primary and secondary school facilities. Rural teachers reported more restrictions in specialist staffing, professional development, curriculum provision, digital resources, family support and the actual implementation of educational balancing policies. Teachers in both groups also listed the recruitment, training and retention of teachers as problems. Therefore, in addition to the supply of resources, schools need to have the ability to use and maintain these resources effectively for educational equity. Due to the small and unequal sample and the reliance on self-reported data, the findings should be interpreted as exploratory. Future research should use larger samples and combine teacher perspectives with student, school, and longitudinal data to further examine how resource allocation affects educational opportunities.

Professional speech culture is an essential component of teacher preparation, yet university courses in this area often emphasize normative linguistic knowledge without sufficiently integrating its application to authentic pedagogical communication. This study aimed to preliminarily adapt and evaluate the Teacher's Speech Culture course for pre-service Kazakh language teachers by strengthening the integration of normative-linguistic, communicative-pragmatic, discursive, and interactive components of professional speech competence. A single-group pre-test–post-test design was used. Initially, 180 students were recruited from two higher education institutions in southern Kazakhstan; 156 completed all stages and were included in the final analysis. The adapted course combined theoretical instruction with professionally oriented communicative situations, independent construction of professional utterances, interactive tasks, and reflective analysis of speech behaviour. Professional speech competence was assessed before and after the course using diagnostic and performance-based measures. The assessment demonstrated satisfactory internal consistency (Cronbach's α = 0.86). Data were examined using pre-test -post-test comparisons and path analysis. Overall professional speech competence increased from M = 7.84 (SD = 1.62) to M = 9.72 (SD = 1.48), t (155) = 11.46, p < 0.001, Cohen's d = 0.92. Significant improvements were also observed across the normative-linguistic, communicative-pragmatic, discursive, and interactive components. Path analysis indicated that the ability to analyse professional communicative situations had the strongest direct association with professional speech competence. Professional speech competence was also positively associated with speech self-control and flexibility of professional speech behaviour. The findings provide preliminary empirical support for a practice-oriented adaptation of the Teacher's Speech Culture course that connects knowledge of language norms with contextual analysis, independent speech production, and regulation of professional communication. Given the absence of a separate control group, the observed changes should be interpreted as pre-test–post-test differences associated with course participation rather than evidence of a causal intervention effect. Further controlled studies involving broader samples are required to evaluate the effectiveness and generalizability of the adapted course.

Proving is a fundamental skill that pre-service mathematics teachers are expected to develop and to support in their future students. This study aimed to examine the proving processes of pre-service middle school mathematics teachers. To this end, a total of 30 participants were selected through maximum variation sampling from among pre-service teachers who had just been admitted to a middle school mathematics teacher education program and pre-service mathematics teachers at all year levels of the program, with six participants from each level, and the data of this qualitative study were collected through clinical interviews. The data were collected in the context of the concepts of function and number. According to the results of the study, participants at the higher year levels generally showed greater success in constructing the formal-rhetorical part of a proof and in solving its problem-centered part, indicating a cross-year pattern rather than individual longitudinal change. It was also concluded that even when participants in the upper years possessed knowledge of proof methods, either their lack of sufficient conceptual knowledge to solve the problem-centered part or their deficiencies in the use of mathematical language hindered the proving process. Furthermore, it was observed that the participants were unable to use the full range of proof methods; whereas proof by counterexample showed the highest success in the proving process at every level, participants experienced difficulties in the direct proof and proof by contraposition processes. The findings suggest that the formal-rhetorical and problem-centered parts of proof should be addressed explicitly and systematically across all year levels of mathematics teacher education programs.

Digital technology can make mathematics more visual, interactive, and exploratory, yet it does not necessarily lead to richer mathematical activity. This study explores how Indonesian mathematics teachers experience digital technology and make sense of its potential for deeper mathematical learning. Guided by Moustakas’s transcendental phenomenology, the study included 67 mathematics teachers, with 24 purposively selected for in-depth interviews and analysis of digital learning artefacts. The study analyzed data phenomenologically and compared sources, using NVivo 12 Pro to organize the data. The findings show that teachers valued technology for explaining concepts, visualizing abstract ideas, and engaging students, while facing challenges related to digital skills, student readiness, and classroom conditions. Teachers made sense of technology through five overlapping purposes: presentation, explanation, visualization, interaction, and exploration. However, analysis of 67 artefacts showed that presentation-oriented uses were more common than simulation-based activities. This tension defines the Digital Paradox: the possibilities teachers recognize do not always match the mathematical learning opportunities represented in their instructional designs. The findings highlight the importance of understanding not only how teachers experience and interpret technology, but also how its possibilities are reflected in the learning activities they design.

Twenty First Century Skills (21st CS) are considered to be a pathway of STEM/STEAM (Science, Technology, Engineering, Arts and Mathematics) Education, yet there is limited evidence at a large scale of the implementation of STEM/STEAM pedagogy in secondary schools of Pakistan. The research sought to understand the self-reported classroom practices of secondary school teachers across nine domains of pedagogical and infrastructural practices associated with STEM/STEAM learning, and to examine the differences in practices by teachers from different localities and males and females. The design of the study was descriptive, cross-sectional survey. The respondents comprised 1,099 STEM/STEAM engaged secondary teachers from all seven administrative provinces/territories of Pakistan who filled an 8-item Yes/No Resource Availability index along with a structured 51 item questionnaire on a 5-point Likert scale, which measured 8 practice constructs: Project- and Problem-Based Learning, Hands-On and Model-Making Practices, Inquiry-Based Learning, Use of Digital Tools and Technology, Arts Integration, Collaborative Learning, Problem-Solving and Design Thinking, and STEM/STEAM Competitions and Achievement Exposure. The instrument was expert validated and showed great internal consistency (α overall was .905). Results: Teachers indicated that they were implementing Project/Problem Based Learning (PBL) at a high level (M = 3.57), Competitions and Achievement Exposure at a high level (M = 3.48), and Arts Integration at a moderate level (M = 3.42), while they were implementing Collaborative Learning at a moderate level (M = 3.39), Problem Solving and Design Thinking at a moderate level (M = 3.34), and Inquiry Based Learning at a moderate level (M = 3.32), and Hands On/Model Making at a comparatively low level (M = 3.05). In general, 49.5% of cases, material and infrastructural resources were available. There was no significant difference between the availability of resources available to teachers by gender, but there was a significant difference by urban and rural (χ² = 22.449, p < .001), with teachers from urban schools saying they had less available in their classroom than teachers from rural schools, possibly because of the overcrowding of urban schools, rather than the fact that rural school resources are superior. Conclusion: relatively high levels of engagement with teacher-directed/low material cost practices and practices depending on sustained student autonomy or on physical materials or infrastructure or on the digital are relatively limited, with the exception of practices that rely on physical materials and infrastructure. Implications: The results justify investing more in infrastructure and professional development in hands-on, inquiry, and technologically focused practice and in the reallocation of resources based on per-capita classroom load instead of on an urban/rural administrative classification.

This study aims to analyze the integration between the cognitive process dimensions of Revised Bloom's Taxonomy and the structural complexity of the SOLO Taxonomy in questions constructed by pre-service biology teachers, as well as its correlation with students' cognitive learning outcomes. A descriptive-quantitative approach with co-relational analysis was employed, evaluating a total sample of 420 question sentences generated by students during their field teaching program (PPL). Data collection was conducted using double-coding observation rubrics and statistically processed via Spearman’s rho non-parametric correlation test. The results indicated a stark gradation phenomenon, with question distribution heavily accumulating within lower-order thinking skills (LOTS), predominantly spanning the Remembering (C1) and Understanding (C2) levels with Unistructural and Multistructural reasoning profiles. Conversely, higher-order thinking skills (HOTS) were strictly concentrated at the Analyzing (C4) and Evaluating (C5) levels, aligning with Relational and Extended Abstract structures. Statistical analysis revealed a positive and significant correlation coefficient (p = 0.707, p < 0.001), indicating a very strong linear relationship where higher cognitive demands inherently correspond to greater structural reasoning maturity. In conclusion, while pre-service teachers possess a solid foundation in factual knowledge, their capacity to formulate higher-order questions remains limited. Therefore, transforming classroom communication through constructivist learning strategies and gradual conceptual scaffolding is highly recommended to foster integrative thinking and bridge the cognitive transition toward deep conceptual understanding.

Introduction Research on the practicum has focused on student teachers, mentors and partnerships between universities and schools, while the pupils in whose classrooms student teachers are placed have rarely been asked about this experience. This study examined how pupils in Ecuadorian host schools perceive the presence, support and influence of student teachers, and to what extent these perceptions can be trusted as evidence. Methods Two age-differentiated questionnaires, with pictographic scales from early childhood education to third grade and verbal scales from fourth grade onward, were administered through a mobile application by the student teachers or by members of the research team hired for data collection (project staff). The dataset comprised 2,453 valid evaluations from 1,140 pupils in 123 classrooms of 38 schools. Analyses included descriptive statistics for the first evaluation of each pupil, agreement between consecutive weekly evaluations, generalized estimating equations that accounted for the nesting of evaluations within pupils, classrooms and schools, a within-pupil comparison of evaluations collected by student teachers and by project staff, and latent class analysis. Results Between 91.5% and 98.5% of pupils gave favorable ratings on seven of eight items, while 69.6% of older pupils always felt comfortable asking student teachers for help. Ratings collected by project staff were lower than those collected by student teachers, especially for comfort in asking for help and perceived influence on learning. Responses of the youngest pupils concentrated in the highest category and did not discriminate reliably between individual pupils, whereas older pupils showed fair to moderate stability on most items and formed highly enthusiastic and moderately favorable profiles. Discussion Pupils perceive student teachers favorably, although part of this favorability reflects social desirability and the developmental limits of young respondents. Pupil voice can inform practicum evaluation when questionnaires are administered by someone other than the student teacher being evaluated and are interpreted according to the age of the pupils.

Understanding the learning preferences of pre-service teachers is important for designing flexible and inclusive teacher education programmes. This study examined Honey and Mumford Learning Styles Questionnaire (LSQ) dimension scores and the resulting highest-scoring and tied maximum-score classifications among Level 100 pre-service teachers in Colleges of Education in the Ashanti Region of Ghana. It also examined whether these classifications were associated with gender, teaching-level specialisation, and programme family. A cross-sectional survey design was adopted. The accessible population comprised approximately 2,800 pre-service teachers across eight Colleges of Education, from which 1,496 respondents were included in the study. Data were collected using the 80-item Honey and Mumford LSQ, which assesses four learning-preference dimensions: Activist, Reflector, Theorist, and Pragmatist. For descriptive classification, the dimension with the highest observed score was identified for each respondent, while respondents with equal maximum scores on two or more dimensions were retained in a separate Tie category. Data were analysed using descriptive statistics, Pearson correlations, chi-square tests, Cramér's V, and multinomial logistic regression. Tied maximum scores were observed for 44.5% of respondents. Among respondents with a unique highest-scoring dimension, Activist was the most frequent classification (28.7%), followed by Theorist (12.0%), Reflector (9.5%), and Pragmatist (5.3%). Highest-scoring classification was significantly associated with gender, χ 2 (4, N = 1,496) = 17.91, p = .001, Cramér's V = .109; teaching level, χ 2 (4, N = 1,496) = 41.76, p < .001, Cramér's V = .167; and programme family, χ 2 (12, N = 1,496) = 178.94, p < .001, Cramér's V = .200. The effect sizes were relatively small. Multinomial regression identified differences in selected outcome contrasts, particularly for teaching level and programme family, although several estimates had wide confidence intervals and should be interpreted cautiously. The findings demonstrate considerable variation in LSQ score patterns and show that a substantial proportion of respondents could not be assigned a unique highest-scoring dimension. These results support cautious use of learning-style classifications as descriptive indicators of reported preferences rather than as fixed learner types. Teacher education programmes should therefore emphasise varied pedagogical experiences incorporating active engagement, reflection, theoretical understanding, and practical application.

Gifted and talented students need well-trained teachers who will challenge and support them in developing their abilities. However, teachers receive no formal professional learning or development focused on teaching academically advanced students, especially those with disabilities. Consequently, gifted and talented students with disabilities are often not given sufficient opportunity to thrive in the classroom. The study assessed the teaching of gifted and talented learners with disabilities. The respondents were 30 parents of Manggahan Elementary School. The researcher utilized a descriptive correlational design. Statistical treatments used were utilized frequency and percentage, weighted mean, t-test and Pearson correlation coefficient. The findings revealed that parent-respondents were mostly in the 50–54 age bracket, predominantly female, and largely composed of parents rather than grandparents or guardians. The results showed that parent-respondents generally viewed the teaching of gifted learners with disabilities positively. The highest rating was given to teachers providing opportunities for enrichment activities, showing that parents particularly noticed efforts that extend the learners’ abilities and interests. The findings also revealed that parent-respondents also assessed the teaching of talented learners with disabilities positively. The highest-rated indicator was teachers’ creativity in addressing both giftedness and disability, which suggests that parents value innovative and flexible teaching approaches. There is a significant difference in the assessment of the parent-respondents on the teaching of gifted and talented learners with disabilities when grouped according to age, sex, and role in the family. Furthermore, there is no significant relationship in the teaching of gifted and talented learners with disabilities based on the computed correlation coefficient and significance value.

Teacher wellbeing has become an increasingly important concern in sustainable education systems because teachers’ professional experiences influence instructional quality, organizational resilience, and the long-term capacity of schools to maintain supportive learning environments. Contemporary perspectives on educational sustainability emphasize that schools are sustainable not only through academic effectiveness but also through their ability to foster participation, professional recognition, supportive relationships, and psychological resources among teachers. Within this perspective, shared instructional leadership can be considered an organizational resource, while teacher job satisfaction represents an important psychological resource contributing to the human foundations of socially sustainable schools. This study examined the relationship between shared instructional leadership and teacher job satisfaction among secondary school teachers in Northern Cyprus. A quantitative correlational research design was employed with 300 teachers working in public secondary schools during the 2024–2025 academic year. Data were collected using the Shared Instructional Leadership Scale and the Teacher Job Satisfaction Scale. Descriptive statistics, Pearson correlation analysis, and simple linear regression analysis were conducted to examine the relationship between shared instructional leadership and teacher job satisfaction. The findings revealed a significant positive relationship between shared instructional leadership and overall teacher job satisfaction ( r = 0.580, p < 0.001). Within this perspective, shared instructional leadership is conceptualized as an organizational resource, while teacher job satisfaction represents a psychological indicator of teachers’ positive professional experiences. ( β = 0.580, p < 0.001), explaining 33.4% of the variance in teacher job satisfaction ( R 2 = 0.334). Significant positive relationships were also found between shared instructional leadership and several dimensions of job satisfaction, including management, achievement–respect–recognition, interpersonal relationships, and the nature of teaching work. The findings suggest that shared instructional leadership may contribute to socially sustainable schooling by strengthening teachers’ professional recognition, relational experiences, and psychological resources. Although social sustainability was not directly measured in this study, the findings highlight leadership practices and teacher satisfaction as important organizational and psychological conditions supporting sustainable educational environments. This study contributes to educational sustainability and leadership literature by emphasizing the human dimension of sustainable schools within the underrepresented context of Northern Cyprus.

رفاه معلمان به عنوان یکی از دغدغه‌های فزاینده در نظام‌های آموزشی پایدار مطرح شده است، زیرا تجارب حرفه‌ای معلمان بر کیفیت آموزش، تاب‌آوری سازمانی و ظرفیت بلندمدت مدارس برای حفظ محیط‌های یادگیری حمایتی تأثیرگذار است. دیدگاه‌های معاصر درباره پایداری آموزشی تأکید می‌کنند که مدارس نه تنها از طریق اثربخشی تحصیلی، بلکه از طریق توانایی خود در تقویت مشارکت، شناسایی حرفه‌ای، روابط حمایتی و منابع روان‌شناختی در میان معلمان پایدار می‌شوند. در این چارچوب، رهبری آموزشی مشارکتی به عنوان یک منبع سازمانی و رضایت شغلی معلمان به عنوان یک منبع روان‌شناختی مهم که به بنیان‌های انسانی مدارس اجتماعی پایدار کمک می‌کند، در نظر گرفته می‌شود. این پژوهش به بررسی رابطه بین رهبری آموزشی مشارکتی و رضایت شغلی معلمان در میان معلمان دبیرستان‌های قبرس شمالی پرداخت. طرح پژوهش همبستگی کمی با مشارکت ۳۰۰ معلم شاغل در مدارس متوسطه دولتی در سال تحصیلی ۲۰۲۵–۲۰۲۴ اجرا شد. داده‌ها با استفاده از مقیاس رهبری آموزشی مشارکتی و مقیاس رضایت شغلی معلمان گردآوری شد. برای بررسی رابطه بین رهبری آموزشی مشارکتی و رضایت شغلی معلمان از آمار توصیفی، تحلیل همبستگی پیرسون و تحلیل رگرسیون خطی ساده استفاده شد. یافته‌ها نشان داد که بین رهبری آموزشی مشارکتی و رضایت شغلی کلی معلمان رابطه مثبت معناداری وجود دارد (r = 0.580, p < 0.001). در این چارچوب، رهبری آموزشی مشارکتی به عنوان یک منبع سازمانی و رضایت شغلی معلمان به عنوان شاخص روان‌شناختی تجارب حرفه‌ای مثبت معلمان مفهوم‌سازی می‌شود (β = 0.580, p < 0.001) و ۳۳/۴ درصد از واریانس رضایت شغلی معلمان را تبیین می‌کند (R2 = 0.334). همچنین بین رهبری آموزشی مشارکتی و چندین بعد رضایت شغلی از جمله مدیریت، دستاورد–احترام–شناسایی، روابط بین‌فردی و ماهیت کار تدریس، روابط مثبت معناداری مشاهده شد. یافته‌ها نشان می‌دهد که رهبری آموزشی مشارکتی می‌تواند با تقویت شناسایی حرفه‌ای، تجارب ارتباطی و منابع روان‌شناختی معلمان به پایداری اجتماعی مدارس کمک کند. اگرچه پایداری اجتماعی به طور مستقیم در این پژوهش سنجیده نشد، اما یافته‌ها بر اهمیت شیوه‌های رهبری و رضایت معلمان به عنوان شرایط سازمانی و روان‌شناختی مؤثر بر محیط‌های آموزشی پایدار تأکید می‌کند. این پژوهش با تأکید بر بعد انسانی مدارس پایدار در زمینه کمتر بررسی‌شده قبرس شمالی، به ادبیات پایداری آموزشی و رهبری کمک می‌کند.

This study analyzes the role of Islamic Religious Education (IRE) teachers' exemplary behavior in shaping students' discipline and compliance with school rules. Previous studies show that teacher modeling supports discipline, but their findings remain scattered across school levels and research designs, and few explain how exemplary behavior works as a mechanism of observational learning that links discipline and rule compliance. This study uses a qualitative literature study in the form of an integrative review. Thirteen empirical studies published between 2019 and 2026, consisting of journal articles and undergraduate theses on IRE teachers and student discipline in Indonesian schools and madrasahs, were selected through explicit inclusion criteria and analyzed thematically through data condensation, data display, and conclusion drawing. The synthesis identifies four forms of exemplary behavior: punctuality, compliance with rules and neat appearance, religious practice, and courteous interaction. Teachers reinforce these forms through habituation, persuasive advice, educative reinforcement, and collaboration with parents and other school staff. School policy, consistent rule enforcement, and parental involvement support exemplary behavior, while weak supervision, peer influence, and diverse family backgrounds hinder it. Read through Bandura's social learning theory, exemplary behavior operates through direct modeling, value internalization through consistency, and classroom social norms. The study concludes that teacher exemplary behavior is a central but not sole factor in student discipline and works best when the whole school applies rules consistently.

این مطالعه نقش رفتار الگویی معلمان آموزش دینی اسلامی (IRE) را در شکل‌دهی به انضباط و تبعیت دانش‌آموزان از قوانین مدرسه تحلیل می‌کند. پژوهش‌های پیشین نشان می‌دهند که الگوگیری از معلم از انضباط حمایت می‌کند، اما یافته‌های آن‌ها در سطوح مختلف مدرسه و طرح‌های پژوهشی پراکنده است و معدودی توضیح می‌دهند که رفتار الگویی چگونه به عنوان سازوکاری از یادگیری مشاهده‌ای، پیونددهنده انضباط و تبعیت از قوانین عمل می‌کند. این مطالعه با استفاده از روش مطالعه کیفی ادبیات به صورت مرور تلفیقی انجام شده است. سیزده مطالعه تجربی منتشرشده بین سال‌های ۲۰۱۹ تا ۲۰۲۶، شامل مقالات علمی و پایان‌نامه‌های کارشناسی درباره معلمان IRE و انضباط دانش‌آموزان در مدارس و مدارس دینی اندونزی، از طریق معیارهای ورود صریح انتخاب و به صورت تماتیک از طریق تلخیص داده‌ها، نمایش داده‌ها و نتیجه‌گیری تحلیل شدند. سنتز انجام‌شده چهار شکل از رفتار الگویی را شناسایی می‌کند: وقت‌شناسی، تبعیت از قوانین و ظاهر آراسته، عمل به مناسک دینی و تعامل مودبانه. معلمان این اشکال را از طریق عادت‌دهی، توصیه‌های ترغیبی، تقویت آموزشی و همکاری با والدین و سایر کارکنان مدرسه تقویت می‌کنند. سیاست مدرسه، اجرای منسجم قوانین و مشارکت والدین از رفتار الگویی حمایت می‌کند، در حالی که نظارت ضعیف، تأثیر همسالان و پیشینه‌های خانوادگی متنوع مانع آن می‌شود. با خوانش نظریه یادگیری اجتماعی بندورا، رفتار الگویی از طریق الگوگیری مستقیم، درونی‌سازی ارزش‌ها از طریق تداوم و هنجارهای اجتماعی کلاس عمل می‌کند. مطالعه نتیجه می‌گیرد که رفتار الگویی معلم عامل مرکزی اما نه یگانه در انضباط دانش‌آموزان است و زمانی بهترین کارکرد را دارد که کل مدرسه قوانین را به طور منسجم اجرا کند.

Mastery of basic arithmetic operations is fundamental to teachers’ numeracy competence and their ability to deliver quality mathematics instruction. This study aimed to analyze changes in teachers’ arithmetic competence following training in the GASING method (Gampang, Asyik, and Menyenangkan), identify gains across individual components, and compare improvements across training classes and educational levels. A quantitative approach with a pre-experimental one-group pretest–posttest design was implemented across four training classes. Participants comprised 216 primary and junior secondary school teachers in Humbang Hasundutan Regency, North Sumatra, Indonesia. Competence was assessed on a 0–100 scale across five components: Bakalkubagi, addition, multiplication, subtraction, and division. Data analysis included the Wilcoxon signed-rank test, paired t-test, effect sizes, normalized gain (N-Gain), and comparisons across classes and educational levels. The results showed that the mean total score increased from 44.13 to 93.17, representing a gain of 49.04 points (p < .001) and a mean N-Gain of 0.88, classified as high. The largest gains occurred in division, multiplication, and Bakalkubagi. Improvements did not differ significantly across training classes or educational levels. These findings indicate consistent score improvements following training but do not establish a causal effect because no control group was included. ABSTRAK Penguasaan operasi hitung dasar merupakan fondasi kompetensi numerasi yang perlu dimiliki guru untuk mendukung pembelajaran matematika yang berkualitas. Penelitian ini bertujuan menganalisis peningkatan kompetensi operasi hitung guru setelah mengikuti pelatihan metode GASING (Gampang, Asyik, dan Menyenangkan), mengidentifikasi peningkatan pada setiap komponen, serta membandingkan hasil antarkelas dan antarjenjang pendidikan. Penelitian menggunakan pendekatan kuantitatif dengan desain pre-experimental one-group pretest–posttest yang diterapkan pada empat kelas pelatihan. Subjek penelitian berjumlah 216 guru SD/MI dan SMP di Kabupaten Humbang Hasundutan, Sumatera Utara. Kompetensi diukur melalui lima komponen, yaitu Bakalkubagi, penjumlahan, perkalian, pengurangan, dan pembagian, menggunakan skala 0–100. Analisis data meliputi uji Wilcoxon, paired t-test, ukuran efek, N-Gain, serta perbandingan antarkelas dan antarjenjang. Hasil menunjukkan bahwa rerata skor total meningkat dari 44,13 menjadi 93,17, dengan selisih 49,04 poin (p < 0,001) dan N-Gain 0,88 dalam kategori tinggi. Peningkatan terbesar terjadi pada pembagian, perkalian, dan Bakalkubagi. Peningkatan tidak berbeda signifikan antarkelas maupun antarjenjang. Temuan ini menunjukkan peningkatan kompetensi yang konsisten setelah pelatihan, tetapi belum membuktikan hubungan kausal karena tidak menggunakan kelompok kontrol.

تسلط بر عملیات حسابی پایه، اساس شایستگی سواد عددی معلمان و توانایی آن‌ها در ارائه آموزش با کیفیت ریاضیات است. هدف این پژوهش، تحلیل تغییرات شایستگی حسابی معلمان پس از آموزش روش GASING (Gampang، Asyik، و Menyenangkan)، شناسایی میزان پیشرفت در هر یک از مؤلفه‌ها و مقایسه بهبودها در بین کلاس‌های آموزشی و سطوح تحصیلی بود. این مطالعه با رویکرد کمی و طرح پیش‌آزمایشی یک‌گروهی با پیش‌آزمون–پس‌آزمون در چهار کلاس آموزشی اجرا شد. شرکت‌کنندگان شامل ۲۱۶ معلم مدارس ابتدایی و متوسطه اول در شهرستان Humbang Hasundutan، استان سوماترای شمالی، اندونزی بودند. شایستگی در مقیاس ۰ تا ۱۰۰ و در پنج مؤلفه Bakalkubagi، جمع، ضرب، تفریق و تقسیم ارزیابی شد. تحلیل داده‌ها شامل آزمون Wilcoxon signed-rank، آزمون t زوجی، اندازه اثر، سود نرمال‌شده (N-Gain) و مقایسه بین کلاس‌ها و سطوح تحصیلی بود. نتایج نشان داد میانگین نمره کل از ۴۴٫۱۳ به ۹۳٫۱۷ افزایش یافت که معادل افزایش ۴۹٫۰۴ امتیاز (p < .001) و میانگین N-Gain برابر با ۰٫۸۸ (در طبقه‌بندی بالا) بود. بیشترین پیشرفت در مؤلفه‌های تقسیم، ضرب و Bakalkubagi مشاهده شد. بهبودها بین کلاس‌های آموزشی و سطوح تحصیلی تفاوت معناداری نداشت. این یافته‌ها نشان‌دهنده بهبود نمرات به طور یکنواخت پس از آموزش است، اما به دلیل نبود گروه کنترل، رابطه علّی را اثبات نمی‌کند.

This study examined teachers’ awareness, perceptions, and challenges during the first-year implementation of the Expanded Career Progression (ECP) System in South District 5, Cebu City Division, during School Year 2025–2026. Anchored on Diffusion of Innovations Theory, Theory of Planned Behavior, and Herzberg’s Two-Factor Theory, it employed a descriptive–correlational–comparative design involving 62 public elementary and secondary school teachers selected through stratified random sampling. Data were collected using an adopted structured questionnaire and analyzed through descriptive statistics, analysis of variance, and Pearson correlation. Findings revealed high awareness of ECP objectives, qualification standards, and procedures, alongside favorable perceptions of fairness, merit recognition, motivation, and professional growth. However, respondents experienced moderate challenges related to documentary requirements, administrative procedures, workload, time constraints, and institutional support. Awareness and perceptions did not differ significantly across demographic groups, whereas challenges differed significantly according to years of service. Awareness was positively and significantly associated with perceptions, but neither awareness nor perceptions showed a significant relationship with implementation challenges under the study’s reported significance criteria. The study concluded that practical and administrative barriers remained despite teachers’ understanding and acceptance of the system. It recommended clearer guidelines, streamlined documentation, strengthened orientation, differentiated assistance, and an ECP Guidelines-Based Resource Toolkit for Teachers. The research aligns with Sustainable Development Goal 4, Quality Education, through teacher professional development, and Goal 16, Peace, Justice and Strong Institutions, through transparent career progression processes. Its contribution to sustainability lies in supporting equitable advancement, consistent policy implementation, and strengthening institutional capacity for continuing teacher professional development.

این مطالعه به بررسی آگاهی، ادراک و چالش‌های معلمان در طول نخستین سال اجرای نظام توسعه‌یافته پیشرفت شغلی (ECP) در منطقه ۵ جنوبی، ناحیه آموزشی شهر سبو، در سال تحصیلی ۲۰۲۵–۲۰۲۶ پرداخت. این پژوهش مبتنی بر نظریه انتشار نوآوری‌ها، نظریه رفتار برنامه‌ریزی‌شده و نظریه دو عاملی هرزبرگ بوده و از طرح توصیفی–همبستگی–مقایسه‌ای با مشارکت ۶۲ معلم مدارس ابتدایی و متوسطه دولتی که به روش نمونه‌گیری تصادفی طبقه‌ای انتخاب شدند، استفاده کرده است. داده‌ها با استفاده از پرسشنامه ساختاریافته اقتباس‌شده گردآوری و از طریق آمار توصیفی، تحلیل واریانس و همبستگی پیرسون تحلیل شدند. یافته‌ها نشان داد که آگاهی نسبت به اهداف، استانداردهای صلاحیت و رویه‌های ECP در سطح بالایی قرار دارد و ادراکات نسبت به انصاف، شناسایی شایستگی، انگیزش و رشد حرفه‌ای نیز مطلوب بوده است. با این حال، پاسخ‌دهندگان با چالش‌های متوسطی در زمینه الزامات مستندسازی، رویه‌های اداری، حجم کار، محدودیت‌های زمانی و حمایت نهادی مواجه بودند. آگاهی و ادراکات در میان گروه‌های جمعیت‌شناختی تفاوت معناداری نداشت، در حالی که چالش‌ها بر اساس سال‌های خدمت تفاوت معناداری نشان دادند. آگاهی با ادراکات رابطه مثبت و معناداری داشت، اما هیچ‌یک از آگاهی یا ادراکات با چالش‌های اجرای نظام، طبق معیارهای معناداری گزارش‌شده در مطالعه، رابطه معناداری نشان ندادند. مطالعه نتیجه گرفت که علی‌رغم درک و پذیرش معلمان از نظام، موانع عملی و اداری همچنان باقی مانده است. توصیه شد که دستورالعمل‌های شفاف‌تر، مستندسازی ساده‌شده، تقویت آشنایی، حمایت‌های متمایز و جعبه‌ابزار منابع مبتنی بر دستورالعمل‌های ECP برای معلمان فراهم شود. این پژوهش با هدف توسعه پایدار ۴ (آموزش با کیفیت) از طریق توسعه حرفه‌ای معلمان و هدف ۱۶ (صلح، عدالت و نهادهای قوی) از طریق فرآیندهای شفاف پیشرفت شغلی همسو است. سهم آن در پایداری، حمایت از پیشرفت عادلانه، اجرای سیاست‌های منسجم و تقویت ظرفیت نهادی برای توسعه حرفه‌ای مستمر معلمان است.

This study investigated the level of teachers’ research writing skills to develop a capability training program targeted to enhance teachers’ writing skills. It specifically assessed teachers’ research writing skills in terms of formulation of research problem, data analysis and interpretation, research process, and recommendation and output. Utilizing a descriptive quantitative design of research, data were gathered from 219 teacher-respondents from three (3) public elementary schools in Taguig City. The findings of the study revealed that in terms of the demographic profile of the teacher-respondents, the majority of the teacher-respondents are Teacher I; have been in the service for 1-5 years; with units in Masters; and have attended trainings mostly relevant to writing a research title. In terms of assessment of teachers’ level of research writing skills, the teacher-respondents said that they are all capable in all indicators of research writing skills such as formulation of research problem, data analysis and interpretation, research process, and recommendation and output. In terms of challenges encountered in research writing, selecting the topic and making the title suitable for a specific research interest ranked first, while difficulty in determining the scale of a questionnaire ranked the 10th. Meanwhile, in terms of relationship between the profile of the respondents and their level of research writing skills, only teachers’ educational attainment is not significantly related to all of the four (4) components of teachers’ level of research writing skills. The study highlights the need for an intensive training on how to formulate research problems and find correlations and differences of research variables in the research problems; a separate training and learning session to capacitate teachers in crafting research instrument and the processes involved in making the research instrument reliable and valid; the need for the Division of Taguig City and Pateros to address the difficulty of the teachers in crafting research output by providing and sending teachers to trainings solely for crafting research output and its compositions; more trainings and seminars relevant to crafting research titles must be developed so that teachers will have knowledge on how to choose and craft research titles; the research capability training program prepared by the researcher may be tried and adapted by the Division of Taguig City and Pateros and the Department of Education (DepEd) in general to see its workability and effectiveness; and this study can be replicated and the future researchers may embark on a more comprehensive study utilizing more schools and respondents to negate or affirm the findings of the current study.

این پژوهش به بررسی سطح مهارت‌های نگارش پژوهشی معلمان به منظور توسعه یک برنامه آموزش توانمندسازی با هدف ارتقاء مهارت‌های نگارش معلمان پرداخت. به طور خاص، مهارت‌های نگارش پژوهشی معلمان در زمینه‌های تدوین مسئله پژوهش، تحلیل و تفسیر داده‌ها، فرایند پژوهش، و پیشنهادات و خروجی پژوهش مورد ارزیابی قرار گرفت. با بهره‌گیری از طرح پژوهش توصیفی-کمی، داده‌ها از ۲۱۹ معلم پاسخ‌دهنده از سه مدرسه ابتدایی دولتی در شهر تاگیگ گردآوری شد. یافته‌های پژوهش نشان داد که از نظر ویژگی‌های جمعیت‌شناختی معلمان پاسخ‌دهنده، اکثریت آن‌ها در سطح Teacher I قرار دارند؛ سابقه خدمت ۱ تا ۵ سال دارند؛ دارای واحدهایی در مقطع کارشناسی ارشد هستند؛ و عمدتاً در دوره‌هایی شرکت کرده‌اند که مرتبط با نگارش عنوان پژوهش بوده است. در ارزیابی سطح مهارت‌های نگارش پژوهشی معلمان، پاسخ‌دهندگان اظهار داشتند که در تمامی شاخص‌های مهارت‌های نگارش پژوهشی از جمله تدوین مسئله پژوهش، تحلیل و تفسیر داده‌ها، فرایند پژوهش، و پیشنهادات و خروجی پژوهش توانمند هستند. از نظر چالش‌های مواجه شده در نگارش پژوهش، انتخاب موضوع و ساخت عنوان مناسب برای یک علاقه پژوهشی خاص در رتبه اول قرار گرفت، در حالی که دشواری در تعیین مقیاس پرسشنامه در رتبه دهم قرار داشت. همچنین، از نظر رابطه بین ویژگی‌های جمعیت‌شناختی پاسخ‌دهندگان و سطح مهارت‌های نگارش پژوهشی آن‌ها، تنها سطح تحصیلات معلمان با هیچ‌یک از چهار مؤلفه سطح مهارت‌های نگارش پژوهشی معلمان رابطه معناداری نداشت. این پژوهش بر نیاز به آموزش‌های فشرده در زمینه نحوه تدوین مسائل پژوهشی و یافتن همبستگی‌ها و تفاوت‌های متغیرهای پژوهشی در مسائل پژوهشی تأکید می‌کند؛ همچنین برگزاری جلسات آموزشی و یادگیری جداگانه برای توانمندسازی معلمان در ساخت ابزار پژوهش و فرایندهای مرتبط با اعتبار و پایایی ابزار پژوهش ضروری است؛ نیاز است اداره آموزش و پرورش شهر تاگیگ و پاتروس به دشواری معلمان در تدوین خروجی پژوهش با اعزام معلمان به دوره‌های آموزشی ویژه تدوین خروجی پژوهش و اجزای آن پاسخ دهد؛ دوره‌ها و سمینارهای بیشتری مرتبط با تدوین عناوین پژوهشی باید توسعه یابد تا معلمان دانش لازم برای انتخاب و تدوین عناوین پژوهشی را کسب کنند؛ برنامه آموزش توانمندسازی پژوهشی تهیه‌شده توسط پژوهشگر می‌تواند توسط اداره آموزش و پرورش شهر تاگیگ و پاتروس و وزارت آموزش و پرورش (DepEd) به طور آزمایشی اجرا و اقتباس شود تا قابلیت اجرا و اثربخشی آن سنجیده شود؛ و این پژوهش قابلیت تکرار دارد و پژوهشگران آینده می‌توانند با استفاده از مدارس و پاسخ‌دهندگان بیشتر، مطالعه‌ای جامع‌تر انجام دهند تا یافته‌های پژوهش حاضر را تأیید یا رد کنند.

The paper discusses teachers’ knowledge with the arrival of coronavirus pandemic, view of the need to know it better, as a condition to strengthen elementary education. The investigation intended to understand the meanings a Sociology teacher at elementary schools, who promoted the teaching-learning process, in 2020 and 2021, gave to her work and the professional knowledge she had previously built and/or mobilized when the classrooms became digital platforms and afterwards. The methodology, with a qualitative bias, consisted of monitoring online classes, producing a balance of knowledge and interviews, in the line of life history. The teacher used an amalgamation of all types of teachers’ knowledge to work aiming social transformation, which turned into a progressive methodology, focused on affectionate interaction with her students and mobilization for learning, which can be qualified as “enthusiastic”.

این مقاله به دانش معلمان با ورود همه‌گیری ویروس کرونا، از منظر ضرورت شناخت بهتر آن به عنوان شرطی برای تقویت آموزش ابتدایی می‌پردازد. هدف این پژوهش، فهم معانی‌ای بود که یک معلم جامعه‌شناسی در مدارس ابتدایی، که فرایند آموزش-یادگیری را در سال‌های ۲۰۲۰ و ۲۰۲۱ ارتقا داده بود، به کار خود و دانش حرفه‌ای پیش‌تر ساخته‌شده و/یا بسیج‌شده خود در زمانی که کلاس‌های حضوری به بسترهای دیجیتال تبدیل شدند و پس از آن، نسبت می‌داد. روش‌شناسی پژوهش با رویکرد کیفی، شامل مشاهده کلاس‌های آنلاین، تهیه گزارشی از دانش و انجام مصاحبه‌ها در چارچوب تاریخ زندگی بود. این معلم با به‌کارگیری تلفیقی از همه انواع دانش معلمان، با هدف تحول اجتماعی، رویکردی مترقی اتخاذ کرد که بر تعامل عاطفی با دانش‌آموزان و بسیج آن‌ها برای یادگیری متمرکز بود و می‌توان آن را «مشتاقانه» توصیف کرد.

This study aimed to determine the challenges encountered by Junior High School teachers of Domalandan Center Integrated School in teaching literature during School Year 2025–2026. It examined the respondents’ profile in terms of highest educational attainment, length of service, seminars attended, and subject taught; the level of challenges in learner-related, teacher-related, resource/material, and institutional/time factors; the relationship between profile and challenges; and proposed intervention measures. Anchored on Constructivism, Social Learning Theory, Cognitive Load Theory, and Schema Theory, and guided by Republic Act 10533 and relevant DepEd policies, the study employed a descriptive-survey design. Fifty Junior High School teachers from various learning areas served as respondents. Data were gathered through a researcher-made questionnaire and analyzed using frequency count, percentage, weighted mean, and Pearson correlation. Findings showed that most respondents were Bachelor’s degree holders with 6–10 years of teaching experience and moderate seminar participation. Teachers generally Encountered difficulties in teaching literature (overall mean 4.19). Learner-related (4.35) and resource/material (4.25) challenges were Highly Encountered, while teacher-related (4.10) and institutional/time (4.05) challenges were Encountered. Significant relationships were found between length of service and challenges (r = 0.62, p = 0.048) and between seminars attended and challenges (r = 0.71, p = 0.021). The study concludes that teaching experience and professional development influence the perception of instructional difficulties. It recommends targeted training, resource enhancement, learner-centered strategies, and sustained institutional support. The study aligns with Sustainable Development Goal 4 (Quality Education) by addressing barriers to effective literature instruction. It contributes to educational and institutional sustainability through improved teacher capacity, learner engagement, and resource provision that support long-term quality teaching and learning.

این پژوهش با هدف تعیین چالش‌های پیش‌روی دبیران دوره متوسطه اول مدرسه جامع Domalandan Center در تدریس ادبیات در سال تحصیلی ۲۰۲۵–۲۰۲۶ انجام شد. در این مطالعه، مشخصات پاسخ‌دهندگان از نظر بالاترین مدرک تحصیلی، سابقه خدمت، تعداد سمینارهای گذرانده‌شده و درس تدریسی بررسی شد؛ همچنین سطح چالش‌ها در عوامل مرتبط با یادگیرنده، معلم، منابع/مواد و عوامل نهادی/زمانی، رابطه بین مشخصات و چالش‌ها و اقدامات مداخله‌ای پیشنهادی مورد ارزیابی قرار گرفت. این پژوهش مبتنی بر نظریه‌های سازنده‌گرایی، یادگیری اجتماعی، بار شناختی و طرح‌واره و با راهنمایی قانون جمهوری ۱۰۵۳۳ و سیاست‌های مرتبط DepEd، از طرح پژوهش توصیفی-پیمایشی بهره برد. پنجاه دبیر دوره متوسطه اول از حوزه‌های مختلف یادگیری به عنوان پاسخ‌دهنده شرکت کردند. داده‌ها از طریق پرسشنامه محقق‌ساخته گردآوری و با استفاده از فراوانی، درصد، میانگین وزنی و همبستگی پیرسون تحلیل شد. یافته‌ها نشان داد که اکثر پاسخ‌دهندگان دارای مدرک کارشناسی با ۶ تا ۱۰ سال سابقه تدریس و مشارکت متوسط در سمینارها بودند. به طور کلی، دبیران در تدریس ادبیات با دشواری‌هایی مواجه بودند (میانگین کلی ۴.۱۹). چالش‌های مرتبط با یادگیرنده (۴.۳۵) و منابع/مواد (۴.۲۵) به میزان زیادی تجربه شد، در حالی که چالش‌های مرتبط با معلم (۴.۱۰) و نهادی/زمانی (۴.۰۵) تجربه شد. بین سابقه خدمت و چالش‌ها (r = 0.62, p = 0.048) و بین تعداد سمینارهای گذرانده‌شده و چالش‌ها (r = 0.71, p = 0.021) رابطه معناداری مشاهده شد. پژوهش نتیجه می‌گیرد که تجربه تدریس و توسعه حرفه‌ای بر ادراک دشواری‌های آموزشی تأثیرگذار است. پیشنهاد می‌شود آموزش‌های هدفمند، ارتقای منابع، راهبردهای یادگیرنده‌محور و حمایت نهادی پایدار تقویت شود. این مطالعه با هدف توسعه پایدار ۴ (آموزش با کیفیت) همسو بوده و با رفع موانع تدریس مؤثر ادبیات، به پایداری آموزشی و نهادی از طریق ارتقای توانمندی دبیران، افزایش مشارکت یادگیرندگان و تأمین منابع برای حمایت از آموزش و یادگیری با کیفیت در بلندمدت کمک می‌کند.

This study determined the relationship between self-efficacy and job satisfaction among secondary public-school teachers in the Dupax del Sur District. Using a quantitative-descriptive design, data were collected from 80 teachers from Ganao, Carolotan, and Dupax del Sur National High Schools through an adopted standardized questionnaire. Findings revealed that teachers possessed a high level of self-efficacy in student engagement, instructional strategies, and classroom management. They have high job satisfaction in compensation and benefits, leadership, social relationship, and work environment. Significant relationships found between teachers' self-efficacy in student engagement with compensation and benefits, social relationship, and leadership; and self-efficacy in classroom management with compensation and benefits. This indicates that teachers exhibited high self-efficacy and job satisfaction, driven by supportive leadership and a positive work environment. To sustain and further improve these positive outcomes, the implementation of the proposed action plan is strongly recommended. The action plan is designed to systematically enhance teachers’ self-efficacy and job satisfaction through targeted professional development initiatives, strengthened leadership support mechanisms, and structured recognition and reward programs. Effective implementation of this action plan will provide schools with a practical framework for fostering a supportive organizational climate, promoting continuous teacher growth, and ultimately improving teaching quality and educational outcomes.

این پژوهش به تعیین رابطه بین خودکارآمدی و رضایت شغلی معلمان مدارس دولتی مقطع متوسطه در ناحیه دپاکس دل سور پرداخت. با استفاده از طرح توصیفی-کمی، داده‌ها از طریق یک پرسشنامه استاندارد برگرفته‌شده از ۸۰ معلم از دبیرستان‌های ملی گائائو، کارولوتان و دپاکس دل سور جمع‌آوری شد. یافته‌ها نشان داد که معلمان دارای سطح بالایی از خودکارآمدی در درگیری دانش‌آموزان، راهبردهای آموزشی و مدیریت کلاس هستند. آن‌ها نیز از رضایت شغلی بالایی در زمینه‌های جبران خدمات و مزایا، رهبری، روابط اجتماعی و محیط کار برخوردارند. روابط معناداری میان خودکارآمدی معلمان در درگیری دانش‌آموزان با جبران خدمات و مزایا، روابط اجتماعی و رهبری؛ و همچنین میان خودکارآمدی در مدیریت کلاس با جبران خدمات و مزایا مشاهده شد. این موضوع نشان می‌دهد که معلمان دارای خودکارآمدی و رضایت شغلی بالایی هستند که تحت تأثیر رهبری حمایت‌گر و محیط کاری مثبت شکل گرفته است. برای تداوم و بهبود بیشتر این پیامدهای مثبت، اجرای برنامه عملیاتی پیشنهادی به شدت توصیه می‌شود. این برنامه عملیاتی با هدف ارتقای سیستماتیک خودکارآمدی و رضایت شغلی معلمان از طریق راهبردهای توسعه حرفه‌ای هدفمند، تقویت مکانیسم‌های حمایت رهبری و برنامه‌های ساختاریافته تقدیر و پاداش طراحی شده است. اجرای مؤثر این برنامه عملیاتی چارچوبی کاربردی برای مدارس جهت پرورش اقلیم سازمانی حمایت‌گر، ترویج رشد مستمر معلمان و در نهایت بهبود کیفیت تدریس و پیامدهای آموزشی فراهم خواهد کرد.

This community service activity aimed to support English teachers' professional development through technology-based reflective practice. Conducted in 2025 at Taman Mulia Private High School, Kubu Raya Regency, Indonesia, the activity involved 30 English teachers from junior high, senior high, and vocational high schools. The program addressed the need for accessible professional development opportunities that accommodate teachers' teaching responsibilities and other school-related duties. The workshop was facilitated by lecturers in English Language Education and comprised presentations, focused discussions, and hands-on practice. Participants explored the concept and importance of reflective practice and learned to use digital tools to record, analyze, and evaluate their teaching and learning activities. Practical sessions provided opportunities to integrate technology into reflective processes and consider its application in their school contexts. The activity was evaluated using attendance records, observation checklists, observational notes, and a post-event questionnaire. Success criteria included a minimum attendance rate of 80%, at least 80% positive responses regarding the suitability and usefulness of the materials and overall training, and evidence of active participation and engagement. Evaluation results indicated that the workshop was successfully implemented, with active interaction and positive participant perceptions of the training's relevance and usefulness. Future community service activities should include regular training, intensive mentoring, coaching clinics, and professional sharing sessions to support the sustained implementation of technology-based reflective practice. This initiative highlights the potential of digital technology to facilitate practical and continuous professional development for English teachers.

این فعالیت خدمت‌رسانی به جامعه، با هدف حمایت از توسعه حرفه‌ای معلمان زبان انگلیسی از طریق تمرین بازاندیشی مبتنی بر فناوری انجام شد. این فعالیت در سال ۲۰۲۵ در دبیرستان خصوصی تامان مولیا، شهرستان کوبو رایا، اندونزی، با مشارکت ۳۰ معلم زبان انگلیسی از مدارس راهنمایی، دبیرستان و فنی‌وحرفه‌ای برگزار گردید. این برنامه به نیاز به فرصت‌های توسعه حرفه‌ای دست‌یافتنی که با مسئولیت‌های تدریس معلمان و سایر وظایف مرتبط با مدرسه سازگار باشد، پرداخت. کارگاه توسط اساتید گروه آموزش زبان انگلیسی تسهیل‌گری شد و شامل ارائه‌ها، بحث‌های متمرکز و تمرین‌های عملی بود. شرکت‌کنندگان مفهوم و اهمیت تمرین بازاندیشی را بررسی کردند و نحوه استفاده از ابزارهای دیجیتال برای ثبت، تحلیل و ارزیابی فعالیت‌های تدریس و یادگیری خود را آموختند. جلسات عملی فرصت‌هایی را برای تلفیق فناوری در فرآیندهای بازاندیشی و بررسی کاربرد آن در بافت مدارس آنان فراهم آورد. فعالیت از طریق سوابق حضور، چک‌لیست‌های مشاهده، یادداشت‌های مشاهده‌ای و پرسشنامه پس از رویداد ارزیابی شد. معیارهای موفقیت شامل حداقل نرخ حضور ۸۰ درصد، حداقل ۸۰ درصد پاسخ‌های مثبت درباره تناسب و مفید بودن مواد و کلیت دوره آموزشی، و شواهدی از مشارکت و تعامل فعال بود. نتایج ارزیابی نشان داد که کارگاه با موفقیت اجرا شد و تعامل فعال و ادراک مثبت شرکت‌کنندگان از ارتباط و مفید بودن دوره آموزشی مشهود بود. فعالیت‌های آتی خدمت‌رسانی به جامعه باید شامل آموزش‌های منظم، راهنمایی‌های فشرده، کلینیک‌های مربی‌گری و جلسات اشتراک‌گذاری حرفه‌ای باشد تا اجرای پایدار تمرین بازاندیشی مبتنی بر فناوری حمایت شود. این ابتکار، پتانسیل فناوری دیجیتال را تسهیل‌گر توسعه حرفه‌ای عملی و مستمر برای معلمان زبان انگلیسی برجسته می‌سازد.

This article provides a scientific rationale for the methodology of designing, creating, and implementing digital visual tools aimed at developing self-education competence in prospective teachers. In the modern system of teacher training, the mechanisms of self-awareness, self-control, and self-development of the professional individual are not sufficiently supported by visual tools. The aim is to develop a set of methodological tools for self-education consisting of visual aids and self-education, professional competence, digital visual tools, infographics, self-control, prospective teacher, pedagogical technology, visual pedagogy, digital educational environment, metacognitive strategy, professional developmentto determine their effect on the self-education competence of prospective teachers.

این مقاله مبنای علمی برای روش‌شناسی طراحی، ایجاد و اجرای ابزارهای بصری دیجیتال با هدف توسعه شایستگی خودآموزی در معلمان آینده ارائه می‌دهد. در نظام مدرن تربیت معلم، سازوکارهای خودآگاهی، خودکنترلی و خودتوسعه‌ی فرد حرفه‌ای به اندازه کافی توسط ابزارهای بصری پشتیبانی نمی‌شوند. هدف این پژوهش، توسعه مجموعه‌ای از ابزارهای روش‌شناختی برای خودآموزی است که شامل وسایل بصری و خودآموزی، شایستگی حرفه‌ای، ابزارهای بصری دیجیتال، اینفوگرافیک، خودکنترلی، معلم آینده، فناوری آموزشی، پداگوژی بصری، محیط آموزشی دیجیتال، راهبرد فراشناختی و توسعه حرفه‌ای می‌باشد تا تأثیر آن‌ها بر شایستگی خودآموزی معلمان آینده تعیین شود.

Abstract: Prestasi belajar merupakan indikator utama keberhasilan proses pembelajaran yang dipengaruhi faktor internal dan eksternal siswa. Penelitian ini bertujuan menganalisis pengaruh sikap siswa terhadap guru, motivasi belajar, dan lingkungan sekolah terhadap prestasi belajar, serta menguji peran kecerdasan emosional sebagai variabel moderasi pada siswa kelas X SMA Negeri 2 Medan. Penelitian kuantitatif dengan metode survei ini melibatkan 107 siswa yang dipilih dari populasi 430 siswa menggunakan teknik proportional sampling. Data dikumpulkan melalui kuesioner dan nilai Ujian Akhir Semester (UAS) mata pelajaran ekonomi, kemudian dianalisis menggunakan Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM) melalui SmartPLS 4. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa sikap siswa terhadap guru berpengaruh positif dan signifikan terhadap prestasi belajar dengan koefisien jalur 0,229 dan p-value 0,000. Motivasi belajar berpengaruh positif dan signifikan dengan koefisien 0,285 dan p-value 0,000, sedangkan lingkungan sekolah berpengaruh positif dan signifikan dengan koefisien 0,206 dan p-value 0,000. Kecerdasan emosional terbukti memoderasi dan memperkuat pengaruh sikap siswa terhadap guru, motivasi belajar, dan lingkungan sekolah terhadap prestasi belajar dengan koefisien interaksi masing-masing sebesar 0,214, 0,264, dan 0,191 serta p-value 0,000. Kesimpulannya, kecerdasan emosional berperan penting dalam memperkuat dampak faktor personal dan lingkungan terhadap pencapaian prestasi belajar siswa. Keyword: Students' Attitudes toward Teachers, Learning Motivation, School Environment, Emotional Intelligence, Learning Achievement Abstrak: Student academic achievement is a key indicator of learning success, influenced by both internal and external factors. This study aims to analyze the influence of students' attitudes toward teachers, learning motivation, and the school environment on academic achievement, while testing the moderating role of emotional intelligence among tenth-grade students at SMA Negeri 2 Medan. A quantitative survey approach was employed, involving a sample of 107 students selected from a population of 430 through proportional sampling. Data were collected via questionnaires and end-of-semester economics test scores, then analyzed using Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM) with SmartPLS 4. The findings reveal that students' attitudes toward teachers have a positive and significant effect on academic achievement with a path coefficient of 0.229 and a p-value of 0.000. Learning motivation has a positive and significant effect with a coefficient of 0.285 and a p-value of 0.000, while the school environment has a positive and significant effect with a coefficient of 0.206 and a p-value of 0.000. Furthermore, emotional intelligence significantly moderates and strengthens the impact of attitudes toward teachers, learning motivation, and the school environment on academic achievement with interaction coefficients of 0.214, 0.264, and 0.191, respectively, and p-values of 0.000. In conclusion, emotional intelligence plays a crucial role in reinforcing personal and environmental factors to enhance student performance. Kata kunci: Sikap Siswa terhadap Guru, Motivasi Belajar, Lingkungan Sekolah, Kecerdasan Emosional, Prestasi Belajar

چکیده: پیشرفت تحصیلی شاخص اصلی موفقیت فرایند یادگیری است که تحت تأثیر عوامل درونی و بیرونی دانش‌آموزان قرار دارد. هدف پژوهش حاضر، تحلیل تأثیر نگرش دانش‌آموزان نسبت به معلم، انگیزش یادگیری و محیط مدرسه بر پیشرفت تحصیلی و همچنین بررسی نقش تعدیل‌گر هوش هیجانی در میان دانش‌آموزان پایه دهم دبیرستان دولتی شماره ۲ مدان است. این پژوهش با رویکرد کمی و روش پیمایشی انجام شد و نمونه‌ای متشکل از ۱۰۷ دانش‌آموز با استفاده از روش نمونه‌گیری نسبتی از جامعه ۴۳۰ نفری انتخاب گردید. داده‌ها از طریق پرسشنامه و نمرات آزمون پایان‌ترم درس اقتصاد گردآوری و با استفاده از مدل‌یابی معادلات ساختاری حداقل مربعات جزئی (PLS-SEM) توسط نرم‌افزار SmartPLS 4 تحلیل شد. یافته‌ها نشان داد نگرش دانش‌آموزان نسبت به معلم با ضریب مسیر ۰٫۲۲۹ و مقدار p برابر با ۰٫۰۰۰ تأثیر مثبت و معناداری بر پیشرفت تحصیلی دارد. انگیزش یادگیری با ضریب ۰٫۲۸۵ و مقدار p برابر با ۰٫۰۰۰ و همچنین محیط مدرسه با ضریب ۰٫۲۰۶ و مقدار p برابر با ۰٫۰۰۰ تأثیر مثبت و معناداری بر پیشرفت تحصیلی دارند. افزون بر این، هوش هیجانی به‌طور معناداری تأثیر نگرش دانش‌آموزان نسبت به معلم، انگیزش یادگیری و محیط مدرسه بر پیشرفت تحصیلی را تعدیل و تقویت می‌کند؛ ضرایب تعامل به ترتیب ۰٫۲۱۴، ۰٫۲۶۴ و ۰٫۱۹۱ و مقدار p برای هر سه برابر با ۰٫۰۰۰ است. در نتیجه، هوش هیجانی نقش مهمی در تقویت عوامل فردی و محیطی برای ارتقای عملکرد تحصیلی دانش‌آموزان ایفا می‌کند.

This study assessed interns’ performance in school-based tasks as a basis for an internship preparedness program among student-teachers. It examined internship preparedness in terms of pedagogical knowledge, lesson planning, classroom management, professional behavior, and time, communication, and technological skills, as well as performance in teaching demonstrations, lesson preparation, classroom management, collaboration, and professional conduct. A descriptive-correlational research design was employed to determine the level of preparedness and performance of the respondents. Findings revealed that student-teachers demonstrated a very high level of internship preparedness, with all indicators interpreted as “Strongly Agree” and reflected in high weighted mean scores. Professional behavior obtained the highest rating, while classroom management obtained the lowest, although still interpreted as “Strongly Agree.” In terms of performance, collaboration and professional conduct obtained the highest mean scores, followed by teaching demonstration and lesson preparation, indicating strong teaching competencies among the respondents. Inferential results showed that all components of internship preparedness were significantly related to teaching performance, leading to the rejection of the null hypothesis. This confirms that higher levels of preparedness are associated with better teaching performance among student-teachers. Overall, the study concludes that student-teachers are highly prepared and competent for their teaching internship. The findings emphasize the need to further strengthen classroom management skills while sustaining training in pedagogical and technological competencies to enhance internship effectiveness.

این پژوهش عملکرد کارورزان را در وظایف مبتنی بر مدرسه به عنوان مبنایی برای برنامه آمادگی کارورزی در میان دانشجومعلمان ارزیابی کرد. آمادگی کارورزی از نظر دانش آموزشی، برنامه‌ریزی درسی، مدیریت کلاس، رفتار حرفه‌ای، و مهارت‌های زمانی، ارتباطی و فناورانه، همچنین عملکرد در ارائه‌های آموزشی، آماده‌سازی درس، مدیریت کلاس، همکاری و رفتار حرفه‌ای مورد بررسی قرار گرفت. از طرح پژوهش توصیفی-همبستگی برای تعیین سطح آمادگی و عملکرد پاسخ‌دهندگان استفاده شد. یافته‌ها نشان داد که دانشجومعلمان سطح بسیار بالایی از آمادگی کارورزی را نشان دادند، به طوری که همه شاخص‌ها به عنوان «کاملاً موافقم» تفسیر شدند و در میانگین وزنی بالا منعکس گردیدند. رفتار حرفه‌ای بالاترین امتیاز را کسب کرد، در حالی که مدیریت کلاس پایین‌ترین امتیاز را به دست آورد، اگرچه همچنان به عنوان «کاملاً موافقم» تفسیر شد. از نظر عملکرد، همکاری و رفتار حرفه‌ای بالاترین میانگین امتیاز را کسب کردند و پس از آن ارائه آموزشی و آماده‌سازی درس قرار گرفتند که نشان‌دهنده شایستگی قوی آموزشی در میان پاسخ‌دهندگان است. نتایج استنباطی نشان داد که همه مؤلفه‌های آمادگی کارورزی با عملکرد آموزشی رابطه معناداری دارند و این امر منجر به رد فرضیه صفر شد. این امر تأیید می‌کند که سطوح بالاتر آمادگی با عملکرد بهتر آموزشی در میان دانشجومعلمان همراه است. به طور کلی، پژوهش نتیجه می‌گیرد که دانشجومعلمان برای کارورزی آموزشی خود بسیار آماده و شایسته هستند. یافته‌ها بر لزوم تقویت بیشتر مهارت‌های مدیریت کلاس و در عین حال حفظ آموزش در شایستگی‌های آموزشی و فناورانه برای افزایش اثربخشی کارورزی تأکید می‌کند.

Technological Pedagogical Content Knowledge (TPACK) is essential for effective technology integration in mathematics teaching. Despite the recognised importance of TPACK, initial teacher education (ITE) programmes consistently struggle to equip pre-service teachers (PSTs) with the knowledge necessary for this complex task, highlighting a critical gap in ITE programmes' preparedness. Through mixed-methods analysis of problem-solving logbooks and focus group interviews with 35 fourth-year PSTs at a Norwegian university, this study investigates how PSTs reflect on technology use in mathematical problem solving, and how these reflections reveal aspects of their TPACK, including the opportunities and challenges they perceive for integrating digital tools into their future teaching. Furthermore, this study identifies the opportunities and challenges they encounter when integrating technology into mathematical problem solving. The findings reveal that PSTs highlight technological knowledge as a foundational element of TPACK. They also highlight technological pedagogical knowledge and technological content knowledge for improving understanding of mathematical concepts through technology. However, the challenges they encountered, such as lack of experience, insufficient knowledge, limited motivation and poor access to reliable digital tools, show the need for ITE programmes to adopt more structured and comprehensive approaches to technology integration, aimed at enhancing PSTs' ability to incorporate technology into mathematics teaching effectively.

دانش محتوایی فناورانه-آموزشی (TPACK) برای ادغام مؤثر فناوری در آموزش ریاضیات ضروری است. با وجود اهمیت شناخته‌شده TPACK، برنامه‌های آموزش معلم اولیه (ITE) همواره در تجهیز معلمان پیش‌خدمت (PSTs) به دانش لازم برای این وظیفه پیچیده با مشکل مواجه هستند و این امر نشان‌دهنده یک شکاف اساسی در آمادگی برنامه‌های ITE است. این پژوهش با استفاده از تحلیل روش‌های ترکیبی بر دفترچه‌های حل مسئله و مصاحبه‌های گروهی متمرکز با ۳۵ معلم پیش‌خدمت سال چهارم در یک دانشگاه نروژی، بررسی می‌کند که چگونه PSTs درباره استفاده از فناوری در حل مسائل ریاضی تأمل می‌کنند و این تأملات چگونه جنبه‌هایی از TPACK آن‌ها را آشکار می‌سازد، از جمله فرصت‌ها و چالش‌هایی که برای ادغام ابزارهای دیجیتال در آموزش آینده خود درک می‌کنند. افزون بر این، این مطالعه فرصت‌ها و چالش‌هایی را که آن‌ها هنگام ادغام فناوری در حل مسائل ریاضی با آن مواجه می‌شوند، شناسایی می‌کند. یافته‌ها نشان می‌دهد که PSTs دانش فناورانه را به عنوان عنصر بنیادی TPACK برجسته می‌کنند. آن‌ها همچنین دانش فناورانه-آموزشی و دانش فناورانه-محتوایی را برای بهبود درک مفاهیم ریاضی از طریق فناوری مورد تأکید قرار می‌دهند. با این حال، چالش‌هایی که با آن مواجه شدند، مانند کمبود تجربه، دانش ناکافی، انگیزه محدود و دسترسی ضعیف به ابزارهای دیجیتال قابل اعتماد، نشان‌دهنده نیاز برنامه‌های ITE به اتخاذ رویکردهای ساختاریافته‌تر و جامع‌تر برای ادغام فناوری است تا توانایی PSTs را در ادغام مؤثر فناوری در آموزش ریاضیات ارتقا دهد.

Background The emergence of Generative Artificial Intelligence (GenAI), particularly ChatGPT, offers new possibilities for mathematics learning in higher education. Although ChatGPT can provide explanations, examples, guiding questions, and feedback, its use in Abstract Algebra courses has largely been limited to answering questions and verifying mathematical answers or proofs. This study analyses pre-service mathematics teachers’ mathematical communication when interacting with ChatGPT through seven indicators, including: interpreting formal definitions; using mathematical terms, symbols, variables, and notation appropriately; constructing examples, non-examples, and counter-examples; explaining relationships between algebraic objects and their properties; justifying arguments or proofs; evaluating the validity of mathematical responses; and formulating coherent conclusions. Method A qualitative case study involved 18 pre-service mathematics teachers enrolled in an Abstract Algebra course in the department of mathematics education at a public university in Bandung City, West Java, Indonesia. Data comprised written dialogues between the pre-service mathematics teachers and ChatGPT while solving Abstract Algebra problems and were analysed using the seven indicators. Results The findings indicate that the pre-service mathematics teachers’ mathematical communication generally ranged from developing to adequate. They performed relatively well in using terminology and notation, constructing examples or counter-examples, and explaining relationships among algebraic objects and properties. However, justification, critical evaluation of ChatGPT responses, and independent conclusion-making remained weak. While some pre-service mathematics teachers accepted inaccurate AI responses, others identified and connected them. Conclusion The findings suggest that GenAI should serve as a dialogue partner and scaffolding, rather than an authority on mathematical truth. Mathematics course should emphasise verification, justification, critical evaluation, and argument reconstruction to foster independent mathematical communication skills.

زمینه و هدف: ظهور هوش مصنوعی مولد (GenAI)، به‌ویژه ChatGPT، امکانات جدیدی را برای یادگیری ریاضیات در آموزش عالی فراهم کرده است. اگرچه ChatGPT می‌تواند توضیحات، مثال‌ها، پرسش‌های راهنما و بازخورد ارائه دهد، اما استفاده از آن در درس جبر مجرد عمدتاً به پاسخ‌گویی به سؤالات و تأیید پاسخ‌ها یا اثبات‌های ریاضی محدود شده است. این پژوهش به تحلیل ارتباط ریاضی معلمان ریاضی پیش‌خدمت هنگام تعامل با ChatGPT بر اساس هفت شاخص می‌پردازد که عبارت‌اند از: تفسیر تعاریف رسمی؛ استفاده مناسب از اصطلاحات، نمادها، متغیرها و نشانه‌گذاری ریاضی؛ ساخت مثال، غیرمثال و مثال نقض؛ توضیح روابط بین اشیاء جبری و ویژگی‌های آن‌ها؛ توجیه استدلال‌ها یا اثبات‌ها؛ ارزیابی روایی پاسخ‌های ریاضی؛ و صورت‌بندی نتیجه‌گیری منسجم. روش: این مطالعه کیفی موردی با مشارکت ۱۸ معلم ریاضی پیش‌خدمت که در درس جبر مجرد در گروه آموزش ریاضی یکی از دانشگاه‌های دولتی شهر باندونگ، جاوه غربی، اندونزی ثبت‌نام کرده بودند، انجام شد. داده‌ها شامل مکالمات مکتوب بین معلمان ریاضی پیش‌خدمت و ChatGPT هنگام حل مسائل جبر مجرد بود که با استفاده از هفت شاخص تحلیل گردید. یافته‌ها: نتایج نشان داد که ارتباط ریاضی معلمان ریاضی پیش‌خدمت عموماً در بازه در حال توسعه تا قابل قبول قرار داشت. آن‌ها در استفاده از اصطلاحات و نشانه‌گذاری، ساخت مثال یا مثال نقض، و توضیح روابط بین اشیاء جبری و ویژگی‌ها عملکرد نسبتاً خوبی داشتند. با این حال، توجیه، ارزیابی انتقادی پاسخ‌های ChatGPT و نتیجه‌گیری مستقل همچنان ضعیف باقی ماند. در حالی که برخی معلمان ریاضی پیش‌خدمت پاسخ‌های نادرست هوش مصنوعی را پذیرفتند، برخی دیگر آن‌ها را شناسایی و به هم مرتبط کردند. نتیجه‌گیری: یافته‌ها نشان می‌دهد که GenAI باید به عنوان شریک گفت‌وگو و پشتیبان مورد استفاده قرار گیرد، نه مرجع حقیقت ریاضی. دروس ریاضی باید بر تأکید بر صحت‌سنجی، توجیه، ارزیابی انتقادی و بازسازی استدلال‌ها جهت پرورش مهارت‌های ارتباط ریاضی مستقل تمرکز کنند.

Teacher professional development is particularly important in special education, where teachers are expected to respond to diverse and complex student needs. This study examines school-based professional development workshops implemented through a voluntary, group-oriented adaptation of the peer coaching model in a special education school. The research aims to explore why special education teachers chose to participate in peer coaching-based professional development workshops and to examine the perceived impacts of these workshops on teachers, students, and the overall school climate. Adopting a qualitative research design, semi-structured interviews were conducted with 11 teachers (10 female and 1 male). The data were analyzed using a five-stage phenomenological analysis method. Findings revealed that teachers participated in the workshops to enhance their professional competence, stay informed about current approaches, develop skills in areas where they felt inadequate, and engage in collaborative learning with colleagues. The workshop process was also perceived to contribute positively to students’ academic and social development and to foster a more supportive and collaborative school atmosphere. Overall, participants perceived that the school-based, group-oriented peer coaching workshops supported their instructional practices and contributed to a more collaborative school culture. The study further emphasizes the importance of supporting needs-based and collaborative professional development models within educational policy frameworks.

توسعه حرفه‌ای معلمان به‌ویژه در آموزش ویژه اهمیت بسزایی دارد، زیرا از معلمان انتظار می‌رود به نیازهای متنوع و پیچیده دانش‌آموزان پاسخ دهند. این پژوهش به بررسی کارگاه‌های توسعه حرفه‌ای مدرسه‌محور که از طریق انطباق داوطلبانه و گروه‌محور مدل مربیگری همتا در یک مدرسه آموزش ویژه اجرا شده‌اند، می‌پردازد. هدف پژوهش، واکاوی دلایل مشارکت معلمان آموزش ویژه در کارگاه‌های توسعه حرفه‌ای مبتنی بر مربیگری همتا و بررسی تأثیرات ادراک‌شده این کارگاه‌ها بر معلمان، دانش‌آموزان و فضای کلی مدرسه است. با اتخاذ طرح پژوهش کیفی، مصاحبه‌های نیمه‌ساختاریافته با ۱۱ معلم (۱۰ زن و ۱ مرد) انجام شد. داده‌ها با استفاده از روش تحلیل پدیدارشناختی پنج‌مرحله‌ای تحلیل گردید. یافته‌ها نشان داد که معلمان به منظور ارتقای شایستگی حرفه‌ای، به‌روز ماندن نسبت به رویکردهای جاری، توسعه مهارت‌ها در حوزه‌هایی که احساس ضعف می‌کردند و یادگیری مشارکتی با همکاران در کارگاه‌ها شرکت کردند. همچنین، فرایند کارگاه‌ها از منظر معلمان به رشد تحصیلی و اجتماعی دانش‌آموزان و تقویت فضای حمایتی و مشارکتی مدرسه کمک کرده است. به طور کلی، شرکت‌کنندگان معتقد بودند که کارگاه‌های مربیگری همتای مدرسه‌محور و گروه‌محور از شیوه‌های آموزشی آنان حمایت کرده و به فرهنگ مدرسه‌ای مشارکتی‌تر کمک نموده است. این مطالعه همچنین بر اهمیت حمایت از مدل‌های توسعه حرفه‌ای مبتنی بر نیاز و مشارکتی در چارچوب سیاست‌های آموزشی تأکید می‌کند.

This study explored the lived experiences of pre-service teachers during practice teaching using technology-based pedagogy and interactive digital tools. A qualitative phenomenological research design was employed to understand how pre-service teachers experienced, adapted to, and coped with technology integration in real classroom settings. The participants were five selected graduates of Sultan Kudarat State University–Lutayan Campus who completed their practice teaching during the Academic Year 2024–2025. Data were collected using a validated semi-structured interview guide and analyzed through thematic analysis. Findings revealed that pre-service teachers experienced professional growth as they integrated technology into their teaching. The use of interactive digital tools, including Quizizz and Kahoot!, supported more engaging, interactive, and student-centered classroom experiences. However, participants encountered challenges such as limited technological infrastructure, unstable internet connections, equipment malfunctions, and varying levels of student digital literacy. To address these challenges, pre-service teachers relied on mentorship, peer collaboration, online resources, backup plans, and alternative teaching strategies. These experiences strengthened their adaptability, problem-solving skills, resilience, and professional competence. The study concludes that technology-based pedagogy and interactive digital tools offer valuable opportunities for pre-service teachers to develop their instructional practices and professional competence, but effective implementation requires adequate technological resources, institutional support, and ongoing training.

این پژوهش به بررسی تجربه‌های زیسته‌ی دانشجومعلمان در طول تدریس عملی با استفاده از روش‌های تدریس مبتنی بر فناوری و ابزارهای دیجیتال تعاملی می‌پردازد. طرح پژوهش کیفی با رویکرد پدیدارشناسی به‌کار گرفته شد تا درک عمیقی از نحوه‌ی تجربه، سازگاری و مقابله‌ی دانشجومعلمان با ادغام فناوری در محیط‌های واقعی کلاس درس حاصل شود. مشارکت‌کنندگان شامل پنج نفر از فارغ‌التحصیلان منتخب دانشگاه دولتی سلطان کودارات–پردیس لوتایان بودند که دوره‌ی تدریس عملی خود را در سال تحصیلی ۲۰۲۴–۲۰۲۵ به پایان رساندند. داده‌ها با استفاده از راهنمای مصاحبه‌ی نیمه‌ساختاریافته‌ی اعتبارسنجی‌شده گردآوری و از طریق تحلیل تماتیک مورد بررسی قرار گرفت. یافته‌ها نشان داد که دانشجومعلمان با ادغام فناوری در تدریس خود، رشد حرفه‌ای را تجربه کردند. استفاده از ابزارهای دیجیتال تعاملی از جمله Quizizz و Kahoot! موجب ایجاد تجربه‌های کلاسی جذاب‌تر، تعاملی‌تر و دانش‌آموزمحور شد. با این حال، مشارکت‌کنندگان با چالش‌هایی مانند زیرساخت فناورانه‌ی محدود، اتصال ناپایدار اینترنت، خرابی تجهیزات و سطوح مختلف سواد دیجیتال دانش‌آموزان مواجه شدند. برای مقابله با این چالش‌ها، دانشجومعلمان از راهنمایی اساتید، همکاری با همتایان، منابع آنلاین، برنامه‌های جایگزین و راهبردهای تدریس جایگزین بهره گرفتند. این تجربه‌ها موجب تقویت سازگاری، مهارت‌های حل مسئله، تاب‌آوری و شایستگی حرفه‌ای آنان شد. نتیجه‌گیری پژوهش نشان می‌دهد که روش‌های تدریس مبتنی بر فناوری و ابزارهای دیجیتال تعاملی فرصت‌های ارزشمندی برای توسعه‌ی شیوه‌های آموزشی و شایستگی حرفه‌ای دانشجومعلمان فراهم می‌کند، اما اجرای مؤثر آن مستلزم منابع فناورانه‌ی کافی، حمایت نهادی و آموزش مستمر است.

This study explores how teachers interpret and adapt professional learning practices to align with their contextual needs and professional beliefs, with an emphasis on teacher ownership. It investigates how pedagogical coaching can support teachers in taking ownership of pedagogical principles and practices within the framework of agency, identity, and the zone of enactment. The research employs a qualitative case study of two teachers at a U.S. urban elementary school, who implemented the Enduring Principles of Learning (EPL) framework with the support of a pedagogical coach. Data analysis from video-recorded coaching sessions and teacher-student instructional conversations revealed that the teachers effectively enacted and took ownership of two EPL principles: Instructional Conversation and Critical Stance. The findings highlight the importance of integrating agency, identity, and the zone of enactment as a theoretical framework to better support teachers in owning their professional learning processes.

این مطالعه به بررسی نحوه تفسیر و تطبیق شیوه‌های یادگیری حرفه‌ای توسط معلمان به منظور همسویی با نیازهای زمینه‌ای و باورهای حرفه‌ای آنان، با تأکید بر مالکیت معلم، می‌پردازد. پژوهش حاضر بررسی می‌کند که چگونه کوچینگ آموزشی می‌تواند از معلمان در به‌دست‌آوردن مالکیت اصول و شیوه‌های آموزشی در چارچوب عاملیت، هویت و منطقه اجرا حمایت کند. این پژوهش از روش مطالعه موردی کیفی بر روی دو معلم در یک دبستان شهری ایالات متحده استفاده کرده است که چارچوب اصول پایدار یادگیری (EPL) را با حمایت یک کوچ آموزشی اجرا کردند. تحلیل داده‌ها از جلسات کوچینگ ضبط‌شده و گفتگوهای آموزشی معلم-دانش‌آموز نشان داد که معلمان به طور مؤثری دو اصل EPL یعنی «گفتگوی آموزشی» و «رویکرد انتقادی» را اجرا و مالکیت آن‌ها را به دست آوردند. یافته‌ها بر اهمیت ادغام عاملیت، هویت و منطقه اجرا به عنوان یک چارچوب نظری برای حمایت بهتر از معلمان در تملک فرایندهای یادگیری حرفه‌ای خود تأکید می‌کند.

The competence of teachers plays a significant role in determining the quality of education. The SEAMEO INNOTECH Regional Education Program (SIREP) sets the teaching competence standards in Southeast Asia. Likewise, in the Philippines, the Philippine Professional Standards for Teachers (PPST) are commonly used throughout the country to evaluate the competency levels of teachers. In this context, this study examined the performance of science teachers concerning these two sets of standards. The Descriptive Research Design was employed. The researcher utilized total enumeration as a sampling method, which comprised 30 junior high school science teachers for the academic year 2022-2023. The research instruments used were adopted from the SIREP standards and a survey questionnaire. Findings revealed that the respondents demonstrated outstanding performance in the PPST-RPMS and were rated "very much competent" in the SIREP standards. However, statistical analysis revealed no significant relationship between the Key Result Areas (KRAs) of the RPMS and the SIREP standards. These two sets of standards operate independently, and improvements in one may not necessarily lead to improvements in the other. The researcher proposed a program that will sustain the competence levels of science teachers. This program aims to address both sets of standards individually, promote continuous learning, and ensure that the teachers will continue to meet the benchmark set for education.

شایستگی معلمان نقش مهمی در تعیین کیفیت آموزش ایفا می‌کند. برنامه آموزش منطقه‌ای SEAMEO INNOTECH (SIREP) استانداردهای شایستگی تدریس را در جنوب شرق آسیا تعیین می‌کند. به همین ترتیب، در فیلیپین، استانداردهای حرفه‌ای معلمان فیلیپین (PPST) به طور گسترده‌ای در سراسر کشور برای ارزیابی سطوح شایستگی معلمان مورد استفاده قرار می‌گیرد. در این زمینه، این پژوهش عملکرد معلمان علوم را با توجه به این دو مجموعه استاندارد مورد بررسی قرار داد. طرح پژوهش توصیفی به کار گرفته شد. پژوهشگر از روش سرشماری کامل به عنوان روش نمونه‌گیری استفاده کرد که شامل ۳۰ معلم علوم دوره متوسطه اول در سال تحصیلی ۲۰۲۲-۲۰۲۳ بود. ابزارهای پژوهش برگرفته از استانداردهای SIREP و یک پرسشنامه پیمایشی بودند. یافته‌ها نشان داد که پاسخ‌دهندگان در PPST-RPMS عملکرد برجسته‌ای از خود نشان دادند و در استانداردهای SIREP نیز به عنوان «بسیار شایسته» ارزیابی شدند. با این حال، تحلیل آماری نشان داد که بین حوزه‌های کلیدی نتایج (KRAs) در RPMS و استانداردهای SIREP رابطه معناداری وجود ندارد. این دو مجموعه استاندارد به طور مستقل عمل می‌کنند و بهبود در یکی لزوماً منجر به بهبود در دیگری نمی‌شود. پژوهشگر برنامه‌ای را پیشنهاد کرد که سطح شایستگی معلمان علوم را حفظ کند. هدف این برنامه، پرداختن به هر دو مجموعه استاندارد به طور جداگانه، ترویج یادگیری مستمر و اطمینان از تداوم تحقق معیارهای تعیین‌شده برای آموزش است.

This study investigates how preservice teachers in Hong Kong interpret culturally responsive teaching (CRT) and what conditions might shape their interpretations. The findings indicate preservice teachers’ orientation towards benevolent integrationism in interpreting CRT, featured by a primary focus on linguistic mediation between English and Cantonese and a strong ethos of benevolent interpersonal care by teachers to facilitate ethnic minority students’ integration in mainstream classrooms and society. The underlying values of this orientation resonate with Confucian discourses of care, harmony, benevolence and relationality noted in international research on education in Chinese contexts. However, in reference to the Western-based theorisation of CRT, preservice teachers’ interpretations represent a synthesis of the celebratory and integrationist stances, while the critical, equity-oriented stance remains largely absent. Therefore, we argue that recourse to Confucian discourses in education for ethnic minority students risks obscuring or perpetuating systemic inequalities and discuss how teacher education and institutional efforts might extend the orientation of benevolent integrationism among preservice teachers towards critical engagement with inequality. Overall, the findings demonstrate how global educational paradigms, such as CRT, are interpreted in specific socio-cultural contexts and show how local interpretations and socio-cultural contexts can serve as foundations for a more equitable education for ethnic minorities.

این پژوهش به بررسی نحوه تفسیر معلمان پیش‌خدمت در هنگ‌کنگ از آموزش پاسخ‌گو به فرهنگ (CRT) و شرایطی که ممکن است تفسیرهای آنان را شکل دهد، می‌پردازد. یافته‌ها نشان می‌دهد که گرایش معلمان پیش‌خدمت به سوی یکپارچه‌گرایی خیرخواهانه در تفسیر CRT، با تمرکز اصلی بر میانجی‌گری زبانی میان انگلیسی و کانتونی و همچنین تأکید قوی بر منش خیرخواهانه و مراقبت بین‌فردی معلمان برای تسهیل ادغام دانش‌آموزان اقلیت قومی در کلاس‌های درس و جامعه جریان اصلی، مشخص می‌شود. ارزش‌های زیربنایی این گرایش با گفتمان‌های کنفوسیوسی مراقبت، هماهنگی، خیرخواهی و رابطه‌مندی که در پژوهش‌های بین‌المللی درباره آموزش در زمینه‌های چینی ذکر شده‌اند، هم‌راستا است. با این حال، با توجه به نظریه‌پردازی مبتنی بر غرب درباره CRT، تفسیرهای معلمان پیش‌خدمت ترکیبی از رویکردهای جشن‌گرا و یکپارچه‌گرا را نشان می‌دهد، در حالی که رویکرد انتقادی و مبتنی بر عدالت تا حد زیادی غایب است. بنابراین، استدلال می‌کنیم که رجوع به گفتمان‌های کنفوسیوسی در آموزش برای دانش‌آموزان اقلیت قومی، خطر پنهان‌سازی یا تداوم نابرابری‌های نظام‌مند را به همراه دارد و به بحث درباره چگونگی گسترش جهت‌گیری یکپارچه‌گرایی خیرخواهانه در میان معلمان پیش‌خدمت به سوی درگیری انتقادی با نابرابری از طریق آموزش معلمان و تلاش‌های نهادی می‌پردازیم. در مجموع، یافته‌ها نشان می‌دهد که چگونه پارادایم‌های آموزشی جهانی مانند CRT در زمینه‌های خاص اجتماعی-فرهنگی تفسیر می‌شوند و چگونه تفسیرهای محلی و زمینه‌های اجتماعی-فرهنگی می‌توانند به عنوان بنیانی برای آموزش عادلانه‌تر برای اقلیت‌های قومی عمل کنند.

Islamic Religious Education (PAI) teachers hold a significant function in fostering and improving students’ character through an instructional process that emphasizes not solely on religious understanding but additionally on the development of attitudes and behaviors in accordance with Islamic values. The objective of this article is to investigate the contribution of PAI teachers to the enhancement of students' moral characters through exemplary behavior, habituation, and advice. A literature review serves as the methodology for this article, analyzing multiple relevant sources related to Islamic education, teacher roles, character building, exemplary behavior, habituation, and advice. The results of the discussion demonstrate that PAI teachers act as instructors, guides, and exemplary figures for their students. Exemplary behavior is demonstrated through concrete examples in attitudes, speech, and daily actions, such as honesty, discipline, responsibility, and politeness. Habituation is implemented repeatedly, consistently, and systematically by means of religious programs and constructive actions within the school setting to ensure that ethical values can be applied in students’ daily lives. Meanwhile, advice serves to provide guidance and understanding to students regarding appropriate behavior in accordance with Islamic teachings. Therefore, exemplary behavior, habituation, and advice can serve as complementary strategies in supporting the development of students’ character.

معلمان آموزش دینی اسلامی (PAI) نقش مهمی در پرورش و ارتقای شخصیت دانش‌آموزان از طریق فرایند آموزشی ایفا می‌کنند که نه تنها بر فهم دینی بلکه بر توسعه نگرش‌ها و رفتارها مطابق با ارزش‌های اسلامی تأکید دارد. هدف این مقاله بررسی سهم معلمان PAI در بهبود ویژگی‌های اخلاقی دانش‌آموزان از طریق رفتار الگویی، عادت‌دهی و نصیحت است. روش این مقاله مرور ادبیات بوده و منابع مرتبط متعددی در زمینه آموزش اسلامی، نقش معلم، تربیت شخصیت، رفتار الگویی، عادت‌دهی و نصیحت را تحلیل می‌کند. نتایج بحث نشان می‌دهد که معلمان PAI به عنوان آموزگار، راهنما و الگو برای دانش‌آموزان خود عمل می‌کنند. رفتار الگویی از طریق نمونه‌های عینی در نگرش، گفتار و اعمال روزمره مانند صداقت، انضباط، مسئولیت‌پذیری و ادب نشان داده می‌شود. عادت‌دهی به صورت تکراری، مستمر و نظام‌مند از طریق برنامه‌های دینی و اقدامات سازنده در محیط مدرسه اجرا می‌شود تا ارزش‌های اخلاقی در زندگی روزمره دانش‌آموزان به کار گرفته شود. در همین حال، نصیحت به منظور ارائه راهنمایی و فهم به دانش‌آموزان درباره رفتار مناسب مطابق با آموزه‌های اسلامی به کار می‌رود. بنابراین، رفتار الگویی، عادت‌دهی و نصیحت می‌توانند به عنوان راهبردهای مکمل در حمایت از توسعه شخصیت دانش‌آموزان مورد استفاده قرار گیرند.

This study aims to analyze the personality competence of Islamic Religious Education (PAI) teachers in fostering students’ noble character at State Junior High School 1 Tebo. The study employed a qualitative descriptive approach. Data were collected through observation, interviews, and documentation involving the principal, PAI teachers, students, and relevant school documents. Data analysis was conducted through data reduction, data presentation, and conclusion drawing, while data validity was strengthened through source and technique triangulation. The findings indicate that the moral character of students at State Junior High School 1 Tebo is generally good and reflects religious values and norms. Nevertheless, several students still demonstrate behaviors that require further guidance, such as skipping classes, leaving lessons, speaking impolitely, arriving late, and not participating in school ceremonies. The personality competence of PAI teachers is generally well implemented, as demonstrated by faith and piety, noble character, wisdom, openness, authority, and the ability to provide positive influence and become role models for students. Character development is supported by positive school habits, students’ internal awareness, cooperation among school members, character-oriented curriculum, professional teachers, and adequate facilities. The inhibiting factors include differences in students’ backgrounds, family conditions, limited parental attention, peer and community environments, external information influences, and individual student conditions. The school addresses these challenges through guidance, habituation, supervision, discussion, and religious activities.

این پژوهش با هدف تحلیل شایستگی شخصیتی معلمان آموزش دینی اسلامی (PAI) در پرورش اخلاق کریمه دانش‌آموزان در دبیرستان دولتی شماره ۱ تبو انجام شده است. این مطالعه با رویکرد توصیفی کیفی صورت گرفته است. داده‌ها از طریق مشاهده، مصاحبه و اسناد، با مشارکت مدیر مدرسه، معلمان PAI، دانش‌آموزان و اسناد مرتبط مدرسه گردآوری شده‌اند. تحلیل داده‌ها از طریق کاهش داده، ارائه داده و نتیجه‌گیری انجام شده و روایی داده‌ها با استفاده از مثلث‌سازی منبع و روش تقویت گردیده است. یافته‌ها نشان می‌دهد که اخلاق دانش‌آموزان در دبیرستان دولتی شماره ۱ تبو عموماً خوب بوده و بازتاب‌دهنده ارزش‌ها و هنجارهای دینی است. با این حال، برخی دانش‌آموزان رفتارهایی از خود نشان می‌دهند که نیازمند راهنمایی بیشتر است، مانند غیبت از کلاس، ترک درس، صحبت بی‌ادبانه، دیر رسیدن و شرکت نکردن در مراسم مدرسه. شایستگی شخصیتی معلمان PAI عموماً به خوبی اجرا می‌شود و با ایمان و تقوا، اخلاق نیکو، خردمندی، گشودگی، اقتدار و توانایی تأثیرگذاری مثبت و الگو بودن برای دانش‌آموزان نمود می‌یابد. پرورش اخلاق با عادات مثبت مدرسه، آگاهی درونی دانش‌آموزان، همکاری اعضای مدرسه، برنامه درسی مبتنی بر شخصیت، معلمان حرفه‌ای و امکانات کافی حمایت می‌شود. عوامل بازدارنده شامل تفاوت‌های زمینه‌ای دانش‌آموزان، شرایط خانوادگی، توجه محدود والدین، محیط همسالان و جامعه، تأثیر اطلاعات بیرونی و شرایط فردی دانش‌آموزان است. مدرسه این چالش‌ها را از طریق راهنمایی، عادت‌دهی، نظارت، بحث و فعالیت‌های دینی مدیریت می‌کند.

The transformation of 21st-century education demands the strengthening of higher-order thinking skills, known as the 4Cs (critical thinking, creativity, communication, and collaboration), along with the need for technology integration in the learning and assessment process. In the context of Sekolah Penggerak (Moving Schools), Indonesian language teachers have a strategic role in designing assessments that are oriented not only toward cognitive achievement but also toward developing students' competencies and character. This study aims to examine the implementation of the Technological Pedagogical Content Knowledge (TPACK) approach in assessing 4C skills, formulate an effective TPACK-based 4C skills assessment model, and construct an applicable assessment concept for Indonesian language teachers at Sekolah Penggerak (Moving Schools) in Bali Province. This study used a mixed methods approach with an exploratory design. Qualitative data were obtained through observation, document study, in-depth interviews, and focus group discussions (FGDs), while quantitative data were collected through questionnaires that had been tested for validity and reliability. The study subjects included Indonesian language teachers, school principals, and educational stakeholders at Sekolah Penggerak (Moving Schools) in Bali Province. Qualitative data were analyzed using thematic analysis, while quantitative data were analyzed using descriptive statistics. The research results show that Indonesian language teachers have positive perceptions of the implementation of the TPACK-based 4C skills assessment. The integration of technology into the assessment is considered capable of increasing student engagement, encouraging reflection on learning, and strengthening student-centered learning. The developed assessment model emphasizes the integration of learning objectives, pedagogical strategies, Indonesian language content, and the contextual use of digital technology. The resulting assessment concept is flexible, adaptive, and relevant to the characteristics of the Driving Schools and the implementation of the Independent Curriculum.

تحول آموزش قرن بیست و یکم مستلزم تقویت مهارت‌های تفکر سطح بالاتر، که به عنوان مهارت‌های 4C (تفکر انتقادی، خلاقیت، ارتباط و همکاری) شناخته می‌شوند، همراه با نیاز به ادغام فناوری در فرایند یاددهی و ارزیابی است. در زمینه مدارس پیشرو (Sekolah Penggerak)، معلمان زبان اندونزیایی نقش راهبردی در طراحی ارزیابی‌هایی دارند که نه تنها بر دستاوردهای شناختی بلکه بر توسعه شایستگی‌ها و شخصیت دانش‌آموزان نیز متمرکز است. هدف این پژوهش بررسی اجرای رویکرد دانش محتوایی-آموزشی-فناورانه (TPACK) در ارزیابی مهارت‌های 4C، تدوین یک مدل ارزیابی مؤثر مبتنی بر TPACK برای مهارت‌های 4C و ساخت یک مفهوم ارزیابی قابل اجرا برای معلمان زبان اندونزیایی در مدارس پیشرو استان بالی است. این پژوهش با رویکرد روش ترکیبی و طرح اکتشافی انجام شد. داده‌های کیفی از طریق مشاهده، مطالعه اسناد، مصاحبه‌های عمیق و بحث‌های گروهی متمرکز (FGD) گردآوری شد و داده‌های کمی از طریق پرسشنامه‌هایی که روایی و پایایی آن‌ها آزمون شده بود، جمع‌آوری گردید. شرکت‌کنندگان پژوهش شامل معلمان زبان اندونزیایی، مدیران مدارس و ذینفعان آموزشی مدارس پیشرو استان بالی بودند. داده‌های کیفی با استفاده از تحلیل تماتیک و داده‌های کمی با آمار توصیفی تحلیل شدند. نتایج پژوهش نشان داد که معلمان زبان اندونزیایی نگرش مثبتی نسبت به اجرای ارزیابی مهارت‌های 4C مبتنی بر TPACK دارند. ادغام فناوری در ارزیابی، موجب افزایش مشارکت دانش‌آموزان، تشویق به بازتاب یادگیری و تقویت یادگیری دانش‌آموزمحور می‌شود. مدل ارزیابی توسعه‌یافته بر ادغام اهداف یادگیری، راهبردهای آموزشی، محتوای زبان اندونزیایی و استفاده زمینه‌ای از فناوری دیجیتال تأکید دارد. مفهوم ارزیابی حاصل، انعطاف‌پذیر، سازگار و متناسب با ویژگی‌های مدارس پیشرو و اجرای برنامه درسی مستقل است.

Educational transformation in the digital era requires a shift in the learning paradigm that emphasizes not only mastery of subject matter but also the development of students' creativity, critical thinking, digital literacy, and other essential competencies. The implementation of the Merdeka Curriculum provides greater flexibility for educational institutions and teachers to design learning activities according to students' needs while utilizing technological developments. Within this context, the integration of digital technology and Artificial Intelligence (AI) has the potential to accelerate the transformation of learning practices. This study aims to analyze the transformation of the Merdeka Curriculum through the integration of technology and Artificial Intelligence in learning, while identifying its impacts, opportunities, challenges, and implications for the roles of teachers and students' learning experiences. This research employs a qualitative approach using a literature review method. Data were obtained through the examination of books, scholarly journal articles, educational policy documents, and academic publications relevant to the Merdeka Curriculum, educational technology, and Artificial Intelligence in education. The data were analyzed using a descriptive-analytical approach by identifying, classifying, comparing, and synthesizing relevant findings from the literature. The results indicate that the integration of technology and AI can broaden access to learning resources, support more personalized and adaptive learning, assist teachers in developing instructional materials and assessments, and facilitate project-based learning and the development of twenty-first-century skills. Nevertheless, this transformation also presents several challenges, including unequal access to technology, disparities in teachers' digital competencies, the reliability of AI-generated information, data privacy concerns, potential student dependency on technology, and ethical issues related to academic integrity. Therefore, the integration of technology and AI within the Merdeka Curriculum should be positioned as a pedagogical instrument that supports educational objectives rather than as a replacement for teachers. Sustainable curriculum transformation requires strengthening teachers' digital and pedagogical competencies, establishing clear policies for the responsible use of AI, developing students' AI literacy, and implementing technology in ways that remain oriented toward human development and educational needs.

تحول آموزشی در عصر دیجیتال مستلزم تغییر در پارادایم یادگیری است که نه تنها بر تسلط بر محتوای درسی تأکید دارد، بلکه بر توسعهٔ خلاقیت، تفکر انتقادی، سواد دیجیتال و سایر شایستگی‌های اساسی دانش‌آموزان نیز تمرکز می‌کند. اجرای برنامهٔ درسی مردکا انعطاف‌پذیری بیشتری را برای مؤسسات آموزشی و معلمان فراهم می‌کند تا فعالیت‌های یادگیری را متناسب با نیازهای دانش‌آموزان و با بهره‌گیری از پیشرفت‌های فناوری طراحی کنند. در این زمینه، ادغام فناوری دیجیتال و هوش مصنوعی (AI) پتانسیل تسریع تحول در شیوه‌های یادگیری را دارد. هدف این پژوهش، تحلیل تحول برنامهٔ درسی مردکا از طریق ادغام فناوری و هوش مصنوعی در آموزش و شناسایی تأثیرات، فرصت‌ها، چالش‌ها و پیامدهای آن برای نقش معلمان و تجارب یادگیری دانش‌آموزان است. این پژوهش با رویکرد کیفی و با استفاده از روش مرور ادبیات انجام شده است. داده‌ها از طریق بررسی کتاب‌ها، مقالات علمی-پژوهشی، اسناد سیاست‌گذاری آموزشی و انتشارات دانشگاهی مرتبط با برنامهٔ درسی مردکا، فناوری آموزشی و هوش مصنوعی در آموزش گردآوری شده‌اند. داده‌ها با رویکرد توصیفی-تحلیلی و از طریق شناسایی، طبقه‌بندی، مقایسه و تلفیق یافته‌های مرتبط از منابع مورد بررسی قرار گرفتند. نتایج نشان می‌دهد که ادغام فناوری و هوش مصنوعی می‌تواند دسترسی به منابع یادگیری را گسترش دهد، از یادگیری شخصی‌سازی‌شده و تطبیقی حمایت کند، به معلمان در توسعهٔ مواد آموزشی و ارزشیابی‌ها یاری رساند و یادگیری مبتنی بر پروژه و توسعهٔ مهارت‌های قرن بیست‌ویکم را تسهیل کند. با این حال، این تحول با چالش‌هایی نیز همراه است؛ از جمله دسترسی نابرابر به فناوری، تفاوت در شایستگی‌های دیجیتال معلمان، پایایی اطلاعات تولیدشده توسط هوش مصنوعی، نگرانی‌های مربوط به حریم خصوصی داده‌ها، احتمال وابستگی دانش‌آموزان به فناوری و مسائل اخلاقی مرتبط با صداقت علمی. بنابراین، ادغام فناوری و هوش مصنوعی در برنامهٔ درسی مردکا باید به عنوان ابزاری آموزشی در خدمت اهداف تربیتی و نه جایگزین معلم تلقی شود. تحول پایدار برنامهٔ درسی مستلزم تقویت شایستگی‌های دیجیتال و آموزشی معلمان، تدوین سیاست‌های شفاف برای استفادهٔ مسئولانه از هوش مصنوعی، توسعهٔ سواد هوش مصنوعی در دانش‌آموزان و به‌کارگیری فناوری به گونه‌ای است که همچنان بر رشد انسانی و نیازهای آموزشی متمرکز باشد.

ICT-based teaching and integration refers to the extent to which teachers utilize ICT tools and digital resources as part of their instructional practices to improve lesson delivery, learner engagement, classroom interaction, and achievement of learning objectives. This study assessed the ICT-based teaching and integration in relation to students’ academic achievement of Cuaming Elementary and Cuaming High School during the School Year 2025-2026 as basis for the development of an action plan to improve technology-assisted instruction. Adopting a descriptive quantitative analysis enriched by qualitative insights, the study surveyed 40 elementary and secondary school teachers, focusing on the effectiveness of ICT-based teaching and integration to classroom learning. The study was found out that both ICT-based teaching and ICT integration were highly effective. The study revealed that ICT-based teaching and ICT integration, academic achievement and ICT-based teaching and academic achievement and ICT integration are significantly related to each other, concluding that there was a greatly contribution of ICT-based teaching and integration to the students' academic achievement through its General Scholastic Average and recommends that teachers must undergo training programs, seminars and LAC Sessions on the integration of ICT in teaching and learning to enhance more the students’ academic achievement.

تدریس مبتنی بر فناوری اطلاعات و ارتباطات (ICT) و ادغام آن به میزان استفاده معلمان از ابزارهای ICT و منابع دیجیتال به عنوان بخشی از شیوه‌های آموزشی خود برای بهبود ارائه درس، افزایش مشارکت یادگیرندگان، تعامل کلاسی و دستیابی به اهداف یادگیری اشاره دارد. این پژوهش، تدریس مبتنی بر ICT و ادغام آن را در ارتباط با پیشرفت تحصیلی دانش‌آموزان دبستان و دبیرستان کوامینگ در سال تحصیلی ۲۰۲۵-۲۰۲۶ به عنوان مبنایی برای تدوین برنامه عملیاتی به منظور بهبود آموزش مبتنی بر فناوری مورد ارزیابی قرار داد. با اتخاذ رویکرد توصیفی-کمی و غنی‌سازی یافته‌ها با بینش‌های کیفی، پژوهش حاضر با نظرسنجی از ۴۰ معلم مقطع ابتدایی و متوسطه، بر اثربخشی تدریس مبتنی بر ICT و ادغام آن در یادگیری کلاسی تمرکز داشت. نتایج پژوهش نشان داد که هر دو مؤلفه تدریس مبتنی بر ICT و ادغام ICT بسیار اثربخش بودند. همچنین پژوهش آشکار ساخت که تدریس مبتنی بر ICT و ادغام ICT، پیشرفت تحصیلی و تدریس مبتنی بر ICT و پیشرفت تحصیلی و ادغام ICT با یکدیگر رابطه معناداری دارند و نتیجه‌گیری شد که تدریس مبتنی بر ICT و ادغام آن سهم چشمگیری در پیشرفت تحصیلی دانش‌آموزان از طریق معدل کل تحصیلی آنان دارد و توصیه می‌شود معلمان در برنامه‌های آموزشی، کارگاه‌ها و جلسات LAC در زمینه ادغام ICT در تدریس و یادگیری شرکت کنند تا پیشرفت تحصیلی دانش‌آموزان بیش از پیش ارتقاء یابد.

This study examines how teachers enact and adjust their professional roles in the everyday spaces of school life. The study was framed through Goffman’s dramaturgical perspective and related literature on teacher professionalism, school space, and emotional labour. An interpretive qualitative design informed by constructivist grounded theory coding procedures was adopted. Data were collected through semi-structured interviews with 20 teachers working in one public primary school and one public Anatolian high school in Ankara. The analysis showed that teacher performance extended beyond classroom instruction and was continually reshaped in classrooms, corridors, staff rooms, schoolyards, subject rooms, and digital communication spaces. Teachers moved between front-stage visibility and backstage role distance while maintaining credibility through dramaturgical loyalty, discipline, and circumspection. The findings also indicated that teachers in the primary-school case experienced a more continuous and affectively charged visibility, while teachers in the high-school case described clearer moments of role distance. Based on these findings, the study offers a dramaturgical account of teacher professionalism as an interactional, emotional, and spatial practice shaped between institutional continuity and subjective disruption.

این مطالعه به بررسی چگونگی ایفای نقش و تعدیل نقش‌های حرفه‌ای معلمان در فضاهای روزمره زندگی مدرسه‌ای می‌پردازد. چارچوب نظری پژوهش مبتنی بر دیدگاه نمایش‌شناختی Goffman و ادبیات مرتبط با حرفه‌ای‌گرایی معلمان، فضای مدرسه و کار عاطفی است. طرح پژوهش از نوع کیفی تفسیری و مبتنی بر رویه‌های کدگذاری نظریه زمینه‌ای سازه‌گرایانه بود. داده‌ها از طریق مصاحبه‌های نیمه‌ساختاریافته با ۲۰ معلم شاغل در یک مدرسه ابتدایی دولتی و یک دبیرستان آناتولی دولتی در آنکارا گردآوری شد. تحلیل داده‌ها نشان داد که عملکرد معلمان فراتر از تدریس در کلاس بوده و به طور مستمر در کلاس‌ها، راهروها، اتاق‌های معلمان، حیاط مدرسه، اتاق‌های موضوعی و فضاهای ارتباط دیجیتال بازآفرینی می‌شود. معلمان در حالی که اعتبار خود را از طریق وفاداری، انضباط و احتیاط نمایش‌شناختی حفظ می‌کنند، میان مرئیّت صحنه جلو و فاصله‌گذاری نقش در پشت صحنه جابه‌جا می‌شوند. یافته‌ها همچنین نشان داد که معلمان در مدرسه ابتدایی تجربه مرئیّت پیوسته‌تر و عاطفی‌تری داشتند، در حالی که معلمان دبیرستان لحظات مشخص‌تری از فاصله‌گذاری نقش را توصیف کردند. بر اساس این یافته‌ها، پژوهش روایتی نمایش‌شناختی از حرفه‌ای‌گرایی معلمان به عنوان کنشی تعاملی، عاطفی و فضایی ارائه می‌دهد که میان تداوم نهادی و گسست ذهنی شکل می‌گیرد.

Teachers’ Organizational Citizenship Behaviour (OCB) refers to voluntary behaviours that contribute to the effectiveness of school organizations. An initial survey showed that teachers’ OCB in private senior high schools and vocational high schools in Curug District, Tangerang Regency, was generally in the good category, although variations remained across several indicators. This study aimed to analyze the relationships between principal support, organizational culture, and job satisfaction and teachers’ OCB in A-accredited private senior high schools and vocational high schools in Curug District, Tangerang Regency. This study employed a quantitative approach using a correlational method. The population and sample consisted of 112 teachers from five schools, selected using total sampling. Data were collected through questionnaires that had met validity and reliability requirements. Data were analyzed using Spearman’s correlation and Kendall’s W with the assistance of SPSS version 27. The results showed that, partially, principal support had no significant relationship with teachers’ OCB (r = 0.132; p = 0.166), organizational culture had no significant relationship with teachers’ OCB (r = 0.002; p = 0.984), and job satisfaction had no significant relationship with teachers’ OCB (r = 0.012; p = 0.901). However, the Kendall’s W test showed that principal support, organizational culture, and job satisfaction simultaneously had a significant relationship with teachers’ OCB (W = 0.101; p < 0.001). Thus, principal support, organizational culture, and job satisfaction were not significantly related to teachers’ OCB when examined individually, but they were significantly related when examined simultaneously. These findings indicate that teachers’ OCB needs to be understood through the integration of various organizational aspects, particularly principal support, organizational culture, and job satisfaction.

رفتار شهروندی سازمانی (OCB) معلمان به رفتارهای داوطلبانه‌ای اشاره دارد که به اثربخشی سازمان‌های مدرسه‌ای کمک می‌کند. بررسی اولیه نشان داد که OCB معلمان در دبیرستان‌ها و هنرستان‌های غیرانتفاعی بخش کوروق شهرستان تانگرانگ عموماً در سطح خوب قرار دارد، اگرچه در برخی شاخص‌ها تفاوت‌هایی مشاهده می‌شود. هدف این پژوهش، تحلیل روابط بین حمایت مدیر، فرهنگ سازمانی و رضایت شغلی با OCB معلمان در دبیرستان‌ها و هنرستان‌های غیرانتفاعی دارای درجه اعتبار A در بخش کوروق شهرستان تانگرانگ بود. این پژوهش با رویکرد کمی و روش همبستگی انجام شد. جامعه و نمونه شامل ۱۱۲ معلم از پنج مدرسه بود که با روش سرشماری انتخاب شدند. داده‌ها از طریق پرسشنامه‌هایی که شرایط روایی و پایایی را احراز کرده بودند، گردآوری شد. داده‌ها با استفاده از همبستگی اسپیرمن و آزمون Kendall’s W و با کمک نرم‌افزار SPSS نسخه ۲۷ تحلیل شدند. نتایج نشان داد که به طور جداگانه، حمایت مدیر با OCB معلمان رابطه معناداری نداشت (r = 0.132؛ p = 0.166)، فرهنگ سازمانی با OCB معلمان رابطه معناداری نداشت (r = 0.002؛ p = 0.984) و رضایت شغلی نیز با OCB معلمان رابطه معناداری نداشت (r = 0.012؛ p = 0.901). با این حال، آزمون Kendall’s W نشان داد که حمایت مدیر، فرهنگ سازمانی و رضایت شغلی به طور همزمان با OCB معلمان رابطه معناداری دارند (W = 0.101؛ p < 0.001). بنابراین، حمایت مدیر، فرهنگ سازمانی و رضایت شغلی به صورت فردی با OCB معلمان رابطه معناداری نداشتند، اما به صورت همزمان رابطه معناداری داشتند. این یافته‌ها نشان می‌دهد که OCB معلمان باید از طریق ادغام جنبه‌های مختلف سازمانی، به ویژه حمایت مدیر، فرهنگ سازمانی و رضایت شغلی، مورد توجه قرار گیرد.

Children with special needs (ABK) require proper identification and handling from an early age, so that inclusion elementary school teachers have an important role in recognizing the characteristics and needs of students. However, the limited understanding of teachers about the ABK screening process can be an obstacle in providing appropriate educational services. This study aims to determine the change in the understanding of inclusion elementary school teachers regarding ABK screening after being given psychoeducation using the ABK screening pocket book. The research uses a quasi-experiment method with a one-group pretest-posttest design. The research was carried out at SD Negeri 03 Simpang Rumbio, Solok City, by involving classroom teachers and special education teachers as research participants. Data collection was carried out using teacher understanding instruments provided before and after the implementation of psychoeducation. Intervention was carried out through the provision of psychoeducation regarding ABK screening supported by the use of pocket books as a practical learning medium for teachers. The pocket book first went through content validation by three educational psychologists to ensure the suitability of the material and its suitability. Data analysis was carried out by comparing teachers' comprehension scores before and after the intervention using statistical tests adjusted to the results of the data normality test. The results showed that there was a change in teachers' understanding after obtaining psychoeducation using the ABK screening pocket book. The pocket book also received positive ratings from users in terms of ease of understanding, ease of use, and benefits in supporting teachers to screen and determine the initial handling for ABK. Thus, the ABK screening pocket book can be used as a practical psychoeducational medium to support the improvement of understanding of inclusive elementary school teachers in identifying the initial needs of students.

کودکان با نیازهای ویژه (ABK) نیازمند شناسایی و رسیدگی مناسب از سنین پایین هستند؛ بنابراین، معلمان مدارس ابتدایی فراگیر نقش مهمی در شناخت ویژگی‌ها و نیازهای دانش‌آموزان دارند. با این حال، درک محدود معلمان از فرایند غربالگری ABK می‌تواند مانعی در ارائهٔ خدمات آموزشی مناسب باشد. هدف این پژوهش، تعیین تغییر درک معلمان مدارس ابتدایی فراگیر نسبت به غربالگری ABK پس از ارائهٔ روان‌آموزی با استفاده از کتابچهٔ جیبی غربالگری ABK است. این پژوهش با روش شبه‌آزمایشی و طرح پیش‌آزمون-پس‌آزمون تک‌گروهی انجام شد. پژوهش در دبستان دولتی ۰۳ سیمپانگ رومبیو، شهر سولوک، با مشارکت معلمان کلاس و معلمان آموزش ویژه به‌عنوان شرکت‌کنندگان پژوهش انجام شد. گردآوری داده‌ها با استفاده از ابزار سنجش درک معلمان پیش و پس از اجرای روان‌آموزی صورت گرفت. مداخله از طریق ارائهٔ روان‌آموزی دربارهٔ غربالگری ABK و با پشتیبانی از کتابچهٔ جیبی به‌عنوان رسانهٔ یادگیری عملی برای معلمان انجام شد. کتابچهٔ جیبی پیش از استفاده، توسط سه روان‌شناس آموزشی از نظر محتوایی اعتبارسنجی شد تا تناسب مطالب و شایستگی آن تأیید گردد. تحلیل داده‌ها با مقایسهٔ نمرات درک معلمان پیش و پس از مداخله و با استفاده از آزمون‌های آماری متناسب با نتایج آزمون نرمالیتی داده‌ها انجام شد. نتایج نشان داد که پس از دریافت روان‌آموزی با استفاده از کتابچهٔ جیبی غربالگری ABK، تغییر معناداری در درک معلمان مشاهده شد. همچنین، کتابچهٔ جیبی از نظر سهولت فهم، سهولت استفاده و سودمندی در حمایت از معلمان برای غربالگری و تعیین اقدامات اولیه برای ABK، ارزیابی مثبتی از سوی کاربران دریافت کرد. بنابراین، کتابچهٔ جیبی غربالگری ABK می‌تواند به‌عنوان رسانه‌ای عملی برای روان‌آموزی و حمایت از ارتقای درک معلمان مدارس ابتدایی فراگیر در شناسایی نیازهای اولیهٔ دانش‌آموزان مورد استفاده قرار گیرد.

This study seeks to reveal the profile of collaboration skills (CS) and communication confidence (CC) of pre-service chemsitry teacher (PCT). Designed as a descriptive quantitative study, convenience sampling technique was adopted for this study. A total of 26 PCTs were involved as research samples. Data were obtained through two closed-ended questionnaires: the Collaborative Skill Questionnaire (CS-Q) and the Communication Confidence Questionnaire (CC-Q). Descriptive statistics were used to analyze the profile levels of the PCT-CS and PCT-CC. The level criteria were divided into five categories. Based on these results, the PCT-CS was generally at a good level. Meanwhile, the PCT-CC level was sufficient. Based on the research results that have gone through the data analysis stage, learning activities need to implement methods that are capable of training PCT-CS and PCT-CC such as collaborative learning methods.

این مطالعه با هدف آشکارسازی نمایه مهارت‌های همکاری (CS) و اعتماد به نفس ارتباطی (CC) دانشجومعلمان شیمی (PCT) انجام شده است. این پژوهش به صورت توصیفی-کمی طراحی شده و از روش نمونه‌گیری در دسترس استفاده شده است. در مجموع ۲۶ نفر از دانشجومعلمان شیمی به عنوان نمونه پژوهش شرکت داشتند. داده‌ها از طریق دو پرسشنامه بسته‌پاسخ جمع‌آوری شد: پرسشنامه مهارت همکاری (CS-Q) و پرسشنامه اعتماد به نفس ارتباطی (CC-Q). برای تحلیل سطوح نمایه PCT-CS و PCT-CC از آمار توصیفی استفاده شد. معیار سطوح به پنج دسته تقسیم گردید. بر اساس این نتایج، سطح PCT-CS به طور کلی در وضعیت خوب قرار داشت. در حالی که سطح PCT-CC در حد کافی بود. بر اساس نتایج پژوهش که مرحله تحلیل داده‌ها را طی کرده است، فعالیت‌های یادگیری نیازمند اجرای روش‌هایی هستند که قادر به تقویت PCT-CS و PCT-CC باشند؛ مانند روش‌های یادگیری مشارکتی.

Supervising teachers are central to school–university partnerships and to the professional experience of preservice teachers. This paper reports findings from a study examining the knowledge, skills, and attributes associated with effective supervising teachers. Survey data were collected from supervising teachers (n = 208) and university staff (n = 74) using open-ended and closed-ended questions. This paper focuses on responses to two open-ended questions regarding the characteristics and attributes of quality supervising teachers. More than 11,000 words of qualitative survey data were analysed using semantic content analysis. Findings identified ten commonly reported characteristics, including being communicative, supportive, organised, open-minded, and able to provide feedback. Participants also highlighted attributes such as empathy, patience, attentiveness, and approachability. Drawing on these findings and previous literature, the paper presents an updated framework of supervising teacher knowledge, skills, and attributes. The framework highlights the relational and multifaceted nature of supervising teacher practice.

معلمان راهنما نقش محوری در مشارکت‌های مدرسه و دانشگاه و همچنین تجربه حرفه‌ای معلمان پیش‌خدمت دارند. این مقاله یافته‌های پژوهشی را گزارش می‌کند که به بررسی دانش، مهارت‌ها و ویژگی‌های مرتبط با معلمان راهنمای مؤثر پرداخته است. داده‌های پیمایشی از معلمان راهنما (n = 208) و اعضای هیئت علمی دانشگاه (n = 74) با استفاده از پرسش‌های باز و بسته جمع‌آوری شد. این مقاله بر پاسخ‌ها به دو پرسش باز درباره ویژگی‌ها و خصوصیات معلمان راهنمای باکیفیت تمرکز دارد. بیش از ۱۱٬۰۰۰ واژه داده کیفی پیمایش با استفاده از تحلیل محتوای معنایی مورد بررسی قرار گرفت. یافته‌ها ده ویژگی رایج را شناسایی کردند، از جمله ارتباط‌گیری، حمایت‌گری، سازماندهی، ذهن باز و توانایی ارائه بازخورد. شرکت‌کنندگان همچنین به ویژگی‌هایی مانند همدلی، صبر، توجه و در دسترس بودن اشاره کردند. با بهره‌گیری از این یافته‌ها و ادبیات پیشین، مقاله چارچوب به‌روزشده‌ای از دانش، مهارت‌ها و ویژگی‌های معلمان راهنما ارائه می‌دهد. این چارچوب بر ماهیت رابطه‌ای و چندوجهی عملکرد معلم راهنما تأکید می‌کند.

This study investigates the interaction between communication skills, teacher immediacy, and mathematical cognitive abilities of elementary school teachers in Indonesia and Malaysia using a multivariate analysis approach. The research involved 235 teachers, utilizing online questionnaires to measure these variables. Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) validated the constructs, showing strong construct validity (Teacher Communication Skills: CFI = 0.924, TLI = 0.912, RMSEA = 0.060, SRMR = 0.049; Teacher Immediacy: CFI = 0.935, TLI = 0.924, RMSEA = 0.058, SRMR = 0.052; Teacher Cognitive in Math: CFI = 1.000, TLI = 0.951, RMSEA = 0.000, SRMR = 0.045). Linear regression analysis indicated that communication skills significantly influence mathematical cognitive abilities (F = 1698.101, p< .001). Mediation analysis revealed that teacher immediacy partially mediates this relationship (communication skills to teacher immediacy: coeff = 0.5548, p< .001; teacher immediacy to cognitive skills: coeff = 0.0602, p = .0073). Moderation analysis showed that teacher immediacy significantly moderates the influence of communication skills on cognitive abilities, with a small negative interaction effect (coeff = − 0.0020, p< .001), indicating that the positive effect of communication skills on cognitive abilities weakens slightly as teacher immediacy increases. Among the covariates, educational level (p = .03) and institutional origin (p = .04) significantly moderated this relationship, whereas gender did not (p = .12). Notably, teachers with a Bachelor’s degree showed slightly higher mean cognitive scores than those with a Master’s degree, highlighting the need for careful interpretation of educational background effects. The findings underscore the importance of developing communication skills and considering institutional context in enhancing teaching practices. This study provides practical insights for teachers and policymakers to optimize teaching strategies through effective communication and supportive learning environments.

این پژوهش به بررسی تعامل میان مهارت‌های ارتباطی، فوریت معلم و توانایی‌های شناختی ریاضی معلمان مدارس ابتدایی در اندونزی و مالزی با استفاده از رویکرد تحلیل چندمتغیره می‌پردازد. در این پژوهش ۲۳۵ معلم شرکت داشتند و برای سنجش متغیرها از پرسشنامه‌های آنلاین استفاده شد. تحلیل عاملی تأییدی (CFA) سازه‌ها را تأیید کرد و روایی سازه‌ای قوی را نشان داد (مهارت‌های ارتباطی معلم: CFI = 0.924، TLI = 0.912، RMSEA = 0.060، SRMR = 0.049؛ فوریت معلم: CFI = 0.935، TLI = 0.924، RMSEA = 0.058، SRMR = 0.052؛ شناخت معلم در ریاضی: CFI = 1.000، TLI = 0.951، RMSEA = 0.000، SRMR = 0.045). تحلیل رگرسیون خطی نشان داد که مهارت‌های ارتباطی تأثیر معناداری بر توانایی‌های شناختی ریاضی دارند (F = 1698.101، p< .001). تحلیل میانجی‌گری نشان داد که فوریت معلم به طور جزئی این رابطه را میانجی‌گری می‌کند (مهارت‌های ارتباطی تا فوریت معلم: ضریب = 0.5548، p< .001؛ فوریت معلم تا مهارت‌های شناختی: ضریب = 0.0602، p = .0073). تحلیل تعدیل‌گری نشان داد که فوریت معلم به طور معناداری تأثیر مهارت‌های ارتباطی بر توانایی‌های شناختی را تعدیل‌گری می‌کند و یک اثر تعاملی منفی کوچک دارد (ضریب = − 0.0020، p< .001)، که نشان می‌دهد اثر مثبت مهارت‌های ارتباطی بر توانایی‌های شناختی با افزایش فوریت معلم اندکی تضعیف می‌شود. در میان متغیرهای همبسته، سطح تحصیلات (p = .03) و منشأ مؤسسه (p = .04) این رابطه را به طور معناداری تعدیل‌گری کردند، در حالی که جنسیت چنین اثری نداشت (p = .12). شایان ذکر است که معلمانی با مدرک کارشناسی میانگین نمرات شناختی بالاتری نسبت به دارندگان مدرک کارشناسی ارشد داشتند که ضرورت تفسیر دقیق اثرات پیشینه تحصیلی را نشان می‌دهد. یافته‌ها بر اهمیت توسعه مهارت‌های ارتباطی و توجه به زمینه نهادی در ارتقای شیوه‌های تدریس تأکید دارند. این پژوهش بینش‌های عملی برای معلمان و سیاست‌گذاران جهت بهینه‌سازی راهبردهای تدریس از طریق ارتباط مؤثر و محیط‌های یادگیری حمایتی فراهم می‌کند.

This study examined the transformational leadership styles of secondary school administrators and their relationship with teachers’ self-efficacy in Balamban District I during School Year 2025–2026 as a basis for developing a Leadership Enhancement Program. Employing a descriptive-correlational research design, the study involved 65 secondary school teachers selected as respondents. Data were collected using standardized instruments, namely the Multifactor Leadership Questionnaire (MLQ Form 5X) and the Teachers’ Sense of Efficacy Scale (TSES Long Form). Statistical analyses included frequency, percentage, weighted mean, standard deviation, and Pearson correlation. Findings revealed that most respondents were female, married, experienced teachers handling English and Mathematics, and had pursued graduate education. School administrators demonstrated high levels of transformational leadership, particularly in idealized influence, inspirational motivation, intellectual stimulation, contingent reward, effectiveness, satisfaction, and extra effort. Conversely, laissez-faire leadership and passive management practices received low ratings. Teachers exhibited high self-efficacy in student engagement, instructional strategies, and classroom management. Correlation analysis revealed a low but statistically significant positive relationship between transformational leadership and teachers’ self-efficacy (ρ = 0.293, p = 0.018). Specifically, idealized influence, intellectual stimulation, and contingent reward demonstrated significant associations with teachers’ self-efficacy. The findings suggest that effective transformational leadership practices are associated with greater teacher confidence in fulfilling instructional responsibilities and managing classroom environments. Consequently, a Leadership Enhancement Program was proposed to strengthen administrators’ leadership competencies, promote supportive educational environments, and further enhance teachers’ professional effectiveness and self-efficacy across secondary schools within Balamban District I.

این پژوهش به بررسی سبک‌های رهبری تحول‌آفرین مدیران مدارس متوسطه و رابطه آن با خودکارآمدی معلمان در ناحیه اول بالامبان طی سال تحصیلی ۲۰۲۵–۲۰۲۶ به‌عنوان مبنایی برای تدوین برنامه ارتقای رهبری پرداخت. این مطالعه با بهره‌گیری از طرح پژوهش توصیفی-همبستگی و با مشارکت ۶۵ معلم مدارس متوسطه که به‌عنوان پاسخ‌دهنده انتخاب شدند، انجام شد. داده‌ها با استفاده از ابزارهای استاندارد، شامل پرسشنامه چندعاملی رهبری (MLQ Form 5X) و مقیاس احساس خودکارآمدی معلمان (TSES Long Form) گردآوری شد. تحلیل‌های آماری شامل فراوانی، درصد، میانگین وزنی، انحراف معیار و همبستگی پیرسون بود. یافته‌ها نشان داد که اکثر پاسخ‌دهندگان زن، متأهل، معلمان با تجربه در تدریس زبان انگلیسی و ریاضیات و دارای تحصیلات تکمیلی بودند. مدیران مدارس سطوح بالایی از رهبری تحول‌آفرین، به‌ویژه در نفوذ آرمانی، انگیزش الهام‌بخش، تحریک فکری، پاداش مشروط، اثربخشی، رضایت و تلاش مضاعف از خود نشان دادند. در مقابل، رهبری عدم مداخله و شیوه‌های مدیریت منفعل امتیاز پایینی کسب کردند. معلمان در ابعاد مشارکت دانش‌آموزان، راهبردهای آموزشی و مدیریت کلاس، خودکارآمدی بالایی از خود نشان دادند. تحلیل همبستگی نشان داد که بین رهبری تحول‌آفرین و خودکارآمدی معلمان رابطه مثبت اما ضعیف و معناداری وجود دارد (ρ = 0.293, p = 0.018). به طور خاص، نفوذ آرمانی، تحریک فکری و پاداش مشروط با خودکارآمدی معلمان ارتباط معناداری داشتند. یافته‌ها حاکی از آن است که شیوه‌های مؤثر رهبری تحول‌آفرین با افزایش اعتماد به نفس معلمان در انجام مسئولیت‌های آموزشی و مدیریت محیط کلاس مرتبط است. بر این اساس، برنامه ارتقای رهبری به منظور تقویت شایستگی‌های رهبری مدیران، ارتقای محیط‌های آموزشی حمایتی و افزایش اثربخشی حرفه‌ای و خودکارآمدی معلمان در مدارس متوسطه ناحیه اول بالامبان پیشنهاد شد.

Introduction Teacher identity formation is a dynamic process shaped by professional experience, emotion, wellbeing, and culturally available meanings. This study examines how pre-service teachers in China drew on Confucian and Daoist repertoires when reflecting on their developing teacher identities. Methods Participants were 143 pre-service teachers at one Chinese normal university. They wrote prompted reflective narratives about coursework, micro-teaching, lesson planning, educational observation, and imagined classroom responsibilities. The analysis combined descriptive keyword mapping with reflexive thematic analysis. Results Four related processes were identified: Confucian striving as a language of perseverance and self-cultivation; Daoist release as a resource for non-contention, recognizing limits, and emotional restoration; situational switching between these repertoires in response to changing demands; and sustainable teacher formation as an orientation toward responsibility with limits. The study proposes cultural identity regulation as an integrative analytic heuristic for understanding how culturally available meanings connect academic experiences, emotional calibration, and imagined teacher selves. Discussion The findings suggest that Confucian striving and Daoist release provided participants with culturally familiar ways to interpret effort, pressure, and anticipated responsibility during teacher preparation. Their value lay in helping participants connect perseverance with self-cultivation and responsibility, while also recognizing limits, reducing destructive comparison, and restoring emotional balance. Cultural identity regulation captures this narrated negotiation of professional commitment and personal sustainability in the formation of an imagined teacher self.

مقدمه: شکل‌گیری هویت معلمی فرایندی پویا است که تحت تأثیر تجربه حرفه‌ای، هیجان، بهزیستی و معانی فرهنگی موجود قرار دارد. این پژوهش بررسی می‌کند که دانشجومعلمان در چین چگونه هنگام تأمل درباره هویت معلمی در حال شکل‌گیری خود، از الگوهای کنفوسیوسی و دائویی بهره می‌گیرند. روش‌ها: شرکت‌کنندگان شامل ۱۴۳ دانشجومعلم از یک دانشگاه تربیت معلم در چین بودند. آن‌ها روایت‌های تأملی برانگیخته‌شده درباره دروس، تدریس خرد، برنامه‌ریزی درسی، مشاهده آموزشی و مسئولیت‌های فرضی کلاس نوشتند. تحلیل داده‌ها با ترکیب نگاشت توصیفی واژگان کلیدی و تحلیل تماتیک بازتابی انجام شد. یافته‌ها: چهار فرایند مرتبط شناسایی شد: تلاش کنفوسیوسی به‌عنوان زبان پایداری و خودپروری؛ رهایی دائویی به‌عنوان منبعی برای عدم رقابت، شناخت محدودیت‌ها و بازسازی هیجانی؛ جابجایی موقعیتی میان این الگوها در پاسخ به تغییر تقاضاها؛ و شکل‌گیری پایدار معلمی به‌عنوان جهت‌گیری به‌سوی مسئولیت با در نظر گرفتن حدود. این پژوهش تنظیم هویت فرهنگی را به‌عنوان یک ابزار تحلیلی تلفیقی برای فهم چگونگی پیوند معانی فرهنگی با تجارب دانشگاهی، تنظیم هیجانی و خود معلمی فرضی پیشنهاد می‌کند. بحث: یافته‌ها نشان می‌دهد که تلاش کنفوسیوسی و رهایی دائویی راه‌هایی آشنا و فرهنگی برای تفسیر تلاش، فشار و مسئولیت پیش‌بینی‌شده در دوره آمادگی معلمی در اختیار شرکت‌کنندگان قرار داد. ارزش این الگوها در کمک به پیوند پایداری با خودپروری و مسئولیت، در عین شناخت حدود، کاهش مقایسه مخرب و بازسازی تعادل هیجانی بود. تنظیم هویت فرهنگی این مذاکره روایی میان تعهد حرفه‌ای و پایداری فردی در شکل‌گیری خود معلمی فرضی را تبیین می‌کند.