children

Video and digital games have been the focus of sustained public and scientific debate since their commercial emergence in the late 1970s, particularly regarding their effects on children and adolescents. Early public and scientific discourse frequently portrayed gaming as a source of physical injury, addiction, aggression, social isolation, academic problems, and moral decline. However, subsequent empirical research has produced a substantially more differentiated picture of both the benefits and risks of gaming. This review examines the historical foundations of controversies surrounding video and digital games and synthesizes contemporary evidence concerning their cognitive, emotional, social, therapeutic, and physical effects. . Research indicates that moderate, purposeful gaming may improve visuospatial abilities, attentional control, problem-solving, mood regulation, social connection, and selected educational outcomes. Gaming-based interventions have also demonstrated therapeutic potential, particularly for depressive symptoms and attention-related difficulties among young people. At the same time, important risks remain, especially when gaming becomes excessive, compulsive, or disruptive to everyday functioning. These include repetitive-strain injuries, sleep disruption, problematic gaming, and adverse mental-health and academic outcomes. Evidence concerning violent games and serious real-world aggression remains more contested, with recent research emphasizing relatively small effects and the importance of individual and contextual factors. Overall, the evidence suggests that the developmental consequences of gaming for children and adolescents depend less on gaming itself than on the duration, content, context, and pattern of engagement.

بازی‌های ویدیویی و دیجیتال از زمان ظهور تجاری خود در اواخر دهه ۱۹۷۰، همواره موضوع بحث‌های عمومی و علمی مداوم بوده‌اند، به‌ویژه در خصوص تأثیرات آن‌ها بر کودکان و نوجوانان. گفتمان‌های عمومی و علمی اولیه اغلب بازی کردن را منبع آسیب‌های جسمی، اعتیاد، پرخاشگری، انزوای اجتماعی، مشکلات تحصیلی و افول اخلاقی معرفی می‌کردند. با این حال، پژوهش‌های تجربی بعدی تصویری به‌مراتب متمایزتر از فواید و خطرات بازی کردن ارائه داده‌اند. این مرور به بررسی مبانی تاریخی مناقشات پیرامون بازی‌های ویدیویی و دیجیتال می‌پردازد و شواهد معاصر مربوط به اثرات شناختی، هیجانی، اجتماعی، درمانی و جسمی آن‌ها را جمع‌بندی می‌کند. پژوهش‌ها نشان می‌دهند که بازی کردن متوسط و هدفمند می‌تواند توانایی‌های دیداری-فضایی، کنترل توجه، حل مسئله، تنظیم خلق، ارتباط اجتماعی و برخی پیامدهای آموزشی را بهبود بخشد. مداخلات مبتنی بر بازی نیز پتانسیل درمانی خود را نشان داده‌اند، به‌ویژه برای علائم افسردگی و مشکلات مرتبط با توجه در میان جوانان. در عین حال، خطرات مهمی نیز وجود دارد، به‌ویژه زمانی که بازی کردن بیش از حد، اجباری یا مختل‌کننده عملکرد روزمره شود. این خطرات شامل آسیب‌های تکراری، اختلال خواب، بازی کردن مسئله‌ساز و پیامدهای نامطلوب سلامت روان و تحصیلی است. شواهد مربوط به بازی‌های خشونت‌آمیز و پرخاشگری جدی در دنیای واقعی همچنان مورد مناقشه است و پژوهش‌های اخیر بر اثرات نسبتاً کوچک و اهمیت عوامل فردی و زمینه‌ای تأکید دارند. در مجموع، شواهد نشان می‌دهند که پیامدهای رشدی بازی کردن برای کودکان و نوجوانان کمتر به خود بازی وابسته است و بیشتر به مدت، محتوا، زمینه و الگوی مشارکت بستگی دارد.

Video and digital games have been the focus of sustained public and scientific debate since their commercial emergence in the late 1970s, particularly regarding their effects on children and adolescents. Early public and scientific discourse frequently portrayed gaming as a source of physical injury, addiction, aggression, social isolation, academic problems, and moral decline. However, subsequent empirical research has produced a substantially more differentiated picture of both the benefits and risks of gaming. This review examines the historical foundations of controversies surrounding video and digital games and synthesizes contemporary evidence concerning their cognitive, emotional, social, therapeutic, and physical effects. . Research indicates that moderate, purposeful gaming may improve visuospatial abilities, attentional control, problem-solving, mood regulation, social connection, and selected educational outcomes. Gaming-based interventions have also demonstrated therapeutic potential, particularly for depressive symptoms and attention-related difficulties among young people. At the same time, important risks remain, especially when gaming becomes excessive, compulsive, or disruptive to everyday functioning. These include repetitive-strain injuries, sleep disruption, problematic gaming, and adverse mental-health and academic outcomes. Evidence concerning violent games and serious real-world aggression remains more contested, with recent research emphasizing relatively small effects and the importance of individual and contextual factors. Overall, the evidence suggests that the developmental consequences of gaming for children and adolescents depend less on gaming itself than on the duration, content, context, and pattern of engagement.

بازی‌های ویدیویی و دیجیتال از زمان ظهور تجاری خود در اواخر دهه ۱۹۷۰، همواره موضوع بحث‌های عمومی و علمی مداوم بوده‌اند، به‌ویژه در خصوص تأثیرات آن‌ها بر کودکان و نوجوانان. گفتمان‌های عمومی و علمی اولیه اغلب بازی کردن را منبع آسیب‌های جسمی، اعتیاد، پرخاشگری، انزوای اجتماعی، مشکلات تحصیلی و افول اخلاقی معرفی می‌کردند. با این حال، پژوهش‌های تجربی بعدی تصویری به‌مراتب متمایزتر از فواید و خطرات بازی کردن ارائه داده‌اند. این مرور به بررسی مبانی تاریخی مناقشات پیرامون بازی‌های ویدیویی و دیجیتال می‌پردازد و شواهد معاصر مربوط به اثرات شناختی، هیجانی، اجتماعی، درمانی و جسمی آن‌ها را جمع‌بندی می‌کند. پژوهش‌ها نشان می‌دهند که بازی کردن متوسط و هدفمند می‌تواند توانایی‌های دیداری-فضایی، کنترل توجه، حل مسئله، تنظیم خلق، ارتباط اجتماعی و برخی پیامدهای آموزشی را بهبود بخشد. مداخلات مبتنی بر بازی نیز پتانسیل درمانی خود را نشان داده‌اند، به‌ویژه برای علائم افسردگی و مشکلات مرتبط با توجه در میان جوانان. در عین حال، خطرات مهمی نیز وجود دارد، به‌ویژه زمانی که بازی کردن بیش از حد، اجباری یا مختل‌کننده عملکرد روزمره شود. این خطرات شامل آسیب‌های تکراری، اختلال خواب، بازی کردن مسئله‌ساز و پیامدهای نامطلوب سلامت روان و تحصیلی است. شواهد مربوط به بازی‌های خشونت‌آمیز و پرخاشگری جدی در دنیای واقعی همچنان مورد مناقشه است و پژوهش‌های اخیر بر اثرات نسبتاً کوچک و اهمیت عوامل فردی و زمینه‌ای تأکید دارند. در مجموع، شواهد نشان می‌دهند که پیامدهای رشدی بازی کردن برای کودکان و نوجوانان کمتر به خود بازی وابسته است و بیشتر به مدت، محتوا، زمینه و الگوی مشارکت بستگی دارد.

Children's behaviour and social adjustment within the classroom are important considerations. Behaviour can refer to how a pupil engages with learning tasks, follows instructions, works with others and interacts within the classroom. Social adjustment can relate to how children feel they fit in, build friendships, communicate effectively and feel included. Although behaviour and social adjustment are two distinct areas, they will be influenced by each other. This conceptual article will discuss the relationship between behaviour and social adjustment for upper primary school students. Using theories such as ecological systems, social learning and sociocultural. School engagement, friendships and school belonging will also be discussed. It is important to consider how behaviour should be seen as more than just an individual trait. Family factors, teaching style, peer relationships, individual differences and school factors can influence how a pupil behaves. A strength based approach to children's behaviour and social adjustment will be advocated. The article will conclude with key implications for classroom settings and recommendations for future research. Future research should be culturally aware, developmentally appropriate and ethical. This article is theoretical and will not give any findings.

Toilet training is an essential developmental process that fosters discipline and independence in early childhood. The acquisition of toileting skills is significantly influenced by parenting approaches. Authoritative (democratic) parenting, characterized by warmth, two-way communication, and clear boundaries, offers supportive guidance during this developmental transition. This study aimed to investigate the effect of an authoritative parenting style on toilet training ability among children aged 3–4 years. A quantitative research design with a correlational approach was employed, involving 206 parents of children aged 3–4 years selected via questionnaire distribution. Data were collected using the adapted Parenting Styles and Dimensions Questionnaire-Short Version (PSDQ-SV) and the Toilet Training Readiness Scale (TTRS), and analyzed using binary logistic regression. The results revealed a statistically significant association between authoritative parenting and toilet training outcome (p = .018, p .05), though accounting for a modest proportion of the overall variance. These findings suggest that while authoritative parenting contributes positively to early toilet training progression, consistent parental guidance and child-centered readiness factors remain vital.

Early childhood is a critical period for emotional development and behavioral regulation. Increasing digital device use among young children has raised concerns about its association with tantrum behavior, although research examining addiction-related use rather than screen duration alone remains limited. This study aimed to examine the relationship between gadget addiction levels and tantrum behavior among children aged 4–6 years at Widya Santhi Buana Kindergarten, West Denpasar District. A quantitative correlational approach with a cross-sectional design was employed, involving 45 parents or guardians recruited through total sampling. Data were collected on April 15, 2026, through online questionnaires administered using Google Forms. The instruments comprised an adapted Digital Addiction Scale for Children with 25 items, which demonstrated high internal consistency during pilot testing (Cronbach’s α = .977), and the 31-item Rating Scale of Angry Emotional Behavior and Temper Tantrum. Univariate analysis summarized the distributions of gadget addiction levels and tantrum behavior, while Spearman’s rank correlation assessed their relationship. The results showed that 48.9% of children were classified as having moderate gadget addiction levels. Regarding tantrum behavior, 53.3% were classified as exhibiting no tantrum behavior, whereas 22.2% were classified as exhibiting severe tantrum behavior. A strong, positive, and statistically significant correlation was identified between gadget addiction levels and tantrum behavior (ρ = .641, p < .001). Higher parent-reported gadget addiction levels were therefore associated with greater tantrum severity within the participating group. The cross-sectional design and reliance on parent-reported measures limit causal interpretation. These findings may inform parent education concerning supervised device use and consistent family rules. Further research should include larger samples, examine parenting styles and other relevant factors, and use longitudinal designs to clarify the direction of the relationship.

Background: Caring for children with cerebral palsy places emotional, social, and practical demands on families. Objective: This study explored the lived experiences of family caregivers of children with cerebral palsy. Methods: A qualitative phenomenological study involved six family caregivers purposively selected on the basis of their direct involvement in daily care. Data were collected through in-depth semi-structured interviews and analyzed using Colaizzi’s method. Results: Seven themes were identified: emotional responses to the child’s condition; caregiving challenges and barriers; forms of support received; limited access to specialized services; acceptance and hopes for the child’s future; caregiving role conflicts; and changes in daily routines and sleep patterns. Conclusion: The findings indicate that caregiving is a complex process of adaptation shaped by family support, shared responsibilities, and service availability. Emotional support, caregiver education, and continuing guidance are needed to strengthen family well-being and the quality of care provided to children.

Background: Father involvement is an important aspect of the caregiving environment that is associated with children’s social-emotional development. Such involvement includes interaction, support, attention, and participation in children’s activities. This study aimed to analyze the association between nine dimensions of father involvement and emotional and behavioral difficulties among children aged 5-9 years. Methods: This study used a quantitative research method with a cross-sectional design. Participants were 130 mothers who had children aged 5-9 years in Jonggol Village. Father involvement was measured using the Inventory of Father Involvement (IFI), consisting of nine dimensions, while children’s emotional and behavioral difficulties were assessed using the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ) through the Total Difficulties score. Associations were analyzed using the Spearman Rank correlation test with a significance level of 5%. Results: Three of the nine IFI dimensions showed significant negative associations with SDQ Total Difficulties: Time and Talking (rs = −0.181; p = 0.040), Reading and Homework (rs = −0.227; p = 0.009), and Attention (rs = −0.178; p = 0.043). The other six dimensions were not significantly associated with SDQ Total Difficulties (p > 0.05). Findings are exploratory (p-values unadjusted). Conclusion: Specific aspects of father involvement, particularly time and communication, participation in reading and homework, and attention, were associated with lower emotional and behavioral difficulties among children. These findings highlight the importance of examining father involvement not only as an overall construct but also according to its specific dimensions

This study aims to examine the impact of parental involvement and socioeconomic status (SES) on academic achievement at public senior high schools in Tangerang Municipality. The study used a cross-sectional survey design. The study population consisted of students from public senior high schools in Tangerang Municipality. We applied Weighted Regression analysis utilizing a sample size of 893 participants. We used a validated questionnaire that was distributed via WhatsApp groups. The findings showed that parents with high SES tended to be more involved in their children's learning; however, high parental SES did not guarantee high academic achievement for their children. The mean difference tests revealed that academic achievement did not differ significantly by parental involvement, whereas it did differ significantly by parental SES. Researchers also found that parents’ involvement in education significantly boosted students' academic achievement. In contrast, parents' SES did not have a significant impact. Intensive discussions, good communication, full attention, giving gifts, and providing learning facilities are effective parental involvement actions that encourage increases in children's academic achievement. Parental involvement matters more than parental SES in improving students’ academic achievement. Therefore, maintaining strong relationships between schools and parents is essential to support students’ educational outcomes. Local governments need to strengthen regulations governing parents' roles at home and at school. Keywords: academic achievement, parental involvement, SES.

The education of young children constitutes the foundation of their cognitive, social, emotional, and behavioural development. Teacher psychological capital, emotional intelligence, and work engagement are personal resources that may be associated with good teaching practices and child development as perceived by teachers. Using COR theory, this study examined the relationships among teacher psychological capital, emotional intelligence, work engagement, teaching effectiveness, and teacher-reported children's developmental outcomes of early childhood educators in Lagos State, Nigeria. The study employed a correlational research design. A sample of 202 early childhood educators was selected through a multistage sampling process, in which five children per teacher's classroom were selected, resulting in a total of 1,010 children rated using the Early Development Instrument (EDI). The data for the study were gathered using the Psychological Capital Questionnaire, the Wong and Law Emotional Intelligence Scale, the Utrecht Work Engagement Scale, the Classroom Assessment Scoring System (CLASS) Pre-K, and the EDI Teacher Version. The scores of five children per teacher were aggregated to measure teacher-level indicators of child developmental outcomes. Data analysis was done using Pearson product-moment correlation, multiple regression, and hierarchical multiple regression at the 0.05 level of significance. The results indicated significant positive correlations among the research variables. Psychological capital, emotional intelligence, and work engagement, both together and individually, made significant contributions to teaching effectiveness and teacher-rated children’s developmental outcomes. Teaching experience and school ownership also significantly moderated the relationship between the independent and dependent variables. This research therefore concludes that psychological capital, emotional intelligence, and work engagement are significant resources for teachers, contributing to teaching effectiveness and teacher-rated children’s developmental outcomes.

Despite growing concerns about mental health difficulties among children and youth, limited empirical evidence exists on the extent to which adverse childhood experiences and resilience predict mental health difficulties among school-going children and youth in rural communities. This research explored the prevalence and psychosocial predictors of mental health difficulties among children and youth. The study adopted a correlational and descriptive research design. Respondents consisted of 837 children and youth, who were selected from Johannesburg West Education District. They were assessed using the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ), the Adverse Childhood Experiences Questionnaire (ACE-Q), and the Child and Youth Resilience Measure (CYRM) as data-collection instruments. Frequencies and percentages, regression analysis, and moderation analysis were conducted using Hayes' PROCESS Macro. Findings revealed that about 44.4%, 18.3%, and 37.3% of the participants were within the normal, borderline, and abnormal ranges of mental health well-being, respectively. Adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) significantly predicted mental health difficulties (β = .238, t = 7.071, p < .001), contributing about 5.6% of the variation in mental health difficulties among youth and children. Resilience is also a significant predictor (β = −.121, t = −3.524, p < .001), accounting for about 1.5% of the variation in mental health problems; higher resilience was associated with lower levels of mental health difficulties. Moderation analyses showed that age and gender did not significantly moderate the relationships between ACEs, resilience, and mental health difficulties. The study concludes that ACEs constitute a significant risk factor, whereas resilience serves as a protective factor. The findings highlight the need for trauma-informed interventions, resilience-building programmes, and comprehensive mental health support services to promote positive mental health outcomes among children and youth.

The article substantiates the potential and pedagogical conditions for using loose parts to develop mathematical competence in preschool and primary school children. Loose parts are defined as natural, household, manufactured, or recycled materials with which children can engage in a variety of practical activities, including those involving mathematical content. These may include stones, sand, water, branches, leaves, seeds, shells, pieces of fabric, threads, cardboard boxes, bottle caps, containers, sticks, and other materials. It has been established that, at preschool age, the use of loose parts provides a sensory basis for developing concepts of quantity, number, shape, size, space, and patterns. In primary school, in addition to deepening this knowledge, the same materials can be used to support modeling, solving problems in several ways, testing assumptions, justifying strategies, and working with data. This enables continuity between preschool and primary education in the development of children’s mathematical competence. The potential of loose parts for developing mathematical competence in preschool and primary school children lies in the fact that they enable the practical acquisition of concepts related to number, shape, size, spatial relationships, and patterns, while stimulating the development of skills in counting, comparing, classifying, measuring, modeling, and problem-solving. Their use encourages learners’ independence, investigative activity, and the development of mathematical language. The following pedagogical conditions for using loose parts to develop mathematical competence in preschool and primary school children have been identified: ensuring the purposeful selection and diversification of materials; combining support for children’s initiative with the implementation of pedagogical intentions; and organizing mathematical reflection among preschool and primary school learners.

This study investigates the internalization of moral education values through traditional games in an Islamic early childhood education institution, focusing on the implementation of play-based activities, teacher facilitation, and children's emerging moral behaviors. Adopting a qualitative field research approach, the study was conducted at RA Athfalul Huda GUPPI, Qurnia Village, Mataram, Indonesia. Research participants were purposively selected and included the school principal, teachers, and children involved in traditional game-based learning. Data were collected through observation, interviews, and documentation, and analyzed using the Miles and Huberman interactive model, comprising data reduction, data display, and conclusion drawing and verification. Data credibility was supported through source and methodological triangulation and sustained observation. The findings identify four traditional games Cublak-Cublak Suweng, Gobak Sodor, Petak Umpet, and Dakon—as learning activities that provide opportunities for children to experience and practice moral values through shared rules, peer interactions, turn-taking, and collaborative participation. Teacher facilitation, particularly through behavioural modelling, rule reinforcement, guidance, and post-activity reflection, emerged as an important component of the moral learning process. The values addressed through these activities included honesty, trustworthiness, responsibility, patience, cooperation, sportsmanship, tolerance, humility, and social awareness. Furthermore, parent-reported observations indicated that some positive behavioral practices were also reflected in children's interactions at home. These findings highlight the pedagogical potential of culturally embedded traditional games as a context for experiential moral education. The study contributes a contextually grounded understanding of how traditional play and teacher mediation can support the development of moral awareness and emerging behavioral practices in Islamic early childhood education.

Since the large-scale displacement of Ukrainian families following the escalation of the war in 2022, community- and school-based initiatives have become increasingly important in supporting refugee children's adaptation in host countries. Although play, resilience, and belonging have each been widely recognised as important for children's well-being and development, they have largely been examined within separate strands of scholarship. This theoretical article develops an integrated three-tier framework that brings together Bronfenbrenner's ecological systems theory, social-ecological resilience theory, and research on play and belonging to explain how displaced children adapt within host-country contexts. The proposed framework conceptualises children's adaptation as a recursive process operating across three interconnected tiers. Tier one situates children within their ecological environments; tier two identifies resilience as a multisystemic process emerging through interactions between children and the protective resources available within those environments; and tier three positions play as the primary mechanism through which resilience processes are enacted, while belonging functions as both an outcome and a reinforcing relational process. The framework is illustrated through the context of Ukrainian refugee children in Estonia and generates empirically testable propositions to guide future research. By integrating ecological context, resilience processes, and play-based relational mechanisms into a single explanatory framework, the article offers a conceptual foundation for understanding children's adaptation following forced displacement and provides implications for the design and evaluation of community- and school-based initiatives supporting displaced children.

Abstract: Character education in early childhood is often delivered through verbal advice that young children find hard to retain, while their growing exposure to digital screens reduces opportunities to listen to stories told directly by an adult. This community service program aimed to apply pure storytelling, an oral narration that relies on the narrator's voice and body rather than a picture book, to strengthen environmental care and responsibility among kindergarten children. The program was carried out from 30 September to 3 October 2026 at Tunas Harapan II Waru Kindergarten, Penajam Paser Utara Regency, involving about forty-five children and five teachers. The stages consisted of planning, coordination with the school, script and performance preparation, storytelling sessions, evaluation, and dissemination. Data were gathered through participatory observation, oral question-and-answer sessions, short interviews with teachers, and documentation, then analysed descriptively. The story “Misi Pahlawan Bumi” introduced green, yellow, and red bins for organic, inorganic, and hazardous waste. The children followed the story enthusiastically, imitated the voices and movements of the characters, and most of them could name examples of waste for each bin colour. Teachers also gained a practical, low-cost model of storytelling that can be repeated in daily classroom activities. Keywords: character education; early childhood; environmental care; pure storytelling; vocal and gesture Abstrak: Pendidikan karakter bagi anak usia dini masih sering disampaikan melalui nasihat lisan yang sulit diingat anak, sementara meningkatnya paparan layar digital mengurangi kesempatan anak untuk menyimak cerita yang dibawakan langsung oleh orang dewasa. Kegiatan pengabdian ini bertujuan menerapkan dongeng murni, yaitu penceritaan lisan yang mengandalkan suara dan tubuh pencerita tanpa bergantung pada buku cerita, untuk menguatkan karakter peduli lingkungan dan tanggung jawab anak taman kanak-kanak. Kegiatan berlangsung pada 30 September hingga 3 Oktober 2026 di Taman Kanak-Kanak Tunas Harapan II Waru, Kabupaten Penajam Paser Utara, dengan melibatkan sekitar empat puluh lima anak dan lima guru. Tahapan kegiatan meliputi perencanaan, koordinasi dengan sekolah, persiapan naskah dan pementasan, pelaksanaan dongeng, evaluasi, serta diseminasi. Data dihimpun melalui observasi partisipatif, tanya jawab lisan, wawancara singkat dengan guru, dan dokumentasi, kemudian dianalisis secara deskriptif. Dongeng “Misi Pahlawan Bumi” memperkenalkan tempat sampah hijau, kuning, dan merah untuk sampah organik, anorganik, dan berbahaya. Anak-anak menyimak dengan antusias, menirukan suara serta gerakan tokoh, dan sebagian besar mampu menyebutkan contoh sampah untuk setiap warna tempat sampah. Guru juga memperoleh model bercerita yang praktis dan murah untuk diterapkan kembali dalam pembelajaran sehari-hari. Kata kunci: anak usia dini; dongeng murni; olah vokal dan gestur; pendidikan karakter; peduli lingkungan

The digital revolution has fundamentally transformed childhood experience across the globe. In Ghana, rapid mobile internet penetration, the proliferation of low-cost smartphones, and COVID-19-induced remote learning have dramatically intensified basic school children's exposure to digital screens. Emerging evidence links digital screen addiction (DSA) to significant impairments in children's psychological well-being encompassing emotional, cognitive, social, and behavioural dimensions. Yet, school management responses in Ghanaian basic schools remain underdeveloped and largely uncoordinated. This narrative literature review synthesizes global and sub-Saharan African evidence on digital screen addiction and its psychological well-being consequences among basic school children (ages 5–15), critically examines existing school management frameworks, and proposes a School-Based Digital Wellness Management Framework (SBDWMF) for Ghanaian basic schools. A narrative synthesis approach was employed. Literature was sourced from PubMed, Google Scholar, Scopus, PsycINFO, African Journals Online (AJOL), and grey literature from the WHO, UNESCO, UNICEF, Ghana Education Service (GES), Ghana Health Service (GHS), and the Ministry of Education. Peer-reviewed empirical studies, systematic reviews, meta-analyses, and policy documents published from 2010 to 2024 were included, with a total of 72 sources forming the evidence base. DSA is prevalent among basic school-age children globally, with pooled prevalence estimates ranging from 19% to 38% depending on measurement tools and contexts. Excessive screen exposure is consistently associated with psychological distress, anxiety, depression, attentional difficulties, emotional dysregulation, impaired self-esteem, peer-relationship deficits, and poor academic well-being. In Ghana, contextual risk amplifiers, including parental digital literacy gaps, absent school mental health services, post-COVID normalization of extended screen use, and fragmented policy, compound the psychological burden. School management frameworks in Ghanaian basic schools are largely inadequate to address DSA, with critical deficits in policy, counselling capacity, teacher training, and parental engagement. DSA poses a mounting psychological well-being challenge for Ghanaian basic school children, demanding an urgent, evidence-informed school management response. The proposed six-pillar SBDWMF offers a practical governance architecture for Ghanaian basic school heads, district education officers, and national policymakers to address DSA comprehensively within the school setting.

Early literacy and numeracy assessment can help Kindergarten teachers identify learning needs and review classroom instruction. This study described changes in assessment scores following nine instructional sessions aligned with the MATATAG Curriculum at Ligao West Central Elementary School–Binatagan, Philippines, during School Year 2025–2026. A quantitative action research approach used a single group assessed before and after instruction. The reported participants were 208 learners from five Kindergarten sections, included through total enumeration. Researcher developed instruments assessed letter recognition, initial sound awareness, vocabulary recognition, number recognition, counting, and quantity comparison. The same instruments were administered at both assessment points. Reported numeracy means increased from 18.84 (SD = 4.56) to 28.47 (SD = 3.89), a difference of 9.63 points. Literacy means were reported as 21.36 (SD = 4.18) and 30.92 (SD = 3.74), but the latter exceeds the instrument’s stated maximum of 30 points and requires reconciliation before interpretation. Although the original study proposed paired samples testing, no completed test statistics or paired learner records were available for verification. Accordingly, the findings are presented descriptively, without claims of statistical significance or curriculum effectiveness. The numeracy pattern warrants further examination, while the literacy result remains unresolved. Repeated testing, development, classroom differences, and the absence of a comparison group limit attribution of change to instruction. The study highlights the need for accurate scoring, documented assessment procedures, and continued monitoring of foundational skills. Verified learner records and a stronger evaluation design are needed before drawing conclusions about learning gains associated with MATATAG implementation in this school.

This study aimed to analyze the mediating role of parent–school interaction disturbance in the relationship between parental job burnout and children’s academic burnout among workers in the petrochemical industries of Ardabil. A descriptive correlational design using structural equation modeling was employed with a sample of 218 working parents. Standardized instruments were used to assess parental job burnout, parent–school interaction, and children’s academic burnout. The results showed that parental job burnout had a positive and significant effect on parent–school interaction disturbance and children’s academic burnout. Parent–school interaction disturbance also had a positive and significant effect on children’s academic burnout. In addition, the indirect effect of parental job burnout on children’s academic burnout through parent–school interaction disturbance was statistically significant, confirming partial mediation. The findings indicate that the consequences of parental job burnout may extend beyond the occupational domain and affect children’s educational experiences. The study highlights the importance of reducing parental occupational stress and strengthening the relationship between families and schools as relevant strategies for preventing children’s academic burnout.

Learning motivation plays an important role in supporting children's academic success; however, children in orphanages often face limited individual guidance and attention that can lower their learning enthusiasm. Based on observations and interviews, it was found that the learning motivation of elementary school children at Orphanage GA was relatively low, characterized by lack of enthusiasm, quick boredom, and low self-confidence. This community service activity aims to improve children's learning motivation through interactive and enjoyable educational strategies. The method used involved administering pre-tests and post-tests using a learning motivation instrument consisting of 24 statement items, covering eight indicators of learning motivation, each comprising three statement items. The instrument was measured using a four-point Likert scale with four response alternatives, namely Strongly Agree (SA), Agree (A), Disagree (D), and Strongly Disagree (SD), administered to 13 children aged 7-13 years, consisting of 11 boys and 2 girls. The intervention program included coloring activities, personal activity schedule creation, future goals presentations, picture-guessing games, English vocabulary learning using flashcards, an effective learning strategy seminar, and educational word scramble and word search games. The Paired Samples Test results showed that the average learning motivation score increased from 77.00 to 78.69, although the increase was not statistically significant (p = 0.651 > 0.05). Nevertheless, the children demonstrated greater enthusiasm and engagement during the activities. This program can serve as a potential initial step in fostering elementary school children's learning motivation in an orphanage setting and as a consideration for developing more effective and sustainable learning support programs. ABSTRAK Motivasi belajar memiliki peran penting dalam mendukung keberhasilan akademik anak, namun anak-anak di panti asuhan sering menghadapi keterbatasan pendampingan dan perhatian individu yang dapat menurunkan semangat belajar mereka. Berdasarkan observasi dan wawancara, ditemukan bahwa motivasi belajar anak-anak SD di Panti Asuhan GA masih tergolong rendah, ditandai dengan kurangnya antusiasme, mudah bosan, dan rendahnya rasa percaya diri. Kegiatan pengabdian ini bertujuan untuk meningkatkan motivasi belajar anak melalui strategi edukatif yang interaktif dan menyenangkan. Metode yang digunakan meliputi pemberian pre-test dan post-test menggunakan instrumen motivasi belajar yang terdiri atas 24 butir pernyataan, mencakup delapan indikator motivasi belajar yang masing-masing terdiri atas tiga butir pernyataan. Instrumen tersebut diukur menggunakan skala Likert empat poin dengan empat alternatif jawaban, yaitu Sangat Setuju (SS), Setuju (S), Tidak Setuju (TS), dan Sangat Tidak Setuju (STS), yang diberikan kepada 13 anak usia 7-13 tahun, terdiri atas 11 anak laki-laki dan 2 anak perempuan. Program intervensi meliputi kegiatan mewarnai, penyusunan personal activity schedule, presentasi cita-cita, permainan tebak gambar, pembelajaran kosakata bahasa Inggris menggunakan flashcard, seminar strategi belajar efektif, serta permainan edukatif word scramble dan word search. Hasil analisis menggunakan Paired Samples Test menunjukkan rata-rata skor motivasi belajar meningkat dari 77,00 menjadi 78,69, meskipun peningkatan tersebut belum signifikan secara statistik (p = 0,651 > 0,05). Walaupun demikian, anak-anak menunjukkan antusiasme dan keterlibatan yang lebih baik selama kegiatan berlangsung. Program ini dapat menjadi langkah awal yang potensial dalam menumbuhkan motivasi belajar anak di lingkungan panti asuhan serta menjadi bahan pertimbangan untuk pengembangan program pendampingan belajar yang lebih efektif dan berkelanjutan.

Early childhood education is a crucial stage in preparing children to face further levels of schooling. One important aspect to be developed is naturalistic intelligence, which refers to the ability to recognize, differentiate, and appreciate the natural environment. This study aims to explore how teachers can enhance the naturalistic intelligence of children aged 5–6 years at Al Falah Islamic Kindergarten, Limbur Tembesi, Bathin VIII District, Sarolangun Regency through the use of natural materials. Employing a qualitative case study approach, data were collected through observation, interviews, and documentation. The findings reveal that teachers play a central role in designing lesson plans semester programs, weekly lesson plans, and daily lesson plans that incorporate natural materials as learning media. Teachers also prepare items such as seeds, soil, stones, and vegetables, while instilling habits of caring for plants and maintaining cleanliness in the school environment. In conclusion, the structured and consistent use of natural materials fosters children’s naturalistic intelligence and nurtures environmental awareness from an early age.

Families raising children with special educational needs (SEN) may experience adversities. However, previous research has focused on individual children, and limited research has examined family polyvictimization (FPV) and SEN correlates from a family-centered perspective. This study analyzed data from a family-based survey conducted in Hong Kong between August 2022 and March 2023, comparing families with and without children with SEN. A total of 1,400 respondents participated (mean age = 39.75 years, SD = 6.99; 75.4% female), each representing one participating family. Of these respondents, 130 reporting children with SEN and 1,270 without. Respondents provided information on sociodemographic characteristics, family violence and FPV experiences, and health outcomes. Multivariable logistic regression identified factors associated with having children with SEN. Lifetime FPV prevalence was higher among families reporting children with SEN than among other families (23.1% vs. 8.2%). After adjustment for sociodemographic, family-context, psychosocial-attitude, and social-support variables, FPV was associated with higher odds of SEN-reporting family status (aOR = 2.630, 95% CI 1.529–4.524). Other adjusted correlates included lower family income, male dominance, violence socialization, lower perceived social support, violence against adult parents, children, and older family members, poorer respondent physical health, and lower child quality of life. These findings underscore the importance of viewing families raising children with SEN as a window for identifying family violence and call for early detection, systematic screening, and family-centered interventions. Future research should examine these associations over time and strengthen family-based support.

Caregivers of children with neurodevelopmental disorders experience significant multifaceted burdens. However, little qualitative research has been done to explore caregivers’ lived experiences in relation to the effect of burden and coping strategies in the study area. The study sought to investigate caregivers’ awareness problems, coping mechanisms, and support systems in caring for children with neurodevelopmental disorders in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. The study was conducted in three public, non-teaching hospitals in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. Using a descriptive phenomenological technique. In-depth interviews were conducted with 15 purposively selected caregivers. The data was analyzed using Braun and Clarke’s six-phase framework technique. The analysis found six interrelated themes: Awareness and Perception of Neurodevelopmental Disorders (NDDs), Emotional Responses to Diagnosis and Adaptation, Caregiving Roles and Responsibilities, Multidimensional Burden and Challenges, Coping Strategies and Adaptation Mechanisms, and Support Systems and Structural Barriers. Bronfenbrenner’s ecological systems theory was used to explain how personal, institutional, and systemic factors explain participants’ experiences and interpret caregiving realities. These findings underscore the call for integrated and collaborative efforts to address individual and system-level challenges among caregivers. Enhancing support systems, mitigating stigma, and correcting systemic inadequacies can improve caregiver well-being and optimize care for children with NDDs.

Free play is one of the few contexts in which children independently organise their social lives, providing a particularly relevant setting for examining how peer culture is produced and negotiated in everyday interaction. This study explored how preschool children shape peer culture through rules, social relationships, inclusion and exclusion, and shared meaning-making. A focused ethnography was conducted with 21 children aged 3 years 9 months to 7 years 2 months in an established mixed-age preschool group in Croatia. The observational period lasted one month and included 17 observation days. Data collected through observation, field notes, and four focus groups were analysed using reflexive thematic analysis. The findings indicate that children independently initiate and sustain play, jointly negotiate rules and roles, and create shared symbolic meanings. Group belonging is continually reaffirmed through participation, while temporary forms of exclusion were observed in different interactional contexts, including responses to disruption and restrictions on participation. Educator mediation occurred in some situations in which children did not resolve disagreements independently. The findings position children as competent social actors whose peer culture constitutes a meaningful form of social life and provide contextual insight into how these processes unfold within an established mixed-age preschool group.

In early school life, starting in Early Childhood Education, it is necessary to work with texts that circulate socially in a child's everyday life. Children's contact with reading materials must be constant to foster a love for reading, turning it into a habit rather than an sporadic occurrence. Children's Literature, when used appropriately, is an essential tool in constructing the learner's knowledge, helping them engage with the world of reading not only as an act of meaningful learning, but also as an enjoyable activity. Therefore, this article is the result of a bibliographical and documentary research project aimed at analyzing the pedagogical knowledge and procedures of teachers regarding playfulness in Early Childhood Education through literary genres, in accordance with the National Curriculum Guidelines for Early Childhood Education (RCNEI). In light of this, we conclude that it is of paramount importance to work with various literary genres in Early Childhood Education, as it contributes to the child's overall development, especially in shaping their personality, developing their capacity for observation and reflection on oral and written language, and expanding their vocabulary and linguistic knowledge. In this context, the commitment of early childhood educators is fundamental to transforming education and fostering child development.

Parental education is one of the most visible predictors of children's socio-emotional and academic trajectories, though its influence on their school adjustment and mathematical reasoning is rarely examined together. This review is intended to synthesize theoretical and empirical literature about how parental education level influences adaptation of children at school and their mathematical thinking. There are several pathways through which parental education influences their children's academic behaviour, home environment stimulation for mathematical tasks, and educational expectations. Literature evidence shows that higher parental education is associated with richer home numeracy and literacy environments. More homework involvement, and smooth behavioural and emotional adjustment to school are also positively correlated to higher parental education, whereas lower parental education is associated with socioeconomic disadvantage and lack of access to resources for their children both at home and school. The review is particularly focussed in Indian context covering the National Education Policy 2020 and its emphasis on foundational literacy and numeracy, implications of parental involvement , teacher practices, and policy interventions.

Problem-solving skills are essential to develop in early childhood so that children can identify problems, consider alternatives, and determine solutions independently. However, teacher-centered learning may limit children's opportunities to explore and experiment with different problem-solving strategies. This study aims to describe the implementation of the Science, Technology, Engineering, Arts, and Mathematics (STEAM) approach using loose parts materials and the development of early childhood problem-solving skills. A qualitative descriptive method was employed at RA Nurhayati, Medan Tembung, involving teachers and 30 children aged 5–6 years. Data were collected through observation, interviews, and documentation, with credibility supported by triangulation of techniques and sources. The findings indicate that constructing a bridge for toy cars provided opportunities for children to identify problems, select materials, design solutions, test alternatives, revise constructions, and evaluate outcomes. Children also engaged in experimentation, communication, collaboration, and creative material use. These findings suggest that the STEAM approach using loose parts can support the development of early childhood problem-solving skills through active, contextual, and child-centered learning experiences. ABSTRAK Keterampilan pemecahan masalah (problem solving) penting dikembangkan sejak usia dini agar anak mampu mengenali permasalahan, mempertimbangkan alternatif, dan menentukan solusi secara mandiri. Namun, pembelajaran yang masih berpusat pada guru dapat membatasi kesempatan anak untuk bereksplorasi dan mencoba berbagai strategi penyelesaian masalah. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mendeskripsikan penerapan pendekatan Science, Technology, Engineering, Arts, and Mathematics (STEAM) berbasis media loose parts serta perkembangan keterampilan pemecahan masalah anak usia dini. Penelitian ini menggunakan pendekatan kualitatif dengan metode deskriptif di RA Nurhayati, Kecamatan Medan Tembung, dengan melibatkan guru dan 30 anak usia 5–6 tahun. Data dikumpulkan melalui observasi, wawancara, dan dokumentasi, serta diperiksa melalui triangulasi teknik dan sumber. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa kegiatan merancang jembatan untuk mobil mainan memberikan kesempatan kepada anak untuk mengidentifikasi masalah, memilih bahan, merancang solusi, mencoba alternatif, memperbaiki konstruksi, dan mengevaluasi hasil. Anak juga menunjukkan keterlibatan dalam eksperimen, komunikasi, kolaborasi, dan penggunaan material secara kreatif. Dengan demikian, pendekatan STEAM berbasis media loose parts berpotensi mendukung perkembangan keterampilan pemecahan masalah melalui pengalaman belajar yang aktif, kontekstual, dan berpusat pada anak.

Children draw on multiple sources of information during word learning, including speaker testimony and lexical expectations. Yet, little is known about how these cues jointly influence children’s ability to learn new words. The present study examined the combined effect of speaker accuracy and mutual exclusivity (ME) on short-term retention of label-object associations in 4- to 7-year-old monolingual English speaking children. Children were presented novel and familiar object pairs, and were taught novel labels by either an accurate speaker (one who previously labeled familiar objects correctly) or an inaccurate speaker (one who previously labeled familiar objects incorrectly). Novel labels were introduced under two conditions: Align-with-ME (speakers labeled the novel object with novel names) and Conflict-with-ME (speakers labeled the familiar object with novel names, conflicting with ME). Results showed that children retained novel labels for novel objects from both accurate and inaccurate speakers when speaker testimony aligned with ME expectations. This suggests that children are open to learning novel words from speakers regardless of their prior accuracy and may also draw on other available cues, such as label–object co-occurrences, during learning. However, when speaker testimony violated ME expectations, children performed poorly, possibly due to difficulty disambiguating between speaker testimony and their existing lexical knowledge. Together, these findings suggest that children’s short-term retention of label–object associations is supported when available cues align, irrespective of speaker accuracy status. These associations, however, become less robust when ME and speaker cues provide conflicting information.

Purpose This longitudinal study examined the development of complex syntax in Spanish–English bilingual children with and without developmental language disorder (DLD) from prekindergarten (PK) to 3rd grade. We evaluated syntactic complexity and grammaticality using Subordination Index (SI) and ungrammaticality (UG), overall subordinate clause use using the percentage of complex utterances, and subordinate clause-type development (nominal, adverbial, and relative clauses) in English and Spanish. Method Fifty-four bilingual children (39 typically developing TDL, 15 DLD) completed narrative retells in English and Spanish in PK, 1st, and 3rd grade. Language samples were analyzed using SALT-derived SI and UG measures, and utterances were coded for subordinate clause presence and type. Linear mixed models examined the effects of Grade and Group separately by language and outcome. Results Both groups showed developmental increases in syntactic complexity and subordination across grades, but patterns differed by language. In English, TDL and DLD children showed broadly similar growth, with no significant group differences in SI, overall subordinate clause use, or clause-type production. In Spanish, the heritage language, group differences were more pronounced. TDL children showed significant gains in overall subordination and nominal clause use, whereas children with DLD showed limited growth after 1st grade. Clause-type analyses revealed reduced growth and lower diversity of subordinate clauses in Spanish among children with DLD, particularly for nominal clauses. Conclusions Complex syntax developed in both groups across languages; however, Spanish showed greater vulnerability than English, particularly for children with DLD. Clause-type analyses revealed group differences not fully captured by global syntactic measures, highlighting the importance of examining complex syntax in the heritage language. This study provides longitudinal evidence of distinct syntactic trajectories across the two languages in bilingual children with and without DLD.

Aims and background: The sleep-wake cycle and sleep consolidation are essential to children's growth and development.There is a paucity of studies on the sleep characteristics and the effect of electronic media on them in healthy Indian infants and toddlers.The objectives were to assess the sleep characteristics of healthy Indian infants and toddlers and to examine the impact of electronic media on them.Materials and methods: This was a cross-sectional study at a tertiary center in India, among healthy children aged 3-36 months.Those with concurrent illness (e.g., gastroenteritis, respiratory illness) were excluded.A Hindi version of the Revised Brief Infant Sleep Questionnaire (BISQ-R) was used to assess sleep patterns.Results: A total of 100 children were enrolled during the study period; their median (IQR) age was 12.1 (3.5, 18) months, with most of them being males (74%).The median (IQR) total sleep duration was 11 (10.0,13.3) hours.Electronic media exposure was noted in 83 (83%) children.Of them, 27 (32.5%)children were exposed to ≥1 hour/day.There was no significant difference in sleep duration, night awakenings, or wakefulness between media-exposed and media-unexposed groups in children.Similarly, there was no significant effect of media exposure on sleep characteristics.Conclusion: Sleep duration in infants and toddlers was below the international recommendation.A majority of children had exposure to electronic media, and one-third had exposure of at least 1 hour.Approximately three-fourths of parents didn't perceive the child's sleep problems.Clinical significance: There is an urgent need to routinely evaluate sleep characteristics in infants and toddlers and to increase awareness of sleep hygiene and media exposure among parents.

Executive function (EF) is foundational for school readiness, mental health, and social adaptation. Although cross-national studies document cultural variation in EF, less is known about whether EF differs across ethnic groups within the same national and educational context. In China, Yi, Bai, and Naxi children may differ in home language, childrearing practices, and educational beliefs, making them informative for examining universal and context-specific patterns of EF development. This study examined Executive Function (EF) development in a sample of 190 Chinese ethnic children (Yi, Bai, Naxi; 115 boys, 75 girls) aged 4–6 years. These findings revealed that, (1) Overall EF scores were highest for Bai children, followed by Naxi children, and than Yi children. (2) For inhibition control (IC), at ages 4 and 5, Bai and Naxi children performed significantly better than Yi children, whereas no significant differences were observed among the three ethnic groups at age 6. (3) For cognitive flexibility (CF), Bai and Naxi children are significantly better than Yi children. On the size, color, and shape sub-dimensions, pass rates were highest for Bai children, followed by Naxi and then Yi children; on the quantity sub-dimension, pass rates were highest for Naxi children, followed by Bai and then Yi children. (4) For working memory (WM), at ages 4 and 6, the ranking of scores across the three ethnic groups showed that Bai children obtained the highest scores, followed by Naxi children and than Yi children; at age 5, Bai children scored significantly higher than Naxi and Yi children. These findings contribute to theories of EF development by revealing both age-related convergence and cross-ethnic variation, and they inform culturally responsive early childhood education and intervention.

This action research study examined the relationship between social–emotional learning (SEL) and early mathematical achievement among transitional kindergarten and kindergarten students in a large urban Title I elementary school. National organizations emphasize that high-quality mathematics instruction for young children must consider cognitive, linguistic, physical, and social–emotional development. Guided by this framework, the study investigated whether systematic SEL instruction using the district adopted Second Step curriculum would increase students’ SEL competencies and support growth in foundational math skills measured by the Eureka Math Module 4 assessment. Using a pre- and post-test design, data were collected from eight students who received structured SEL and mathematics instruction over one semester. Results indicated consistent improvement in students’ SEL competencies, including executive functioning skills, alongside significant gains in mathematical performance. These findings align with prior research suggesting that SEL supports school readiness, adaptive learning behaviors, and academic achievement.

The “My First Pages” project was launched by a local authority in Braga, northern Portugal, with the initial goal of fostering early contact with books and children’s literature among children aged 0 to 10, encouraging parental involvement in promoting family reading habits. Implemented through voluntary family registration, and supported by a range of public and private partners (including hospitals, health centres, libraries, and post offices) books are distributed periodically to participating children. This paper presents the initiative as a distributive public policy and critically examines its evaluation process, conducted by education researchers from the University of Minho in close collaboration with the project coordinator. Employing both quantitative and qualitative methods, the evaluation draws on data from an interview with the project lead, as well as socio-cultural profiling of participating families and their reading practices, obtained through a questionnaire completed during the registration phase.

Integrating mathematics with children's literature has emerged as a promising approach in early mathematics education. This study explores the use of the picture book Just a Little Bit (Tompert, 1997) as a pedagogical tool for introducing the concept of mass measurement to preschool children. The aim of the study was to design and implement story-based mathematical activities inspired by the narrative and to examine children's engagement and emerging understanding of mass comparison. The study involved 24 children aged 4–5 years attending a kindergarten in Slovenia. Six structured activities were conducted over a three-week period. Data were collected through systematic observation and analysis of children's drawings representing balance scales.The results indicate that the story stimulated children's interest and supported their engagement in measurement-related activities. Most children were able to distinguish between heavier and lighter objects and recognize the basic function of a balance scale, although only a small proportion accurately represented the direction of imbalance in their drawings. The findings suggest that children's literature can provide a meaningful context for introducing early mathematical concepts when combined with hands-on activities and guided discussion.

Socially complex peer play may provide opportunities for children to coordinate perspectives, negotiate roles, and respond to others' needs, but its association with prosocial judgment may differ according to children's social-cognitive resources. This small-scale longitudinal study examined whether mental state knowledge assessed at age 4–5 conditioned the concurrent association between socially complex peer play and prosocial judgment assessed at age 5–6. Participants were 35 children from a private nursery school in Japan. Mental state knowledge was assessed using a false-belief task. At age 5–6, children completed helping and sharing judgment tasks, and their free play was observed naturalistically across repeated focal-child observations. Socially complex peer play was indexed by the combined proportion of associative and cooperative play. Hierarchical regression analyses showed that the interaction between earlier mental state knowledge and socially complex peer play significantly predicted sharing judgment. The corresponding interaction for helping was positive but did not reach the conventional significance threshold. Sensitivity analyses using heteroskedasticity-consistent standard errors supported the sharing result. Given the modest sample size, the findings should be interpreted as preliminary. They suggest that the association between socially complex peer play and prosocial judgment may differ according to children's earlier social-cognitive resources.

Background School-aged children that experience social anxiety and have difficulty with interactions among peers can create significant challenges to their development in terms of both psychology and behavior. A team sport such as volleyball provides a common setting that naturally includes all aspects of social interaction (communication, cooperation, role coordination, etc.) and shared goals which is essential to improve the child’s confidence in interacting socially and abilities to interact socially with peers. Objective This research is an examination of the effect that a 12-week collective volleyball cooperative tactical training program will have on social anxiety and peer interaction in children (8–12). Methods A sample of 80 healthy school-age children was obtained via two methods of campus based, voluntary and/or open recruitment. These children were then randomly assigned to either an experimental intervention group ( n = 40) or an active control group receiving standard physical education ( n = 40). For 12 consecutive weeks, participants in the experimental group engaged in a type of volleyball cooperative tactical team training that occurred on 3 days each week at 1 h per day. During this time the participants in the control group engaged in standard physical education classes of matched frequency and duration. Social anxiety was measured by use of the Social Anxiety Scale for Children (SASC); SASC measures include total social anxiety, fear of negative evaluation and social avoidance/distress. Participant peer interaction was evaluated using a study-specific 25-item peer-interaction questionnaire covering interaction initiative, peer acceptance, interaction coordination, interaction openness, and conflict resolution ability. Data collection occurred prior to, as well as subsequent to, the intervention. Statistical analyses were conducted utilizing SPSS version 26.0 software. A 2 × 2 mixed-design ANOVA was conducted to examine Group × Time interaction effects, with group (intervention vs. control) as the between-subjects factor and time (pre-intervention vs. post-intervention) as the within-subject factor. Effect sizes were reported using partial eta squared ( η 2 p ), and post hoc comparisons were performed when significant interactions were identified. Results Group × Time Interaction Effects from a mixed-design ANOVA were found to be statistically significant for both of the outcomes (social anxiety and peer interaction) of this study. Children participating in an intervention that included an instructional program using the Collective Volleyball Cooperative Tactical Training Model showed significantly greater improvement than did those in the Control Condition in reducing their level of social anxiety as well as improving their peer interaction abilities over the course of the 12-weeks. Although we found a statistically-significant improvement in both children’s social anxiety, and their peer interaction skills through a 12-week program, there is no data available for us to understand if those positive results will continue into the future because we did not assess children at later points in time. Thus, future researchers are encouraged to consider extended assessment periods as part of their study designs to determine how long such interventions have an impact. Secondly, as a feasibility study in a controlled environment showed promise for implementation of cooperative tactical volleyball programs, there may be barriers to successful implementation in regular school settings such as lack of facilities, class size and teacher workload. Future research is needed to examine how cooperative tactical volleyball programs can be adapted to encompass large groups of students and incorporated into routine physical education curriculum. Furthermore, although the intervention showed feasibility under controlled conditions, implementation in regular school settings may face practical challenges, including limited facilities, larger class sizes, and teacher workload. Future studies should examine how cooperative volleyball tactical training can be adapted for broader school-based implementation. Conclusion Collective Volleyball Cooperative Tactical Training is an effective method for reducing social anxiety and improving the ability of school aged children to interact with peers. The program offers a viable, school-based model for integrating sport skills acquisition (training) and psychosocial growth through physical activity.

This study examined the relationship between teachers’ pedagogical approaches and the Kindergarten learners’ reading performance in selected schools in the Division of Cagayan de Oro. It assessed five approaches: context support, ICT integration, language experience, phonemic awareness, and the whole-word approach. It also evaluated learners’ performance in comprehension, phonics, and vocabulary. Using a descriptive-correlational research design, the study involved 115 Kindergarten teachers and 230 learners. Data were gathered through a modified questionnaire and standardized test, then analyzed using descriptive statistics and Pearson’s Correlation Coefficient. The findings revealed that teachers demonstrated a very high level of pedagogical approaches, with the whole-word approach rated highest and language experience lowest. Meanwhile, learners achieved satisfactory reading performance, with comprehension as their strongest area and vocabulary as their weakest. However, no significant relationship was found between teachers’ pedagogical approaches and learners’ reading performance. The study concluded that teachers were well-equipped to facilitate reading instruction through various strategies. It recommended providing more opportunities for learners to connect reading and writing activities with their personal experiences, interests, and real-life situations. Teachers were also encouraged to explore alternative instructional practices that address learners’ specific reading needs and improve their overall reading performance.

Background and objectives Health literacy in adulthood plays a major role in an individual’s ability to use health information to benefit their health. Social determinants in early childhood initiate the development of health literacy through newborn brain development and oral language acquisition. Both of these processes are promoted by stimulation from everyday interactions with parents/caregivers at home and in the community. Unequal access to language-learning opportunities during early childhood represents a modifiable developmental and social determinant of later educational and health outcomes. There are inequities in these time-sensitive interactions—specifically language-learning opportunities—across families in the population, which are social determinants of early literacy, achievement in school, and later-life education, health, and economic and social well-being across the life span. This gap is most pronounced among children who grow up in poverty in the United States and internationally. The healthcare system in the United States effectively reaches to nearly all infants; however, language-learning opportunities are not a focus during well-child visits. The term “Language Nutrition” (LN) was coined in prior research to refer to these developmentally rich interactions known to support brain and language growth in children younger than preschool age. We developed Kansas City Brain Builders (KCBB) to address this inequity by promoting LN broadly among families and children in a community so that all children have a more equitable home language environment. The purpose of this study is to report longitudinal empirical findings on families and children related to the implementation of KCBB, a public health approach to community change, over 2 years. Methods The evaluation involved two parallel longitudinal studies: the Community study and the Family study. The Community study assessed the implementation of a KCBB multisectoral community partnership to promote LN-friendly changes in local programs, practices, and policies. The Family study involved longitudinal assessments of a sample of 83 English- and Spanish-speaking families with children younger than 36 months of age, evaluating the KCBB impacts on parental behaviors and child growth in language skills. Results KCBB led to a high level of documented program implementation and substantial LN promotion throughout the community. Repeated parent assessments indicated that participants had received LN messages from multiple community sectors over time, increased their knowledge of the importance of LN, and used LN through storybook reading, verbal responsiveness, and teaching behaviors during interactions with their children. Growth in children’s early language skills was significantly associated with the amount of LN they received. Discussion/Conclusion KCBB is one of the few multisectoral interventions designed to promote community-wide change targeting LN. It is a manualized intervention that can be replicated by other communities. This study employed three levels of measurement such that change could be evaluated in a theoretical framework of influence from community engagement to parental behavior and growth in child language skills. Findings provide preliminary evidence that a multisectoral community approach can achieve broad reach and is associated with changes in caregiver practices and child language growth. Larger, controlled, and replicated studies are needed to establish causal effects and determine whether such approaches reduce disparities in language-learning opportunities.

Introduction Level-2 visual perspective taking (VPT-2) reflects children’s ability to understand others’ visual experiences. However, the effects of viewing angle and task materials on 4-year-olds’ performance remain unclear. Methods Using a picture-taking (“photographer”) task, this study examined the effects of test tool and rotation angle, as well as egocentric error patterns, among 163 four-year-old children from Hainan, China. A 2 (test tool: Lego figurines vs. geometric solids) × 3 (rotation angle: 0°, 90°, 180°) within-subjects design was used. The formal test comprised 18 four-alternative trials, with three trials in each Tool × Angle condition; each correct response scored 1 and each incorrect response scored 0. Performance was assessed using raw correct scores and the proportions of egocentric errors. Results Rotation angle significantly affected performance in a nonmonotonic pattern: raw correct scores were highest at 0°, followed by 180°, and lowest at 90°. The main effect of test tool was significant, with higher raw correct scores in the Lego figurine condition than in the geometric solids condition. The Tool × Angle interaction for raw correct scores was not significant. The proportions of egocentric errors showed significant main effects of test tool and rotation angle, as well as a significant Tool × Angle interaction. Egocentric errors were most pronounced in the geometric solids condition at 180°. Supplementary analyses revealed no significant sex main effect or sex-related interactions. Discussion These findings indicate that 4-year-olds’ VPT-2 performance varies across rotation angles and test materials. Performance differences between material conditions may be associated with differences in task structure, stimulus discriminability, social cues, and spatial-relational judgment demands, whose independent contributions could not be isolated in this study. Because the analyses relied on raw correct scores and error-type data, the findings should be interpreted as differences in behavioral performance rather than direct evidence about processing strategies or cognitive mechanisms.

Introduction Event nominalizations are a central feature of academic language: they compress complex events into nominal structures, increasing informational density while reducing the transparency of thematic-role assignment. The present eye-tracking study examined whether nominalizations impose greater processing demands than corresponding active and passive constructions in developing readers, and whether these effects vary across readers with different linguistic and literacy profiles. Methods Seventy-nine fifth- and sixth-grade children participated in the study: 28 typically developing monolingual Italian children, 21 monolingual Italian children with developmental dyslexia, and 30 typically developing bilingual children with migrant background and Italian as the societal language. Participants silently read short passages in which the same target event was expressed either as a nominalization, a passive construction, or an active construction, and then answered comprehension questions while their eye movements were recorded. Accuracy, standard eye-movement measures, and scanpaths were analyzed to capture comprehension outcomes and online reading strategies. Results Nominalizations did not significantly reduce comprehension accuracy, but they affected online processing during both initial reading and the question-answering phase. Scanpath dissimilarity was higher for nominalizations than for both verbal constructions during initial reading, and than for passives during question-answering in correctly answered trials. In these trials, nominalizations were also associated with a higher probability of partial rescanning and a lower probability of minimal rescanning relative to active texts, indicating greater reliance on rereading when answering questions correctly. Moreover, children with dyslexia showed a generalized increase in processing effort, whereas bilingual children displayed an intermediate profile, with increased reliance on rereading during question-answering. Discussion These findings indicate that nominalizations significantly influence online reading processes even when questions are answered correctly, suggesting additional demands in retrieving information about event participants. Overall processing patterns differed across reader groups, and children with dyslexia showed the greatest effort in both online reading and question-answering.

The relationship between parenting behaviour and children's socio-emotional functioning is well documented in Western samples, yet evidence from primary-school-age children in Andhra Pradesh, India, is limited. This cross-sectional correlational study examined whether parent-reported authoritative, authoritarian, and permissive parenting were related to children's total difficulties and prosocial behaviour. Fifty parents of children aged 6-12 years completed an online 25-item researcher-developed questionnaire. Most parents (86%) reported predominantly authoritative behaviour. Authoritative parenting was unrelated to prosocial behaviour (r = .06) and difficulties (r = -.03), and authoritarian parenting was unrelated to difficulties (r = .13), so the main hypotheses were not supported. Authoritarian parenting was negatively correlated with prosocial behaviour (r = -.37, p = .009), and children from joint families scored higher on prosocial behaviour than children from nuclear families (d = 0.70). Scale reliability was low (α = -.21 to .28), so the findings are tentative. Validated tools and larger samples are needed.

Gross motor development is an important aspect of early childhood development that requires stimulation through various play activities. The availability of outdoor play facilities can provide children with opportunities to engage in a variety of movements appropriate to their developmental stages. This study aims to examine the potential role of outdoor play facilities in stimulating the gross motor development of young children, using the facilities available at TK Wijaya Kusumah as a contextual reference. This study employs a library research method with content analysis. The sources reviewed include relevant national and international journal articles and reference books. Unstructured observations and documentation of the outdoor play facilities at TK Wijaya Kusumah were used to provide contextual information about the facilities discussed. The findings indicate that various types of equipment, including tire stepping paths, swings, slides, spinning bowls, wobbly bridges, monkey bars, seesaws, and balance beams, offer different types of movement activities and have the potential to stimulate muscle strength, balance, movement coordination, agility, and postural control. The use of these facilities should consider children's developmental stages, equipment safety, and teacher supervision. This review provides an overview of the potential of various outdoor play facilities to stimulate gross motor development and may serve as a reference for teachers and early childhood education providers in designing play environments. Since this study is based on a literature review and does not directly assess children's motor abilities, the findings cannot establish a causal relationship between the completeness of outdoor play facilities and children's gross motor development.

Background: Mothers of young children with neurodevelopmental disorders may experience substantial parenting demands, but their recent positive mental well-being varies. Objective: To examine the association between parenting stress and psychological well-being among mothers of children aged 0?6 years diagnosed with neurodevelopmental disorders. Methods: This quantitative cross-sectional correlational study analyzed 85 mothers using the 18-item Parental Stress Scale (PSS-18) and the WHO-5 Well-Being Index. Descriptive statistics, Pearson correlation, and a Spearman sensitivity analysis were reported. Results: Mean PSS-18 was 67.55 (SD = 4.73), and mean WHO-5 transformed score was 64.85 (SD = 12.92). Parenting stress was negatively correlated with well-being (Pearson r = -0.675, 95% CI [-0.777, -0.540], p < .001). Spearman correlation was also negative (? = -0.634, p < .001). Conclusion: Greater reported parenting stress was associated with lower recent subjective well-being in this sample. The cross-sectional design does not establish causation. These findings underscore the relevance of attending to caregivers? psychological experiences alongside child-focused services.

This study addresses the process of symbolic grief experienced by mothers of children with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD), considering psychological vulnerability and resilience in the face of the deconstruction of the image of the idealized child. It is based on the understanding that an ASD diagnosis may disrupt expectations developed throughout pregnancy regarding the child’s development and future, thereby affecting the maternal experience. The general objective is to analyze the process of symbolic grief experienced by mothers of children with ASD, integrating psychological vulnerability, resilience, and support networks. Specifically, the study seeks to identify factors of psychological vulnerability resulting from maternal overload; discuss the impact of symbolic grief on atypical motherhood; and evaluate the role of support networks and public policies in promoting these women’s mental health. This is a narrative literature review of a qualitative, descriptive, and exploratory nature, conducted using the BVS-Psi and SciELO databases. The results indicate that a diagnosis may trigger psychological distress, frustration, guilt, fear, and emotional overload, contributing to social isolation and mental health problems. However, psychological support, family and community assistance as part of a support network, and effective public policies contribute to strengthening resilience and reframing the experience of atypical motherhood. It is concluded that understanding the impact of symbolic grief on these mothers is essential to broadening the perspective of psychology and public policies regarding their socio-emotional needs, promoting comprehensive care and strengthening mental health.

Parenting practices may shape young children's opportunities to develop English-speaking skills in bilingual family environments. This study aimed to explore parenting styles and parental communication practices in relation to children's English-speaking ability in four bilingual families in Indonesia. Using a descriptive qualitative approach, data were collected through online semi-structured interviews with parents, naturalistic observations of parent-child interactions, and children's English-speaking activities, including storytelling and picture description. The findings indicated that three families demonstrated characteristics of authoritative parenting, including emotional warmth, regular language activities, and active parental involvement. These practices were accompanied by children's reported willingness and confidence to speak English. In contrast, one family demonstrated a more permissive approach, with less structured language exposure and less active parental involvement. The findings also highlighted the role of responsive communication, shared educational media activities, and consistent opportunities to use English in everyday interactions. Given the small sample and qualitative design, the findings provide contextual insights rather than evidence of causal effects. This study highlights the potential importance of supportive parenting practices in creating opportunities for young children to use English in bilingual family settings.

In most societies, using more than one language or language variety is the norm, yet the reference data against which children’s speech is judged derive largely from monolingual speakers. Systematic cross-linguistic variation is therefore liable to be read as atypical development, placing multilingual children at risk of misdiagnosis of speech sound disorder (SSD). This risk is most acute for closely related, understudied varieties, where difference and disorder overlap and community-specific data are scarce. Acoustic measures (e.g., voice onset time, vowel formants, segment durations) quantify fine-grained, continuous properties of speech production that categorical, transcription-based description obscures. No existing review, however, has mapped which acoustic measures have been applied to multilingual children, across which language varieties, or against which reference baselines their productions are interpreted. The objective of this review is to provide that map, showing where acoustic evidence is concentrated and where it is absent, to support clinical assessment and to identify where community-specific reference data are most needed. The review will follow updated Joanna Briggs Institute scoping review methodology and will be reported per the PRISMA Extension for Scoping Reviews. Searches will be conducted in MEDLINE (Ovid), Embase (Ovid), CINAHL (EBSCO), Web of Science Core Collection, and Linguistics and Language Behavior Abstracts, with grey literature sought through ProQuest Dissertations and Theses Global and conference proceedings; no date limits will be applied. Children from birth to 18 years are eligible regardless of clinical status, and a preschool subset (≤ 5;11) will be reported separately. After pilot calibration, two reviewers will independently screen and chart sources, resolving disagreements by discussion or a third reviewer. Charted data will be mapped through an acoustic-measure taxonomy crossed with language variety and reference baseline. This protocol has been registered on the Open Science Framework (OSF https://doi.org/10.17605/OSF.IO/R2EX5 ).

The widespread availability of smartphones and internet access has made TikTok part of children’s everyday entertainment. This situation requires parents to guide children not only by limiting screen time but also through communication that helps children understand appropriate content and use. This study aims to describe and analyse parents’ interpersonal communication patterns in controlling TikTok use among children aged 7–12 years in Villa Gading Harapan 5 Housing Estate, Tambun Utara, Bekasi. The study used a descriptive qualitative design. Data were collected from April to June 2026 through semi-structured interviews, non-participant observation, and documentation. Five parents were selected as key informants using purposive sampling, while two children participated as supporting informants. The data were analysed through data reduction, presentation, conclusion drawing, and technique triangulation. The findings show that parents apply the five elements of effective interpersonal communication proposed by Joseph A. DeVito: openness, empathy, supportiveness, positiveness, and equality. Supportiveness is the most visible element, expressed through advice about age-appropriate content, direct supervision, time limits, and diversion to other activities. Openness remains the most vulnerable element because one child tended to restrict parental access to digital activities. The study indicates that controlling TikTok use is more effective when rules are accompanied by warm dialogue, emotional understanding, and opportunities for children to express their views. Parents should therefore maintain consistent, non-judgmental conversations and make digital supervision part of daily family interaction.

Abstract Education, and mandatory schooling in particular, is a central mechanism for governments to improve life outcomes and prevent the accumulation of disadvantage across generations. Yet educational sociology research suggests that education can also entrench patterns of inequality, with children from immigrant backgrounds facing barriers to equal opportunity. Policy reforms to reverse such disadvantage include delaying the tracking age and offering free or subsidised daycare places to immigrant children. However, we know little about public support for such policies. In this article, we argue that one’s own experience of educational equality impacts micro-level preferences for equality-enhancing policies (EEPs). Using a survey experiment fielded in 2024 in Switzerland, our findings suggest that support for EEPs is a function of the one’s satisfaction with equal opportunities at school: Those who did not perceive their schooling to be fair and who attended school in less egalitarian cantons show the strongest support for reforming the system to become more egalitarian. We conclude that negative experience of schooling may have an, albeit indirect, effect on support for policies that reduce educational inequality. .

Purpose: to explore the use of nature-based loose parts in supporting young children’s creativity through material exploration, independent choice, experimentation, and open-ended play at PAUD Kiddy Kid Center, Banda Aceh. Method: this study employed a qualitative descriptive approach at PAUD Kiddy Kid Center, Banda Aceh. Participants included four young children and their teacher, selected purposively. Data were collected through observation, semi-structured interviews, and documentation, then analyzed using the interactive model of Miles, comprising data reduction, data display, and conclusion drawing. Findings: nature-based loose parts provided opportunities for children to express creativity through material exploration, independent selection, experimentation, material combination, imagination, and the development of diverse creations. All four observed children demonstrated the identified creative behaviors, although their participation pace varied. Teachers facilitated these processes through careful material preparation, safety supervision, and open-ended guidance. Despite challenges in material storage and hygiene, nature-based loose parts offered an accessible and flexible learning resource that supported creative engagement beyond the final product. Implications: PAUD educators can use accessible natural materials to create open-ended learning activities that encourage children’s creativity, independence, and exploration. Originality: lies in its process-oriented examination of how children explore, select, combine, and transform nature-based loose parts, emphasizing creative processes rather than finished products.

The transition from early childhood education to kindergarten is a critical developmental period for all children, and one that can be particularly demanding for those with special educational needs (SEN). This article presents findings from a mixed methods case study conducted in two private schools in Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates. This study investigates how parental attitudes, teacher preparedness, communication gaps, and structural barriers influence school transitions. Findings reveal a consistent divergence in perspective: parents generally regarded transition difficulties as normal and time-limited, whereas teachers identified sustained, complex challenges related to emotional regulation, large class sizes, limited specialist training, and insufficient information about incoming children. Parental reluctance to accept a formal diagnosis was viewed as a significant barrier in both schools. Given the small and unevenly distributed sample, reported divergences are viewed as illustrative rather than generalisable. The study contributes to a growing body of research evidence on inclusive educational transitions in the United Arab Emirates (UAE) context. Its originality lies in comparing perspectives within an under-researched educational and cultural context, revealing differences in how parents and teachers perceive transition difficulties. This context-specific evidence has implications for educational policy and practice.

Quranic memorization learning in early childhood often faces challenges such as short attention spans and boredom caused by monotonous repetition methods, leading to mood fluctuations and low memory retention. Recognizing the importance of laying a solid memorization foundation early on, an instructional strategy that bridges recitation accuracy with children's psychological traits is urgently required. This study aims to analyze teachers’ strategies for integrating the talaqqi/musyāfahah method with a joyful learning approach to improve Qur’an memorization skills among children aged 5–6 years at TKIT Ar-Risalah Samarinda. This descriptive qualitative study employs a teacher-researcher design, in which the researcher independently serves as the sole teacher as well as the primary data collector. The research subjects consisted of 1 main teacher and 16 Class B3 students. Data were collected through direct observation, self-reflection journals, audio-visual recordings, and documentation of mutaba'ah book recapitulations. Data analysis was conducted interactively (reduction, presentation, and conclusion drawing), and its validity was tested through triangulation of techniques and sources. The results showed that memorization planning was arranged gradually (1–2 verses per day) based on differentiation. The learning implementation combined auditory modeling (talaqqi) with game-based learning, kinetic ice-breaking, and positive reinforcement. This integrative strategy was proven to have a significant influence on three indicators: (1) improving the accuracy of makhraj pronunciation and basic tajwid in real-time; (2) fostering children’s confidence and independence in reciting their memorization; and (3) strengthening memorization retention through multisensory engagement without triggering cognitive fatigue. Obstacles in the form of short attention spans and fluctuating moods were successfully eliminated through break time and interactive games. This study concludes that accuracy in Qur’an memorization rules among pre-literacy children is best achieved when aligned with children’s positive emotional regulation needs. ABSTRAK Pembelajaran hafalan Al-Qur'an pada anak usia dini sering kali menghadapi kendala seperti rentang perhatian yang singkat dan kejenuhan akibat metode pengulangan yang monoton, yang memicu fluktuasi mood serta rendahnya retensi ingatan anak. Mengingat pentingnya penanaman fondasi hafalan sejak dini, diperlukan strategi pembelajaran yang mampu menjembatani presisi kaidah bacaan dengan karakteristik psikologis anak. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis strategi guru dalam mengintegrasikan metode talaqqi/musyāfahah dengan pendekatan pembelajaran yang menyenangkan (joyful learning) guna meningkatkan kemampuan hafalan Al-Qur’an anak usia 5–6 tahun di TKIT Ar-Risalah Samarinda. Penelitian kualitatif deskriptif ini menggunakan desain teacher researcher, di mana peneliti bertindak mandiri sebagai pengajar tunggal sekaligus pengumpul data utama. Subjek penelitian meliputi 1 orang guru utama dan 16 peserta didik Kelas B3. Data dikumpulkan melalui observasi langsung, jurnal refleksi diri, rekaman audio-visual, dan dokumentasi rekapitulasi buku mutaba'ah. Analisis data dilakukan secara interaktif (reduksi, penyajian, dan penarikan kesimpulan) serta diuji keabsahannya melalui triangulasi teknik dan sumber. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa perencanaan hafalan disusun secara bertahap (1–2 ayat per hari) berbasis diferensiasi. Pelaksanaan pembelajaran memadukan pemodelan auditori (talaqqi) dengan game-based learning, ice breaking kinetik, dan positive reinforcement. Strategi integratif ini terbukti memberikan pengaruh signifikan terhadap tiga indikator: (1) meningkatkan akurasi pelafalan makhraj dan tajwid dasar secara real-time; (2) menumbuhkan keberanian serta kemandirian anak dalam menyetorkan hafalan; dan (3) memperkuat retensi daya rekat hafalan melalui keterlibatan multisensorik tanpa memicu kelelahan kognitif. Hambatan berupa rentang perhatian yang singkat dan mood fluktuatif berhasil dieliminasi melalui pemberian jeda (break time) dan permainan interaktif. Penelitian ini menyimpulkan bahwa ketepatan kaidah hafalan Al-Qur’an pada anak usia pra-literasi dapat dicapai secara optimal apabila diselaraskan dengan kebutuhan regulasi emosi positif anak.

The article examines the impact of information and communication technologies (ICT) on the development of mathematical abilities and geometric concepts in preschool children. The object of the research is the process of developing mathematical abilities and geometric concepts in older preschool children. The aim of the article is to identify the pedagogical potential of ICT and evaluate its effectiveness in developing these abilities. The research methods include the analysis of scientific and methodological literature, pedagogical observation, game-based learning, pedagogical experimentation, and comparative analysis of the results. Multimedia presentations, interactive games, and electronic educational resources were used during the experimental activities. The methodologies of ICT-mediated learning and game-based learning were applied. The research outcomes indicate that the purposeful use of ICT contributes to the development of children's abilities to recognize, name, compare, and classify geometric shapes. It also promotes children's cognitive engagement, logical and spatial thinking, attention, and memory. The experimental results further revealed increased children's engagement and learning motivation. The conclusion of the study is that the pedagogically justified integration of information and communication technologies into game-based learning is an effective means of developing mathematical abilities and geometric concepts in preschool children, facilitating a more visual, interactive, and child-centered learning process.

Objectives: The coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) infection has affected the lives of all strata of society since its beginning. To control the spread of the disease, a lockdown was imposed. During this time, there was a substantial increase in the usage of gadgets and reduction in outdoor activities because of online studies that resulted in serious the mental health issues, especially in the paediatric population. Material and Methods: To study the effect of the COVID-19 pandemic on screen time, playtime and behaviour of the students, the study was conducted on 153 subjects of 4–18 years age group attending the outpatient department, over a period of 3 months. A questionnaire format of ten questions was framed that was asked from the children or from their parents/guardians. This study included questions such as time spent on online classes, self-study or study with parents and gadgets used for the online classes. Results: Most of the children were students of classes upper kinder garden and I, comprising 19.0% and 18.3%, respectively. Females outnumbered males in the study. Weight gain was observed in 43.8%, and signs of irritability were observed in 68.0% of the children. Weight gain showed a statistically significant correlation with the duration of online classes, indoor and outdoor playtime with p-values of 0.044, <0.005 and 0.005, respectively. There was also a statistically significant correlation between change in behaviour with outdoor playtime and sleep timings with p < 0.005 and 0.019, respectively. Conclusion: This study concluded that there was a significant increase in screen time and a decrease in outdoor play activities during the time of COVID-19 pandemic with a statistically significant correlation with the weight gain and change in behaviour of the children.

As a developmental pediatrician, I’ve had the privilege of meeting children whose abilities are nothing short of extraordinary. These children might be the ones who read books meant for older kids, solve complex problems with ease, or create art that leaves you awestruck. They are often described as gifted but in India, this label isn’t always understood or embraced. Many gifted children go unnoticed, and as a result, their exceptional abilities remain untapped. Their needs aren't met, and their potential stays hidden. The time has come to recognize and nurture these gifted children.

Background This pilot study with class-level random assignment examined preliminary evidence on the associations between a structured physical game intervention and memory and attention in children aged 5–6 years. Methods A 12-week physical game program based on cognitive load theory was designed and implemented, consisting of three 60-minute training sessions per week. The program included various game activities designed to promote memory and attention development supplemented by smart interactive motion data collection devices. A pilot study with class-level random assignment was conducted among 59 children aged 5–6 years. Two intact kindergarten classes were included, with one class assigned to the experimental group ( n = 30) and the other to the control group ( n = 29). The experimental group received the structured physical play intervention, whereas the control group participated in routine kindergarten physical activities. The class, rather than the individual child, was the unit of randomization. Before and after the intervention, children's memory and attention levels were assessed using the Wechsler Memory Scale (measuring picture memory, visual reproduction, visual recognition, digit span forward, and digit span backward) and the Schulte Grid test. Results A 2 × 2 repeated-measures ANOVA showed significant Group×Time interactions for total short-term memory ( F (1,57) = 14.33, p < .001, η p 2 = .20), total immediate memory ( F (1,57) = 7.84, p = .007, η p 2 = .12), picture memory ( F (1,57) = 6.10, p = .017, η p 2 = .10), visual reproduction ( F (1,57) = 18.40, p < .001, η p 2 = .24), and digit span forward ( F (1,57) = 5.26, p = .026, η p 2 = .08). A significant Group×Time interaction was also observed for attention performance ( F (1,57) = 8.17, p = .006, η p 2 = .13). These findings indicated greater pre–post changes in the experimental condition than in the control condition for the outcomes examined. Conclusion These findings provide preliminary evidence that a structured physical game intervention was associated with improvements in memory-related task performance and task-related attentional processing in children aged 5–6 years.

OBJECTIVE: To conduct a national environmental scan of child hearing health-related services and databases as part of the Australian National Child Hearing Health Outcomes Registry program, and to identify system-level barriers and enablers to developing a coordinated Learning Health System for deaf and hard-of-hearing children. METHODS: A cross-sectional national survey of organisations providing hearing health-related services or managing data for Australian deaf and hard-of-hearing children. The survey examined the scope and practices related to data collection, standardisation, interoperability, stewardship, and governance. RESULTS: Ninety-nine respondents from 92 organisations delivering 290 services participated. The scan identified a disjointed data landscape. Standardised data were limited, with inconsistent capture of key variables across organisations and 49.4% rating their data quality as acceptable or good. Interoperability was constrained by heterogenous data practices, including use of multiple databases (34.3%), limited external reporting (24.2%) and lack of accessible data dictionaries (71.9%). Stewardship and data governance arrangements were variable, with fewer than half of organisations reporting formal consent (47.6%), privacy statements (51.2%) or ethics oversight (38.1%). Despite these challenges, 56.5 and 54.8% of organisations expressed interest in data linkage and research participation, indicating readiness for coordinated system development. CONCLUSION: Despite Australia's substantial investment in newborn hearing screening and hearing health-related services, fragmented data systems limit Australia's ability to monitor outcomes, equity and system performance in child hearing health. However, strong stakeholder interest in data linkage provides important momentum. These findings inform policy and service planning, and support staged development of a national child deafness Learning Health System through the Australian National Child Hearing Health Outcomes Registry.

Pre-adolescence 9-12 years is a critical developmental period characterized by rapid biological, emotional, cognitive, and social changes that influence future mental health and well-being. Indian pre-adolescents increasingly encounter academic pressure, changing family dynamics, peer challenges, and extensive digital exposure, creating potential risks to emotional adjustment. Resilience, defined as the ability to adapt positively to adversity and recover from challenging experiences, is an important protective factor during this formative stage. This article aims to examine the determinants and dimensions of resilience among Indian pre-adolescents and to propose a culturally relevant, integrated framework for promoting resilience across biological, psychological, social, and digital domains. This article highlights key factors that strengthen resilience, including emotional regulation, self-esteem, self-compassion, problem-solving skills, supportive parenting, positive school environments, healthy peer relationships, and community connectedness. Digital resilience is also emphasized, encompassing safe technology use, digital literacy, responsible online behavior, and adaptive coping with cyberbullying, online risks, and excessive screen exposure. Based on existing evidence and contextual insights, the integrated pre-adolescent resilience model (IPARM) is proposed, integrating biological, psychological, social, and digital dimensions. Resilience promotion strategies are discussed at individual, family, school, community, and healthcare levels, with nurses and other health professionals playing an important role in early identification of vulnerable children, mental health promotion, and implementation of resilience-building interventions. Strengthening resilience during pre-adolescence represents a valuable preventive mental health strategy. A holistic and culturally responsive approach can foster emotional competence, psychological well-being, adaptability, and healthy development, enabling Indian children to navigate contemporary challenges and develop into confident and resilient individuals.

The article discusses the synergetic approach to teaching chess—specifically, methods aimed at system comprehension, information processing, and child development—which can lead to the self-organization of the child's cognitive activity within the context of the cognitive schema proposed by Jean Piaget. The aim of the article is to substantiate the synergetic effects involved in the process of a preschooler's development. Research methodology and selected methods. Methodologically, we drew upon general systems theory, structural and functional approaches to chess instruction, and the theoretical and applied developments regarding the "activity concept"—as well as theories of argumentation and personality development—formulated by L. Vygotsky, A. Leontiev, A. Luria, and their followers. The methods employed included the analysis of professional literature, observation (of both moves and emotional states), interviews, experimentation, and the analysis of results. The study’s ultimate finding is that, through trial and error, imitation, or precise instruction by an adult, the processes of assimilation and accommodation become accessible to the child; their combination yields synergistic effects, manifesting as the purposeful organization and management of educational-cognitive activity. Therefore, theoretical-applied approaches that generate synergistic effects during chess instruction are applicable to the developmental process of preschoolers. Main conclusion: The feasibility of employing approaches that yield synergistic effects in the development of preschoolers and the self-organization of their activities is demonstrated.

This study examined the effect of Philosophy for Children (P4C) activities on the caring thinking skills of sixth-grade middle school students. The study was conducted using a pretest-posttest control group quasi-experimental design. The study group consisted of 65 sixth-grade students enrolled in two classes at a public middle school in Burdur during the 2024-2025 academic year, with one class assigned as the experimental group (n = 32) and the other as the control group (n = 33). Over eight weeks, the experimental group received a P4C curriculum designed by the researchers to develop the five dimensions of caring thinking (appreciative, affective, active, normative, and empathic), while the control group continued with the existing national curriculum. Data were collected using the Caring Thinking Skills Inventory and analyzed through one-way ANCOVA; for the sub-dimensions in which the homogeneity of regression slopes assumption was violated, models including the Group × Pretest interaction were estimated, and the Mann-Whitney U test on gain scores was reported as a supplementary sensitivity analysis. The findings revealed a statistically significant difference favoring the experimental group in the total caring thinking score, with a large group effect, and in the normative and empathic sub-dimensions. In the appreciative, affective, and active sub-dimensions, the experimental group scored higher at average pretest levels, but the group difference diminished as pretest scores increased. The results indicate that P4C activities can meaningfully develop the affective dimension of thinking, and recommendations were offered regarding the applicability of the caring thinking dimension of the 4C model at the middle school level.

این پژوهش به بررسی تأثیر فعالیت‌های فلسفه برای کودکان (P4C) بر مهارت‌های تفکر مراقبتی دانش‌آموزان پایه ششم متوسطه پرداخته است. این مطالعه با استفاده از طرح شبه‌آزمایشی پیش‌آزمون-پس‌آزمون با گروه کنترل انجام شد. گروه نمونه شامل ۶۵ دانش‌آموز پایه ششم ثبت‌نام‌شده در دو کلاس یک مدرسه متوسطه دولتی در Burdur در سال تحصیلی ۲۰۲۴-۲۰۲۵ بود که یکی از کلاس‌ها به عنوان گروه آزمایش (n = ۳۲) و دیگری به عنوان گروه کنترل (n = ۳۳) تعیین شد. طی هشت هفته، گروه آزمایش برنامه درسی P4C طراحی‌شده توسط پژوهشگران را با هدف توسعه پنج بُعد تفکر مراقبتی (قدردانانه، عاطفی، فعال، هنجاری و همدلانه) دریافت کرد، در حالی که گروه کنترل به برنامه درسی ملی موجود ادامه داد. داده‌ها با استفاده از پرسشنامه مهارت‌های تفکر مراقبتی گردآوری و از طریق تحلیل کوواریانس یک‌طرفه (ANCOVA) تحلیل شدند؛ برای زیرمقیاس‌هایی که فرض همگنی شیب‌های رگرسیون نقض شده بود، مدل‌هایی شامل تعامل گروه × پیش‌آزمون برآورد شد و آزمون Mann-Whitney U بر نمرات کسب‌شده به عنوان تحلیل حساسیت تکمیلی گزارش گردید. یافته‌ها تفاوت معنادار آماری به نفع گروه آزمایش را در نمره کل تفکر مراقبتی با اثر گروهی بزرگ و در زیرمقیاس‌های هنجاری و همدلانه نشان داد. در زیرمقیاس‌های قدردانانه، عاطفی و فعال، گروه آزمایش در سطوح متوسط پیش‌آزمون نمرات بالاتری کسب کرد، اما با افزایش نمرات پیش‌آزمون، تفاوت گروهی کاهش یافت. نتایج نشان می‌دهد که فعالیت‌های P4C می‌تواند به طور معناداری بُعد عاطفی تفکر را توسعه دهد و توصیه‌هایی در خصوص قابلیت اجرای بُعد تفکر مراقبتی مدل 4C در سطح متوسطه ارائه شده است.

Introduction Children’s flourishing has become a central outcome in the study of child development, but its link with the cumulative burden of family risk remains poorly understood. This study examined whether two school-based relational resources—relationships with teachers and with peers—account for the association between cumulative family risk and flourishing in primary school children. Methods A questionnaire survey was completed by 1,673 fourth and fifth-grade children in Shaanxi province, Northwest China. A parallel mediation model with bootstrap confidence intervals was estimated, with sex, only-child status, and household registration entered as covariates. Results Cumulative family risk was negatively associated with flourishing, and the decrement was approximately linear across the number of risk factors rather than accelerating at higher levels. Teacher–student and peer relationships each carried an independent part of this association, and the peer pathway carried the larger share. Discussion Interventions should give priority to children exposed to several family risks. Where school resources are limited, restoring peer relationships deserves precedence, while the teacher–student relationship retains an independent contribution and should not be neglected.

مقدمه: شکوفایی کودکان به عنوان یکی از پیامدهای مرکزی در مطالعه رشد کودک مطرح شده است، اما ارتباط آن با بار تجمعی خطرات خانوادگی همچنان به‌خوبی درک نشده است. این پژوهش بررسی کرد که آیا دو منبع ارتباطی مبتنی بر مدرسه—روابط با معلمان و با همسالان—می‌توانند ارتباط بین خطر تجمعی خانوادگی و شکوفایی در کودکان دبستانی را تبیین کنند. روش‌ها: یک پیمایش پرسشنامه‌ای توسط ۱٬۶۷۳ کودک پایه چهارم و پنجم در استان شاآنشی، شمال‌غرب چین تکمیل شد. یک مدل میانجی‌گری موازی با فواصل اطمینان بوت‌استرپ برآورد گردید و جنسیت، وضعیت تک‌فرزندی و ثبت خانوار به عنوان متغیرهای کنترل وارد شدند. نتایج: خطر تجمعی خانوادگی با شکوفایی رابطه منفی داشت و این کاهش تقریباً به صورت خطی در سراسر تعداد عوامل خطر مشاهده شد و در سطوح بالاتر شتاب نمی‌گرفت. روابط معلم–دانش‌آموز و روابط همسالان هر یک سهم مستقلی از این ارتباط را حمل کردند و مسیر همسالان سهم بیشتری داشت. بحث: مداخلات باید به کودکان در معرض چندین خطر خانوادگی اولویت دهند. در شرایطی که منابع مدرسه محدود است، بازسازی روابط همسالان باید در اولویت قرار گیرد، در حالی که رابطه معلم–دانش‌آموز همچنان سهم مستقلی دارد و نباید نادیده گرفته شود.

Benang Merah Bertaut Paku is a dance choreography that addresses psychological violence within the family as one of the main causes of anxiety disorder in children. Psychological violence often leaves no visible physical wounds, yet it has long-term effects on children’s mental health, such as fear, anxiety, pressure, and social isolation. Through the medium of dance, this work seeks to give voice to emotional wounds that are often hidden and rarely discussed openly. The creative process of this work employs dance creation methods consisting of exploration, improvisation, composition, evaluation, and revision. Exploration was conducted to discover movement qualities that represent inner pressure, such as restrained, repetitive, and withdrawn movements. Guided improvisation was used to explore the emotions of children who are ignored and yelled at by their parents. Supporting elements such as tin plates as a symbol of verbal outbursts, white cloth as a symbol of emotional bondage, minimalist music, and dim lighting were used to strengthen the psychological atmosphere of the work. The result of this choreography shows that dance can function not only as entertainment and aesthetic expression, but also as a critical and empathetic language toward social realities. The dancer’s body becomes a medium to convey silence, inner tension, and a child’s fundamental need for love and acceptance from the family. It is hoped that this work will raise public awareness of the importance of children’s mental health and the harmful impact of psychological violence within the family environment

«بنـگ مـرح بـرتـاوت پاکـو» یک رقص‌آرایی است که به خشونت روانی در خانواده به‌عنوان یکی از علل اصلی اختلال اضطراب در کودکان می‌پردازد. خشونت روانی اغلب هیچ زخم فیزیکی قابل مشاهده‌ای بر جای نمی‌گذارد، اما تأثیرات بلندمدتی بر سلامت روان کودکان دارد، از جمله ترس، اضطراب، فشار و انزوای اجتماعی. این اثر از طریق زبان رقص تلاش می‌کند به زخم‌های عاطفی‌ای که اغلب پنهان مانده و به‌ندرت به‌صورت آشکار مورد بحث قرار می‌گیرند، صدا ببخشد. فرآیند خلاقانه این اثر با بهره‌گیری از روش‌های خلق رقص شامل اکتشاف، بداهه‌پردازی، ترکیب، ارزیابی و بازنگری انجام شده است. اکتشاف به‌منظور یافتن کیفیت‌های حرکتی که فشار درونی را نمایان می‌کند، مانند حرکات مهار شده، تکراری و کناره‌گیرانه، صورت گرفته است. بداهه‌پردازی هدایت‌شده برای واکاوی احساسات کودکانی که توسط والدین نادیده گرفته شده و مورد فریاد قرار می‌گیرند، به کار رفته است. عناصری همچون بشقاب‌های حلبی به‌عنوان نماد فوران‌های کلامی، پارچه سفید به‌عنوان نماد اسارت عاطفی، موسیقی مینیمال و نورپردازی کم‌سو برای تقویت فضای روان‌شناختی اثر مورد استفاده قرار گرفته‌اند. نتیجه این رقص‌آرایی نشان می‌دهد که رقص می‌تواند نه‌تنها به‌عنوان سرگرمی و بیان زیبایی‌شناختی، بلکه به‌عنوان زبانی انتقادی و همدلانه نسبت به واقعیت‌های اجتماعی ایفای نقش کند. بدن رقصنده به رسانه‌ای برای انتقال سکوت، تنش درونی و نیاز اساسی کودک به عشق و پذیرش از سوی خانواده تبدیل می‌شود. امید است این اثر آگاهی عمومی نسبت به اهمیت سلامت روان کودکان و پیامدهای زیان‌بار خشونت روانی در محیط خانواده را افزایش دهد.

Abstract Is accurate scientific knowledge of a counterintuitive concept enough to teach it? Coexistence accounts of conceptual change hold that scientific explanations coexist with, rather than replace, intuitive ones, so teaching well may demand not only knowledge but the inhibition of competing intuitions—something reflection can support. We asked three questions: whether parents' accurate knowledge alone is sufficient to teach natural selection, whether the form of reflection shapes how parents teach, and what children take from these conversations. In 2018, we recruited 100 parent–child dyads at a U.S. university laboratory (5- to 9-year-old children, 44 girls; parents 79% women, 94% college-educated, majority White, mixed ethnicities). Parents taught their child either with no preparation (control) or after reflecting on their understanding by answering questions, with or without also hearing an explanatory storybook. Children's understanding improved only when parents not only understood natural selection but had reflected beforehand. Answering questions prompted a more question-asking teaching style and storybook exposure a more expository one; both helped children generate accurate concepts, which predicted mechanistic learning. However, knowledge alone was not enough.

آیا داشتن دانش علمی دقیق دربارهٔ یک مفهوم غیر شهودی برای آموزش آن کافی است؟ نظریه‌های همزیستی تغییر مفهومی بر این باورند که توضیحات علمی در کنار توضیحات شهودی باقی می‌مانند و جایگزین آن‌ها نمی‌شوند؛ بنابراین، آموزش مؤثر ممکن است نه تنها به دانش، بلکه به مهار شهودهای رقیب نیز نیاز داشته باشد؛ امری که تأمل می‌تواند از آن حمایت کند. ما سه پرسش مطرح کردیم: آیا دانش دقیق والدین به‌تنهایی برای آموزش انتخاب طبیعی کافی است؟ آیا نوع تأمل بر نحوه آموزش والدین تأثیر می‌گذارد؟ و کودکان از این گفتگوها چه می‌آموزند؟ در سال ۲۰۱۸، ۱۰۰ زوج والد-کودک در یک آزمایشگاه دانشگاهی در ایالات متحده (کودکان ۵ تا ۹ ساله، ۴۴ دختر؛ والدین ۷۹٪ زن، ۹۴٪ دارای تحصیلات دانشگاهی، عمدتاً سفیدپوست و با قومیت‌های مختلف) شرکت کردند. والدین یا بدون آمادگی (گروه کنترل) یا پس از تأمل دربارهٔ درک خود با پاسخ به پرسش‌ها، با یا بدون شنیدن یک کتاب داستان توضیحی، به کودک خود آموزش دادند. درک کودکان تنها زمانی بهبود یافت که والدین نه تنها انتخاب طبیعی را درک کرده بودند، بلکه پیش‌تر دربارهٔ آن تأمل کرده بودند. پاسخ به پرسش‌ها، سبک آموزشی مبتنی بر پرسش‌گری را برانگیخت و مواجهه با کتاب داستان، سبک توضیحی‌تری را ایجاد کرد؛ هر دو به کودکان در تولید مفاهیم دقیق کمک کردند که یادگیری مکانیکی را پیش‌بینی می‌کرد. با این حال، دانش به‌تنهایی کافی نبود.

BackgroundSleep disruption is common during postoperative hospitalisation and may be influenced by pain, overnight clinical care, and environmental factors.This quality improvement project assessed sleep quality among postoperative paediatric inpatients and identified potentially modifiable contributors to sleep disturbance. MethodologyA clinical audit was conducted on a paediatric inpatient ward between April and June 2026.Children aged 0-18 years admitted following elective or emergency orthopaedic surgery and requiring at least one overnight postoperative stay were eligible.Parents or carers completed a questionnaire after the child's first postoperative night assessing sleep quality, nighttime awakenings, causes of sleep disturbance, ward noise and lighting, clustering of overnight care, assessment of sleep needs, and parent/carer sleep.Responses were analysed descriptively using frequencies and percentages. ResultsIn total, 19 questionnaires were included: 14 from children accommodated in multi-bed bays and five from children in individual cubicles.In bays, eight of 14 (57.1%)children were reported to have fair sleep and six (42.9%) woke more than five times overnight.In cubicles, two of five (40.0%) children were reported to have good sleep and one (20.0%)woke more than five times.Nursing observations were reported as a contributor to sleep disturbance in 10 of 14 (71.4%)children in bays and four of five (80.0%) in cubicles.Pain contributed to sleep disturbance in 10 of 19 (52.6%) children overall.Most respondents reported that the ward was quiet overnight and that lights were kept low.However, only seven of 19 (36.8%) families reported being asked about their child's sleep needs.Parent/carer sleep was also frequently disrupted. ConclusionsPostoperative sleep disruption was common, with nursing observations and pain among the most frequently reported contributors.Despite generally favourable perceptions of overnight noise and lighting, opportunities for improvement were identified in assessment of individual sleep needs, coordination of overnight care where clinically appropriate, and optimisation of pain management.A subsequent audit cycle following implementation of these measures will assess their impact on sleep-related outcomes.

زمینه و هدف: اختلال خواب در دوران بستری پس از عمل جراحی شایع است و ممکن است تحت تأثیر درد، مراقبت‌های بالینی شبانه و عوامل محیطی قرار گیرد. این پروژه بهبود کیفیت، کیفیت خواب بیماران بستری کودکان پس از عمل جراحی را ارزیابی کرده و عوامل قابل اصلاح مؤثر بر اختلال خواب را شناسایی نمود. روش: یک ممیزی بالینی در بخش بستری کودکان بین آوریل تا ژوئن ۲۰۲۶ انجام شد. کودکان ۰ تا ۱۸ سال که پس از جراحی ارتوپدی انتخابی یا اورژانسی بستری شده و حداقل یک شب پس از عمل در بیمارستان مانده بودند، واجد شرایط بودند. والدین یا مراقبان پس از اولین شب پس از عمل کودک، پرسشنامه‌ای را در خصوص کیفیت خواب، بیدار شدن‌های شبانه، علل اختلال خواب، سر و صدای بخش و نورپردازی، تجمع مراقبت‌های شبانه، ارزیابی نیازهای خواب و خواب والدین/مراقبان تکمیل کردند. پاسخ‌ها به صورت توصیفی با استفاده از فراوانی و درصدها تحلیل شد. نتایج: در مجموع ۱۹ پرسشنامه وارد مطالعه شد: ۱۴ مورد مربوط به کودکانی که در بخش‌های چندتخته بستری بودند و پنج مورد مربوط به کودکانی که در اتاق‌های انفرادی قرار داشتند. در بخش‌های چندتخته، خواب هشت نفر از ۱۴ کودک (۵۷/۱٪) متوسط گزارش شد و شش نفر (۴۲/۹٪) بیش از پنج بار در طول شب بیدار شدند. در اتاق‌های انفرادی، خواب دو نفر از پنج کودک (۴۰/۰٪) خوب گزارش شد و یک نفر (۲۰/۰٪) بیش از پنج بار بیدار شد. مشاهدات پرستاری به عنوان یکی از عوامل اختلال خواب در ۱۰ نفر از ۱۴ کودک (۷۱/۴٪) در بخش‌های چندتخته و چهار نفر از پنج کودک (۸۰/۰٪) در اتاق‌های انفرادی گزارش شد. درد در مجموع در ۱۰ نفر از ۱۹ کودک (۵۲/۶٪) به عنوان عامل اختلال خواب نقش داشت. اکثر پاسخ‌دهندگان گزارش کردند که بخش در طول شب آرام بوده و نور کم نگه داشته شده است. با این حال، تنها هفت خانواده از ۱۹ خانواده (۳۶/۸٪) گزارش کردند که در مورد نیازهای خواب کودکشان از آن‌ها سؤال شده است. خواب والدین/مراقبان نیز اغلب مختل شده بود. نتیجه‌گیری: اختلال خواب پس از عمل شایع بود و مشاهدات پرستاری و درد از جمله عوامل گزارش‌شده مهم بودند. علی‌رغم برداشت کلی مثبت از سر و صدای شبانه و نورپردازی، فرصت‌هایی برای بهبود در ارزیابی نیازهای فردی خواب، هماهنگی مراقبت‌های شبانه در صورت امکان بالینی و بهینه‌سازی مدیریت درد شناسایی شد. یک چرخه ممیزی بعدی پس از اجرای این اقدامات، تأثیر آن‌ها را بر پیامدهای مرتبط با خواب ارزیابی خواهد کرد.

It is widely believed that children are more creative than adults, yet direct empirical tests of this assumption are scarce. A qualitative pre-study indicated that creativity is commonly attributed to preschoolers and associated with intrinsically motivated engagement, informing the design of the main study. 92 preschool children and 70 adults completed a divergent thinking task and two drawing tasks varying in structure (free vs. goal-directed). Independent raters evaluated all products for novelty, effectiveness, and overall creativity; participants reported motivation, enjoyment, confidence, and anxiety. Adults outperformed children on externally rated creativity, particularly in structured tasks. In contrast, children reported higher confidence and motivation, lower anxiety, and—except in the structured drawing task—greater enjoyment. Together, these findings challenge the view that children are generally more creative than adults by showing that their apparent advantage lies in confident and intrinsically motivated engagement, whereas creative thinking performance increases with age.

به طور گسترده‌ای باور بر این است که کودکان نسبت به بزرگسالان خلاق‌تر هستند، اما آزمون‌های تجربی مستقیم این فرضیه نادر هستند. یک پیش‌مطالعه کیفی نشان داد که خلاقیت معمولاً به کودکان پیش‌دبستانی نسبت داده می‌شود و با درگیری انگیزشی درونی مرتبط است که طراحی مطالعه اصلی را اطلاع‌رسانی کرد. ۹۲ کودک پیش‌دبستانی و ۷۰ بزرگسال یک تکلیف تفکر واگرا و دو تکلیف نقاشی با میزان ساختار متفاوت (آزاد در برابر هدف‌محور) را انجام دادند. ارزیابان مستقل تمامی محصولات را از نظر نوآوری، اثربخشی و خلاقیت کلی ارزیابی کردند؛ شرکت‌کنندگان نیز انگیزش، لذت، اعتماد به نفس و اضطراب خود را گزارش دادند. بزرگسالان در خلاقیت ارزیابی‌شده توسط ارزیابان خارجی، به ویژه در تکالیف ساختاریافته، عملکرد بهتری نسبت به کودکان داشتند. در مقابل، کودکان اعتماد به نفس و انگیزش بالاتر، اضطراب کمتر و—به جز در تکلیف نقاشی ساختاریافته—لذت بیشتری را گزارش کردند. این یافته‌ها در مجموع دیدگاه رایج مبنی بر اینکه کودکان به طور کلی خلاق‌تر از بزرگسالان هستند را به چالش می‌کشد و نشان می‌دهد که برتری ظاهری آن‌ها در درگیری با اعتماد به نفس و انگیزش درونی نهفته است، در حالی که عملکرد تفکر خلاق با افزایش سن بهبود می‌یابد.

Background: Parent–child separations have been associated with adverse health and well-being, with most research focusing on prolonged separations driven by war, famine or disease. Verschickungskinder (‘sent-away children’) – the eight to twelve million German children who, in the decades following World War II, were separated from their families for several weeks to stay in so-called children’s health resorts – represent a largely overlooked case of short-term separation. Despite growing recognition of adverse experiences and abuse in these settings, little is known about the long-term mental health of this population or which characteristics of the sent-away experience are associated with these outcomes.Objective: To examine whether sent-away children show more depressive symptoms, anxiety symptoms, and stress overload compared with peers, and to identify which characteristics of the sent-away experience are associated with these outcomes.Method: An anonymous online survey was conducted with 334 sent-away children and 77 participants in a convenience comparison group (M = 61.1 yrs.; 72.7% female). Linear regression models, adjusting for ACEs and sociodemographics, examined group differences and associations between characteristics of the sent-away experience (age at separation, sex, number of separations, emotional memory) and these outcomes.Results: Sent-away children reported more depressive symptoms, anxiety symptoms, and stress overload than comparison participants (all p < .001). Bivariate comparisons among the sent-away children indicated that younger age at separation was associated with more depressive symptoms, repeated separations with higher stress overload, and very negative memories with all three outcomes; no sex differences were observed. When entered simultaneously in regression models, emotional memory of the event was the only sent-away characteristic associated with depressive (p = .02) and anxiety symptoms (p = .009).Conclusions: Findings highlight the potential long-term mental health relevance of the sent-away experience, particularly among those with very negative memories of their experiences.

زمینه: جدایی والد–کودک با پیامدهای نامطلوب سلامت و بهزیستی همراه بوده است و بیشتر پژوهش‌ها بر جدایی‌های طولانی‌مدت ناشی از جنگ، قحطی یا بیماری تمرکز داشته‌اند. کودکان Verschickungskinder («کودکان فرستاده‌شده») – هشت تا دوازده میلیون کودک آلمانی که در دهه‌های پس از جنگ جهانی دوم برای چندین هفته از خانواده‌های خود جدا شده و در به‌اصطلاح آسایشگاه‌های سلامت کودکان اقامت داشتند – نمونه‌ای عمدتاً نادیده‌گرفته‌شده از جدایی کوتاه‌مدت هستند. با وجود افزایش شناخت نسبت به تجارب نامطلوب و سوءاستفاده در این محیط‌ها، اطلاعات اندکی درباره سلامت روانی بلندمدت این جمعیت یا ویژگی‌های تجربه جدایی که با این پیامدها مرتبط است، وجود دارد. هدف: بررسی اینکه آیا کودکان فرستاده‌شده علائم افسردگی، علائم اضطراب و اضافه‌بار استرس بیشتری نسبت به همتایان خود نشان می‌دهند و شناسایی ویژگی‌های تجربه جدایی که با این پیامدها مرتبط است. روش: یک پیمایش آنلاین ناشناس با ۳۳۴ کودک فرستاده‌شده و ۷۷ شرکت‌کننده در گروه مقایسه‌ای در دسترس (میانگین سنی = ۶۱/۱ سال؛ ۷۲/۷٪ زن) انجام شد. مدل‌های رگرسیون خطی با کنترل ACEs و متغیرهای جمعیت‌شناختی، تفاوت‌های گروهی و ارتباط بین ویژگی‌های تجربه جدایی (سن در زمان جدایی، جنسیت، تعداد دفعات جدایی، حافظه هیجانی) و این پیامدها را بررسی کردند. یافته‌ها: کودکان فرستاده‌شده علائم افسردگی، علائم اضطراب و اضافه‌بار استرس بیشتری نسبت به شرکت‌کنندگان گروه مقایسه گزارش کردند (همه p < ۰/۰۰۱). مقایسه‌های دو متغیره در میان کودکان فرستاده‌شده نشان داد که سن پایین‌تر در زمان جدایی با علائم افسردگی بیشتر، جدایی‌های مکرر با اضافه‌بار استرس بالاتر و خاطرات بسیار منفی با هر سه پیامد مرتبط بود؛ تفاوتی از نظر جنسیت مشاهده نشد. زمانی که این متغیرها به طور همزمان در مدل‌های رگرسیون وارد شدند، حافظه هیجانی رویداد تنها ویژگی تجربه جدایی بود که با علائم افسردگی (p = ۰/۰۲) و علائم اضطراب (p = ۰/۰۰۹) ارتباط داشت. نتیجه‌گیری: یافته‌ها بر اهمیت بالقوه بلندمدت سلامت روانی تجربه جدایی، به‌ویژه در میان افرادی که خاطرات بسیار منفی از این تجربه دارند، تأکید می‌کند.

This study aims to determine the implementation of the use of the Daily Journal Book 7 Habits of Great Indonesian Children, the formation of Islamic character of grade 5B students of SD Quran Terpadu Nurul Islam Karawang, as well as supporting and inhibiting factors in its implementation. The study used a qualitative approach with a descriptive method. Data collection techniques were carried out through observation, semi-structured interviews, and documentation, with research subjects consisting of the principal, homeroom teacher 5B, and grade 5B students. Data analysis was carried out through data reduction, data presentation, and drawing conclusions, while the validity of the data was tested using triangulation. The results of the study indicate that the implementation of the Daily Journal Book 7 Habits of Great Indonesian Children is carried out through habits that are integrated with school culture and students' daily activities. This program contributes to the formation of Islamic character in the form of piety, responsibility, trustworthiness, ukhuwah, istiqomah, and patience. Based on the analysis of Bloom's Taxonomy of the affective domain, student character development takes place through the stages of accepting, responding, appreciating, organizing values, and making values part of personality. Supporting factors for the program include school support, teacher involvement, parental involvement, a conducive environment, and student motivation. While inhibiting factors include lack of student consistency, boredom, limited parental guidance, the influence of technology, and differences in student character. Therefore, the use of the 7 Habits of Great Indonesian Children Daily Journal effectively supports the formation of Islamic character in students through a continuous process of habituation.

این پژوهش با هدف تعیین نحوه اجرای استفاده از دفترچه روزانه هفت عادت کودکان بزرگ اندونزیایی، شکل‌گیری شخصیت اسلامی دانش‌آموزان پایه ۵B دبستان قرآن‌محور نورالاسلام کاراوانگ و همچنین عوامل حمایت‌کننده و بازدارنده در اجرای آن انجام شده است. این پژوهش با رویکرد کیفی و روش توصیفی انجام شده است. داده‌ها از طریق مشاهده، مصاحبه نیمه‌ساختاریافته و مستندسازی گردآوری شده‌اند و شرکت‌کنندگان پژوهش شامل مدیر مدرسه، معلم راهنمای کلاس ۵B و دانش‌آموزان پایه ۵B بوده‌اند. تحلیل داده‌ها از طریق کاهش داده، ارائه داده و نتیجه‌گیری صورت گرفته و روایی داده‌ها با استفاده از مثلث‌سازی مورد بررسی قرار گرفته است. نتایج پژوهش نشان می‌دهد که اجرای دفترچه روزانه هفت عادت کودکان بزرگ اندونزیایی از طریق عادت‌هایی که با فرهنگ مدرسه و فعالیت‌های روزانه دانش‌آموزان ادغام شده‌اند، انجام می‌شود. این برنامه در شکل‌گیری شخصیت اسلامی به صورت تقوا، مسئولیت‌پذیری، امانت‌داری، اخوت، استقامت و صبر نقش دارد. بر اساس تحلیل طبقه‌بندی بلوم در حوزه عاطفی، رشد شخصیت دانش‌آموزان از مراحل پذیرش، پاسخ‌دهی، ارزش‌گذاری، سازماندهی ارزش‌ها و درونی‌سازی ارزش‌ها در شخصیت فردی عبور می‌کند. عوامل حمایت‌کننده برنامه شامل حمایت مدرسه، مشارکت معلمان، مشارکت والدین، محیط مناسب و انگیزه دانش‌آموزان است. عوامل بازدارنده نیز شامل عدم ثبات دانش‌آموزان، احساس کسالت، محدودیت راهنمایی والدین، تأثیر فناوری و تفاوت‌های شخصیتی دانش‌آموزان می‌باشد. بنابراین، استفاده از دفترچه روزانه هفت عادت کودکان بزرگ اندونزیایی به طور مؤثری از طریق فرایند مستمر عادت‌سازی به شکل‌گیری شخصیت اسلامی دانش‌آموزان کمک می‌کند.

Schools are important social environments in which elementary school children develop relationships and construct meanings about themselves through everyday interactions. However, social interaction and children’s identity formation are often examined as separate aspects of development. This study aimed to analyze the forms and experiences of children’s social interaction in elementary school and to understand how these experiences contribute to children’s understanding of themselves and their social positions within school groups. This study employed a qualitative approach with a case study design at SDN 30 Kota Baubau, Southeast Sulawesi, Indonesia. Data were collected through observation, semi-structured interviews, and documentation involving 12 elementary school students, five teachers, and three parents or guardians. Data were analyzed interactively through data condensation, coding, categorization, thematic presentation, and conclusion verification. The findings show that children’s social interactions occur actively through classroom learning, group work, and play activities, involving communication, cooperation, role-sharing, mutual assistance, participation, and adjustment. Experiences of acceptance, involvement, friendship, and rejection also provide children with social experiences that are interpreted in understanding themselves and their positions within peer groups. Viewed through Symbolic Interactionism, children’s identities develop dynamically through interaction and interpretation of social responses. Thus, elementary schools function not only as academic learning environments but also as social spaces for children’s identity formation.

مدارس به‌عنوان محیط‌های اجتماعی مهمی شناخته می‌شوند که در آن‌ها کودکان دبستانی از طریق تعاملات روزمره، روابط خود را شکل داده و معانی مربوط به خود را می‌سازند. با این حال، تعامل اجتماعی و شکل‌گیری هویت کودکان اغلب به‌عنوان جنبه‌هایی جداگانه از رشد مورد بررسی قرار گرفته‌اند. هدف این پژوهش تحلیل اشکال و تجارب تعامل اجتماعی کودکان در مدرسه ابتدایی و درک چگونگی تأثیر این تجارب بر فهم کودکان از خود و جایگاه اجتماعی‌شان در گروه‌های مدرسه بود. این مطالعه با رویکرد کیفی و با طرح مطالعه موردی در مدرسه SDN 30 شهر Baubau، سولاوسی جنوب شرقی، اندونزی انجام شد. داده‌ها از طریق مشاهده، مصاحبه‌های نیمه‌ساختاریافته و اسناد، با مشارکت ۱۲ دانش‌آموز دبستانی، پنج معلم و سه والد یا سرپرست جمع‌آوری شد. داده‌ها به‌صورت تعاملی از طریق تقطیع داده‌ها، کدگذاری، مقوله‌بندی، ارائه‌ی تماتیک و اعتبارسنجی نتایج تحلیل شدند. یافته‌ها نشان می‌دهد که تعاملات اجتماعی کودکان به‌صورت فعال از طریق یادگیری کلاسی، کار گروهی و فعالیت‌های بازی، شامل ارتباط، همکاری، تقسیم نقش، کمک متقابل، مشارکت و سازگاری رخ می‌دهد. تجارب پذیرش، درگیری، دوستی و طرد نیز برای کودکان تجارب اجتماعی فراهم می‌کند که در فهم خود و جایگاه‌شان در گروه همسالان تفسیر می‌شود. از منظر کنش متقابل نمادین، هویت کودکان به‌صورت پویا از طریق تعامل و تفسیر پاسخ‌های اجتماعی شکل می‌گیرد. بنابراین، مدارس ابتدایی نه‌تنها به‌عنوان محیط‌های یادگیری علمی بلکه به‌عنوان فضاهای اجتماعی برای شکل‌گیری هویت کودکان عمل می‌کنند.

Emotion regulation in early childhood develops gradually and depends on media that allow children to recognize and express their feelings. Preliminary observation in class B2 of TK Putra 1 Makassar showed varied emotional responses among children aged 5-6 years, while paper in the classroom was used only for coloring and copying. This study aimed to analyze and describe the emotion regulation of children aged 5-6 years through the Illustrated Emotion Diary. A descriptive qualitative approach was used with four children as subjects across six sessions (30 July-6 August 2026), each consisting of three stages: emotional triggering, free visual expression, and confirmatory storytelling. Data were collected through passive participatory observation, semi-structured interviews with the children, a confirmatory interview with the classroom teacher, and documentation of drawing portfolios, and were analyzed using the interactive model of Miles, Huberman, and Saldaña (1994). Trustworthiness was established through technique triangulation (observation compared with child interviews, supported by documentation), source triangulation (the classroom teacher), replication of findings across the four subjects, and informant feedback. The results showed that emotion regulation of the four subjects developed gradually and in different patterns. A shy child became calmer and able to explain his drawing, while a child showing a tendency toward separation anxiety began to channel emotions through drawing, although this tendency had not fully disappeared. These findings were consistent across observation, child interviews, documentation, and the teacher's confirmation. Drawings and stories gave children space to understand and convey emotional experiences, especially when verbal ability was still limited.

تنظیم هیجان در اوایل کودکی به تدریج رشد می‌کند و به ابزارهایی وابسته است که به کودکان امکان شناسایی و ابراز احساسات خود را می‌دهد. مشاهده مقدماتی در کلاس B2 مهدکودک Putra 1 Makassar نشان داد که پاسخ‌های هیجانی کودکان ۵ تا ۶ ساله متنوع است، در حالی که کاغذ در کلاس فقط برای رنگ‌آمیزی و رونویسی استفاده می‌شد. هدف این پژوهش تحلیل و توصیف تنظیم هیجان کودکان ۵ تا ۶ ساله از طریق دفترچه هیجانی مصور بود. رویکرد کیفی توصیفی با چهار کودک به عنوان شرکت‌کننده در شش جلسه (۳۰ ژوئیه تا ۶ اوت ۲۰۲۶) به کار گرفته شد که هر جلسه شامل سه مرحله: برانگیختگی هیجانی، بیان بصری آزاد و داستان‌گویی تأییدی بود. داده‌ها از طریق مشاهده مشارکتی منفعل، مصاحبه نیمه‌ساختاریافته با کودکان، مصاحبه تأییدی با معلم کلاس و مستندسازی نمونه‌کارهای نقاشی جمع‌آوری شد و با استفاده از مدل تعاملی Miles، Huberman و Saldaña (۱۹۹۴) تحلیل گردید. اعتبار نتایج از طریق مثلث‌سازی فنی (مقایسه مشاهده با مصاحبه کودکان و حمایت مستندات)، مثلث‌سازی منبع (معلم کلاس)، تکرار یافته‌ها در چهار شرکت‌کننده و بازخورد خبرگان تأمین شد. نتایج نشان داد که تنظیم هیجان در چهار شرکت‌کننده به تدریج و با الگوهای متفاوت رشد یافت. یک کودک خجالتی آرام‌تر شد و توانست نقاشی خود را توضیح دهد، در حالی که کودکی با گرایش به اضطراب جدایی شروع به انتقال هیجان از طریق نقاشی کرد، اگرچه این گرایش به طور کامل از بین نرفته بود. این یافته‌ها در مشاهده، مصاحبه با کودکان، مستندسازی و تأیید معلم کلاس سازگار بود. نقاشی‌ها و داستان‌ها به کودکان فضایی برای درک و انتقال تجربیات هیجانی، به ویژه زمانی که توانایی کلامی هنوز محدود بود، فراهم کردند.

This study aimed to determine the effect of Magnetic Maze learning media on the symbolic thinking ability and fine motor skills of children aged 5–6 years at TK Negeri Pembina Campagaya. A quantitative quasi-experimental method with a nonequivalent control group design was used. The sample consisted of 16 children selected through purposive sampling, with 8 children in each group. Data were collected through tests, observations, and documentation. The experimental group received six Magnetic Maze treatments, while the control group used number puzzles. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, Shapiro-Wilk, Wilcoxon Signed-Rank, and Mann-Whitney U tests with SPSS 26. The experimental group mean increased from 13.63 to 30.50 for symbolic thinking and from 13.88 to 30.25 for fine motor skills. Wilcoxon significance was 0.012 for both variables, while posttest Mann-Whitney significance was 0.035 and 0.031. Thus, Magnetic Maze had a significant effect on both abilities.

این پژوهش با هدف تعیین تأثیر رسانه یادگیری «مسیر مغناطیسی» (Magnetic Maze) بر توانایی تفکر نمادین و مهارت‌های حرکتی ظریف کودکان ۵ تا ۶ ساله در دبستان دولتی Pembina Campagaya انجام شد. روش پژوهش، شبه‌آزمایشی کمی با طرح گروه کنترل نابرابر بود. نمونه شامل ۱۶ کودک بود که به روش نمونه‌گیری هدفمند انتخاب شدند و هر گروه شامل ۸ کودک بود. داده‌ها از طریق آزمون‌ها، مشاهده و مستندسازی گردآوری شد. گروه آزمایش شش بار تحت آموزش با «مسیر مغناطیسی» قرار گرفت و گروه کنترل از پازل‌های عددی استفاده کرد. داده‌ها با استفاده از آمار توصیفی، آزمون Shapiro-Wilk، آزمون Wilcoxon Signed-Rank و آزمون Mann-Whitney U و با نرم‌افزار SPSS نسخه ۲۶ تحلیل شدند. میانگین گروه آزمایش برای تفکر نمادین از ۱۳٫۶۳ به ۳۰٫۵۰ و برای مهارت‌های حرکتی ظریف از ۱۳٫۸۸ به ۳۰٫۲۵ افزایش یافت. سطح معناداری آزمون Wilcoxon برای هر دو متغیر ۰٫۰۱۲ و سطح معناداری آزمون Mann-Whitney در پس‌آزمون به ترتیب ۰٫۰۳۵ و ۰٫۰۳۱ بود. بنابراین، «مسیر مغناطیسی» تأثیر معناداری بر هر دو توانایی داشت.

The rapid development of digital technology has transformed how elementary school children learn, communicate, and interact, presenting both opportunities and challenges for their education and moral development. From the perspective of Islamic education, children's technology use requires appropriate parental guidance to ensure that digital activities align with Islamic values. This study aims to explore parental mediation strategies, identify challenges in supervising children's digital activities, and examine the integration of Islamic educational values into digital parenting practices at SDN 01 Pontianak Utara. The novelty of this study lies in its examination of digital parenting through the integration of parental mediation, technology-assisted supervision, and Islamic educational values within the elementary school context. This study employed a descriptive qualitative approach with a field research design. Data were collected through participatory observation, in-depth interviews with parents and Islamic Education teachers, and documentation. Data analysis followed the Miles and Huberman interactive model, consisting of data reduction, data display, and conclusion drawing, while source triangulation was applied to ensure data credibility. The findings identified three major challenges: limited parental digital literacy, inadequate supervision of children's digital activities, and the need for technology-assisted parental mediation through applications such as Google Family Link. Furthermore, the findings indicate that effective digital parenting requires more than technological restrictions, emphasizing collaboration between parents and schools alongside the integration of Islamic moral values. This study contributes to the development of Islamic digital parenting practices by highlighting the importance of combining technological supervision, parental guidance, and Islamic educational values to create a safer and more responsible digital environment for elementary school children.

توسعه سریع فناوری دیجیتال شیوه‌های یادگیری، ارتباط و تعامل کودکان دبستانی را دگرگون کرده است و فرصت‌ها و چالش‌هایی را برای آموزش و رشد اخلاقی آنان به همراه آورده است. از منظر آموزش اسلامی، استفاده کودکان از فناوری نیازمند راهنمایی مناسب والدین است تا فعالیت‌های دیجیتال آنان با ارزش‌های اسلامی همسو باشد. هدف این پژوهش، بررسی راهبردهای میانجی‌گری والدین، شناسایی چالش‌های نظارت بر فعالیت‌های دیجیتال کودکان و بررسی ادغام ارزش‌های تربیت اسلامی در شیوه‌های فرزندپروری دیجیتال در دبستان SDN 01 Pontianak Utara است. نوآوری این پژوهش در بررسی فرزندپروری دیجیتال از طریق ادغام میانجی‌گری والدین، نظارت مبتنی بر فناوری و ارزش‌های تربیت اسلامی در بستر دبستان نهفته است. این پژوهش با رویکرد کیفی توصیفی و طرح پژوهش میدانی انجام شده است. داده‌ها از طریق مشاهده مشارکتی، مصاحبه عمیق با والدین و معلمان آموزش اسلامی و اسناد گردآوری شد. تحلیل داده‌ها بر اساس مدل تعاملی Miles و Huberman شامل کاهش داده، نمایش داده و نتیجه‌گیری انجام شد و برای اطمینان از اعتبار داده‌ها از مثلث‌سازی منابع استفاده گردید. یافته‌ها سه چالش عمده را شناسایی کرد: سواد دیجیتال محدود والدین، نظارت ناکافی بر فعالیت‌های دیجیتال کودکان و نیاز به میانجی‌گری والدین با کمک فناوری از طریق برنامه‌هایی مانند Google Family Link. همچنین یافته‌ها نشان می‌دهد که فرزندپروری دیجیتال مؤثر فراتر از محدودیت‌های فناورانه است و بر همکاری والدین و مدرسه در کنار ادغام ارزش‌های اخلاقی اسلامی تأکید دارد. این پژوهش با برجسته‌سازی اهمیت ترکیب نظارت فناورانه، راهنمایی والدین و ارزش‌های تربیت اسلامی، به توسعه شیوه‌های فرزندپروری دیجیتال اسلامی برای ایجاد محیط دیجیتال ایمن‌تر و مسئولانه‌تر برای کودکان دبستانی کمک می‌کند.

Arabic vocabulary learning for early childhood is an important effort to introduce a foreign language through enjoyable learning activities that are appropriate to children's developmental characteristics. However, conventional learning methods often make children less enthusiastic, resulting in limited Arabic vocabulary mastery. This study aims to describe the use of the Picture Magic Lamp learning media in improving the Arabic vocabulary of children aged 5-6 years at TK Adz-Dzakia Pangkalpinang. This study employed a qualitative approach with a descriptive research design. The participants were children aged 5-6 years at TK Adz-Dzakia Pangkalpinang. Data were collected through observation, interviews, and documentation and were analyzed using the stages of data reduction, data presentation, and conclusion drawing. The picture magic lamp media was implemented by asking children to identify the displayed colors and mention their names in both Indonesian and Arabic. The findings revealed that the use of the picture magic lamp media increased children's learning interest, active participation, and ability to recognize and pronounce Arabic color vocabulary. Therefore, the Magic Lamp media can be used as an effective and engaging learning medium to improve Arabic vocabulary mastery among early childhood learners.

یادگیری واژگان عربی در دوران کودکی تلاشی مهم برای معرفی زبان خارجی از طریق فعالیت‌های یادگیری لذت‌بخش و متناسب با ویژگی‌های رشدی کودکان است. با این حال، روش‌های یادگیری سنتی اغلب باعث کاهش اشتیاق کودکان می‌شود و در نتیجه تسلط محدودی بر واژگان عربی ایجاد می‌کند. هدف این پژوهش توصیف استفاده از رسانه آموزشی چراغ جادوی تصویری در بهبود واژگان عربی کودکان ۵ تا ۶ ساله در مهد کودک Adz-Dzakia Pangkalpinang است. این پژوهش با رویکرد کیفی و طرح پژوهش توصیفی انجام شد. شرکت‌کنندگان کودکان ۵ تا ۶ ساله مهد کودک Adz-Dzakia Pangkalpinang بودند. داده‌ها از طریق مشاهده، مصاحبه و مستندسازی جمع‌آوری و با استفاده از مراحل کاهش داده، ارائه داده و نتیجه‌گیری تحلیل شدند. رسانه چراغ جادوی تصویری با درخواست از کودکان برای شناسایی رنگ‌های نمایش داده‌شده و بیان نام آن‌ها به زبان اندونزیایی و عربی اجرا شد. یافته‌ها نشان داد که استفاده از رسانه چراغ جادوی تصویری باعث افزایش علاقه‌مندی به یادگیری، مشارکت فعال و توانایی شناسایی و تلفظ واژگان رنگ به زبان عربی در کودکان شد. بنابراین، رسانه چراغ جادو می‌تواند به عنوان یک رسانه آموزشی مؤثر و جذاب برای بهبود تسلط بر واژگان عربی در میان کودکان پیش‌دبستانی مورد استفاده قرار گیرد.

This study examines the effectiveness of a physical intervention approach through role-playing group prayer among young children. Conducted as field research at ABA 3 Kindergarten in Probolinggo, the study employs a normative approach with descriptive qualitative methods, focusing on 5–6-year-old participants. Using content analysis, findings reveal: (1) the physical intervention approach is effective in developing critical thinking skills, (2) group prayer provides a relatable context where children learn religious and social values like cooperation and responsibility, (3) physical activity enhances cognitive and physical learning, and (4) role-playing facilitates self-evaluation and decision-making skills in children.

این پژوهش به بررسی اثربخشی رویکرد مداخله بدنی از طریق ایفای نقش نماز جماعت گروهی در میان کودکان خردسال می‌پردازد. این مطالعه به صورت میدانی در مهدکودک ABA 3 شهر پروبولینگو انجام شده و از رویکرد هنجاری با روش‌های کیفی توصیفی بهره گرفته است و بر شرکت‌کنندگان ۵ تا ۶ ساله تمرکز دارد. با استفاده از تحلیل محتوا، یافته‌ها نشان می‌دهد: (۱) رویکرد مداخله بدنی در پرورش مهارت‌های تفکر انتقادی مؤثر است؛ (۲) نماز جماعت گروهی زمینه‌ای قابل فهم فراهم می‌کند که در آن کودکان ارزش‌های دینی و اجتماعی مانند همکاری و مسئولیت‌پذیری را می‌آموزند؛ (۳) فعالیت بدنی یادگیری شناختی و جسمانی را تقویت می‌کند؛ و (۴) ایفای نقش به تسهیل مهارت‌های خودارزیابی و تصمیم‌گیری در کودکان کمک می‌کند.

This community service study examines the role of communication psychology in fostering children's self-confidence through the “Lomba Islami Anak Ceria” (Cheerful Islamic Children's Competition) held at At-Taqwa Mosque, Gaden Village, Trucuk District, Klaten Regency. The program was initiated following observations that many early childhood and elementary school children attending local Quranic learning centers lacked self-confidence, felt shy, and hesitated to perform publicly. The study employed a participatory approach integrating communication psychology principles, supported by evaluation through direct observation and qualitative reflection. The program consisted of three stages: preparation through TPA mentoring, implementation of competitions, and evaluation. Activities included adhan recitation, Islamic quizzes, calligraphy coloring, short surah recitation, and interactive quizzes. Approximately 100 children from TPAs across Gaden Village participated, supported by 21 student volunteers. The results showed that friendly, empathetic, and supportive communication strategies, combined with equal appreciation for all participants, created a safe and comfortable social environment. Children demonstrated greater enthusiasm, more active participation, and increased courage in interacting and expressing themselves publicly. These findings highlight the importance of positive communication in supporting children's psychological development. This study concludes that a supportive environment grounded in communication psychology can effectively foster self-confidence in early childhood, particularly through engaging, inclusive, and enjoyable Islamic educational activities.

این مطالعه خدمت‌رسانی به جامعه به بررسی نقش روان‌شناسی ارتباطات در پرورش اعتماد به نفس کودکان از طریق «مسابقه اسلامی کودکان شاد» که در مسجد التقوی روستای گادن، بخش تروچوک، شهرستان کلَتن برگزار شد، می‌پردازد. این برنامه پس از مشاهده این موضوع که بسیاری از کودکان پیش‌دبستانی و دبستانی که در مراکز آموزش قرآن محلی شرکت می‌کنند، فاقد اعتماد به نفس بوده، احساس خجالت می‌کنند و در اجرای عمومی تردید دارند، آغاز شد. این پژوهش با رویکرد مشارکتی و با ادغام اصول روان‌شناسی ارتباطات انجام شد و ارزیابی آن از طریق مشاهده مستقیم و بازتاب کیفی صورت گرفت. برنامه شامل سه مرحله بود: آمادگی از طریق مشاوره TPA، اجرای مسابقات و ارزیابی. فعالیت‌ها شامل اذان‌گویی، مسابقه‌های اسلامی، رنگ‌آمیزی خوشنویسی، قرائت سوره‌های کوتاه و مسابقه‌های تعاملی بود. حدود ۱۰۰ کودک از مراکز TPA سراسر روستای گادن با حمایت ۲۱ داوطلب دانشجویی در این برنامه شرکت کردند. نتایج نشان داد که راهبردهای ارتباطی دوستانه، همدلانه و حمایتی همراه با قدردانی برابر از همه شرکت‌کنندگان، محیط اجتماعی امن و راحتی ایجاد کرد. کودکان اشتیاق بیشتری نشان دادند، مشارکت فعال‌تری داشتند و جسارت بیشتری در تعامل و ابراز وجود در جمع پیدا کردند. این یافته‌ها اهمیت ارتباط مثبت را در حمایت از رشد روان‌شناختی کودکان برجسته می‌کند. این مطالعه نتیجه می‌گیرد که محیط حمایتی مبتنی بر روان‌شناسی ارتباطات می‌تواند به طور مؤثری اعتماد به نفس را در کودکان خردسال، به ویژه از طریق فعالیت‌های آموزشی اسلامی جذاب، فراگیر و لذت‌بخش، پرورش دهد.

This research was motivated by the low science learning outcomes of fifth-grade students at SDN 20 Indarung, as indicated by the number of students who had not yet achieved the KKTP. Learning that predominantly used lectures and question-and-answer methods resulted in students being less active and less motivated. This research aimed to determine the effect of the Children Learning in Science (CLIS) learning model on the science learning outcomes of fifth-grade students on the topic of energy conservation efforts. This research used a quantitative approach with a Quasi Experimental Design and a Posttest Only Control Group Design. The population consisted of 51 fifth-grade students, with a saturated sampling technique, comprising 26 students in class VA as the experimental class and 25 students in class VB as the control class. The research instrument was a 25-item multiple-choice test that had undergone tryout and instrument analysis. Data were obtained through a posttest and analyzed using normality, homogeneity, and hypothesis tests with an Independent Samples t-test using SPSS 27. The results showed that the average learning outcome of the experimental class was 86.31, while that of the control class was 64.16. The hypothesis test showed a tcount of 8.025 > a ttable of 1.677 at a significance level of 0.05 with 49 degrees of freedom, indicating that H₀ was rejected and H₁ was accepted. Therefore, the Children Learning in Science (CLIS) learning model had a significant effect on the science learning outcomes of fifth-grade students at SDN 20 Indarung.

این پژوهش با انگیزه نتایج پایین یادگیری علوم دانش‌آموزان پایه پنجم در دبستان دولتی شماره ۲۰ ایندارونگ انجام شد، چنان‌که تعداد زیادی از دانش‌آموزان هنوز به KKTP دست نیافته‌اند. آموزش غالباً مبتنی بر روش سخنرانی و پرسش‌وپاسخ بود که منجر به کاهش فعالیت و انگیزه دانش‌آموزان می‌شد. هدف این پژوهش تعیین تأثیر مدل یادگیری Children Learning in Science (CLIS) بر نتایج یادگیری علوم دانش‌آموزان پایه پنجم در موضوع تلاش‌های صرفه‌جویی در مصرف انرژی بود. این پژوهش با رویکرد کمی و طرح شبه‌آزمایشی (Quasi Experimental Design) و طرح گروه کنترل فقط پس‌آزمون (Posttest Only Control Group Design) انجام شد. جامعه آماری شامل ۵۱ دانش‌آموز پایه پنجم بود که با روش نمونه‌گیری اشباع انتخاب شدند و شامل ۲۶ دانش‌آموز کلاس VA به عنوان گروه آزمایش و ۲۵ دانش‌آموز کلاس VB به عنوان گروه کنترل بودند. ابزار پژوهش یک آزمون چندگزینه‌ای ۲۵ سؤالی بود که مورد آزمون اولیه و تحلیل ابزار قرار گرفته بود. داده‌ها از طریق پس‌آزمون جمع‌آوری و با استفاده از آزمون‌های نرمالیتی، همگنی و آزمون فرضیه با آزمون t مستقل (Independent Samples t-test) در نرم‌افزار SPSS 27 تحلیل شدند. نتایج نشان داد میانگین نتایج یادگیری گروه آزمایش ۸۶٫۳۱ و گروه کنترل ۶۴٫۱۶ بود. آزمون فرضیه نشان داد مقدار t محاسبه‌شده ۸٫۰۲۵ بزرگ‌تر از t جدول ۱٫۶۷۷ در سطح معناداری ۰٫۰۵ با ۴۹ درجه آزادی است که نشان‌دهنده رد H₀ و پذیرش H₁ می‌باشد. بنابراین، مدل یادگیری Children Learning in Science (CLIS) تأثیر معناداری بر نتایج یادگیری علوم دانش‌آموزان پایه پنجم دبستان دولتی شماره ۲۰ ایندارونگ داشت.

This descriptive-survey study assessed the readiness of kindergarten learners in Barobo II District, Schools Division of Surigao del Sur, as basis for a School Readiness Enhancement Plan. Using an adopted ECCD-based questionnaire, the study examined seven developmental domains: gross motor, fine motor, self-help adaptive, social/emotional, receptive language, expressive language, and cognitive skills. The supplied data comprised 12 learner readiness records assessed through teacher ratings and analyzed using frequency, percentage, mean, and standard deviation. Results showed an overall High Readiness level (WM = 4.15, SD = 0.47). Gross motor skills (WM = 4.33) and cognitive skills (WM = 4.22) attained Very High Readiness, while fine motor, self-help adaptive, social/emotional, receptive language, and expressive language were rated High Readiness. Specific skills requiring further reinforcement were identified, particularly in self-help adaptive, expressive language, and selected fine motor and receptive language indicators. Based on these findings, a School Readiness Enhancement Plan was proposed to sustain developmental strengths and address areas needing additional support through coordinated school- and home-based interventions.

این پژوهش توصیفی-پیمایشی به ارزیابی میزان آمادگی نوآموزان پیش‌دبستانی در ناحیه باروبو II، اداره آموزش سورگائو دل سور، به‌عنوان مبنایی برای برنامه ارتقاء آمادگی مدرسه پرداخت. با استفاده از پرسشنامه اقتباس‌شده مبتنی بر ECCD، این مطالعه هفت حوزه رشدی را مورد بررسی قرار داد: مهارت‌های حرکتی درشت، مهارت‌های حرکتی ظریف، مهارت‌های خودیاری-انطباقی، اجتماعی/هیجانی، زبان دریافتی، زبان بیانی و مهارت‌های شناختی. داده‌های ارائه‌شده شامل ۱۲ پرونده آمادگی نوآموزان بود که از طریق ارزیابی معلمان گردآوری و با استفاده از فراوانی، درصد، میانگین و انحراف معیار تحلیل شد. نتایج نشان داد که سطح کلی آمادگی «بالا» بوده است (WM = 4.15، SD = 0.47). مهارت‌های حرکتی درشت (WM = 4.33) و مهارت‌های شناختی (WM = 4.22) به سطح «بسیار بالا» دست یافتند، در حالی که مهارت‌های حرکتی ظریف، خودیاری-انطباقی، اجتماعی/هیجانی، زبان دریافتی و زبان بیانی در سطح «بالا» ارزیابی شدند. مهارت‌های خاصی که نیاز به تقویت بیشتر داشتند، به‌ویژه در حوزه‌های خودیاری-انطباقی، زبان بیانی و برخی شاخص‌های مهارت‌های حرکتی ظریف و زبان دریافتی شناسایی شدند. بر اساس این یافته‌ها، برنامه‌ای برای ارتقاء آمادگی مدرسه پیشنهاد شد تا نقاط قوت رشدی حفظ شده و حوزه‌های نیازمند حمایت بیشتر از طریق مداخلات هماهنگ مدرسه‌محور و خانواده‌محور مورد توجه قرار گیرند.

Elementary school is the first place where children systematically encounter questions about what it means to know, where knowledge comes from, and how a claim comes to count as true. Yet the epistemological assumptions underpinning everyday elementary teaching are seldom made explicit. This article examines the nature of children’s knowledge in elementary education practice by analysing two competing images of the child: the passive recipient (tabula rasa) and the active constructor of knowledge. Using conceptual-philosophical analysis of classical and contemporary works in epistemology, developmental psychology, and educational theory, the study finds that (a) the tabula rasa image persists in practice through initiation-response-evaluation talk, reliance on rote memorisation, and the treatment of error as failure; (b) constructivist traditions position the child as a builder of knowledge but are frequently misread as the absence of guidance; and (c) the two poles are better understood as a continuum than as a dichotomy. The article proposes an epistemological framework for simple learning built on five principles: prior knowledge as a starting point, simplicity as intellectual honesty, error as epistemic data, justification through dialogue, and graduated guidance. The framework is intended to help teachers, teacher educators, and curriculum designers examine the epistemological assumptions behind their practice.

مدرسه ابتدایی نخستین مکانی است که کودکان به طور نظام‌مند با پرسش‌هایی درباره معنای دانستن، منشأ دانش و چگونگی اعتبار یافتن یک ادعا به عنوان حقیقت مواجه می‌شوند. با این حال، مفروضات معرفت‌شناختی که زیربنای آموزش روزمره در مدارس ابتدایی هستند، به ندرت به طور صریح بیان می‌شوند. این مقاله با تحلیل دو تصویر رقیب از کودک—گیرنده منفعل (لوح سفید) و سازنده فعال دانش—به بررسی ماهیت دانش کودکان در عمل آموزش ابتدایی می‌پردازد. با بهره‌گیری از تحلیل مفهومی-فلسفی آثار کلاسیک و معاصر در حوزه معرفت‌شناسی، روان‌شناسی رشد و نظریه آموزش، این پژوهش نشان می‌دهد که (الف) تصویر لوح سفید از طریق گفت‌وگوی آغاز-پاسخ-ارزیابی، اتکاء به حفظ طوطی‌وار و تلقی خطا به عنوان شکست، همچنان در عمل باقی مانده است؛ (ب) سنت‌های ساخت‌گرایانه کودک را به عنوان سازنده دانش معرفی می‌کنند، اما اغلب به اشتباه به عنوان فقدان راهنمایی تفسیر می‌شوند؛ و (ج) این دو قطب بیش از آنکه دوگانگی باشند، باید به عنوان یک پیوستار درک شوند. این مقاله چارچوبی معرفت‌شناختی برای یادگیری ساده بر اساس پنج اصل پیشنهاد می‌کند: دانش پیشین به عنوان نقطه آغاز، سادگی به عنوان صداقت فکری، خطا به عنوان داده معرفتی، توجیه از طریق گفت‌وگو و راهنمایی تدریجی. این چارچوب با هدف کمک به معلمان، مربیان معلم و طراحان برنامه درسی برای بررسی مفروضات معرفت‌شناختی زیربنای عمل آن‌ها ارائه می‌شود.

Do children reason about the unequal means to success when making future learning decisions? Here we show that children preferred to learn from a striver than from an endowed informant. In Study 1 (N = 100, Mage = 7.58, 45 girls), children compared between a striver and an endowed informant who achieved the same outcome when making future learning decisions. In Study 2 (N = 120, Mage = 7.30, 65 girls), they compared between informants who achieved different outcomes when making future learning and interpersonal decisions. With increasing age, children attributed more competence and preferred to learn from the striver over the endowed informant (Study 1). Children’s preference to learn from the striver was replicated in Study 2 even when the informants’ outcomes differed in success, with this pattern extending to their preference from whom to seek future information and their interpersonal choices. Moreover, children referenced both epistemic cues (e.g., “she knows more”) and effort (e.g., “because she worked hard”) to explain their choices. Taken together, children assign epistemic value to effort, and view effort as an indicator of future informant reliability. Broadly, our findings demonstrate that children’s learning and interpersonal preferences are not solely based on successful outcomes, but also the process through which that success is attained. Across two studies, 5- to 9-year-old children selected between a striver and an endowed informant when making epistemic and social decisions. This study found that children preferred the striver as a source of information and social partner even when both individuals differed in their outcomes of success.

آیا کودکان هنگام اتخاذ تصمیمات یادگیری آینده، درباره وسایل نابرابر دستیابی به موفقیت استدلال می‌کنند؟ در این پژوهش نشان داده‌ایم که کودکان ترجیح می‌دهند از یک فرد اطلاع‌دهنده تلاشگر بیاموزند تا از یک فرد برخوردار. در مطالعه ۱ (N = 100، میانگین سن = 7.58، ۴۵ دختر)، کودکان بین یک فرد تلاشگر و یک فرد برخوردار که به نتیجه یکسانی دست یافته بودند، هنگام اتخاذ تصمیمات یادگیری آینده مقایسه کردند. در مطالعه ۲ (N = 120، میانگین سن = 7.30، ۶۵ دختر)، آن‌ها بین اطلاع‌دهندگانی که به نتایج متفاوتی دست یافته بودند، هنگام اتخاذ تصمیمات یادگیری و بین‌فردی آینده مقایسه کردند. با افزایش سن، کودکان شایستگی بیشتری به فرد تلاشگر نسبت دادند و ترجیح دادند از او بیاموزند تا از فرد برخوردار (مطالعه ۱). ترجیح کودکان برای یادگیری از فرد تلاشگر در مطالعه ۲ نیز تکرار شد، حتی زمانی که نتایج اطلاع‌دهندگان در موفقیت متفاوت بود و این الگو به ترجیح آن‌ها برای جستجوی اطلاعات آینده و انتخاب‌های بین‌فردی‌شان نیز گسترش یافت. افزون بر این، کودکان هم به نشانه‌های معرفتی (مانند «او بیشتر می‌داند») و هم به تلاش (مانند «چون او سخت کار کرد») برای توضیح انتخاب‌های خود اشاره کردند. در مجموع، کودکان برای تلاش ارزش معرفتی قائل هستند و تلاش را به‌عنوان شاخصی برای پایایی اطلاع‌دهنده در آینده می‌دانند. به طور کلی، یافته‌های ما نشان می‌دهد که ترجیحات یادگیری و بین‌فردی کودکان صرفاً بر اساس نتایج موفقیت‌آمیز نیست، بلکه به فرایندی که موفقیت از طریق آن حاصل می‌شود نیز بستگی دارد. در دو مطالعه، کودکان ۵ تا ۹ ساله هنگام اتخاذ تصمیمات معرفتی و اجتماعی بین یک فرد تلاشگر و یک فرد برخوردار انتخاب کردند. این پژوهش نشان داد که کودکان حتی زمانی که این دو فرد در نتایج موفقیت خود متفاوت بودند، فرد تلاشگر را به‌عنوان منبع اطلاعات و شریک اجتماعی ترجیح دادند.

This study aims to describe the use of the jump rope game to foster patience and cooperation among children aged 5–6 years at a kindergarten in Pontianak. The participants consisted of 12 students from Class B4 and their class teacher. The study employed a descriptive approach using qualitative methods, with the researcher acting as the primary instrument. Data collection methods included observation, interviews, and documentation, while data analysis involved data reduction, data presentation, and conclusion drawing. The results indicate that the use of the jump rope game can enhance patience and cooperation among children in an early childhood education setting. To ensure effective instruction, teachers need to attend to and prepare specific steps: 1) planning, which includes developing teaching modules and Daily Lesson Plans (RPPH); 2) implementation, carried out based on the prepared modules and lesson plans; and 3) assessment of student learning outcomes using instruments such as observation sheets and anecdotal records.

هدف این پژوهش توصیف کاربرد بازی طناب‌پرشی به منظور پرورش صبر و همکاری در کودکان ۵ تا ۶ ساله در یک مهدکودک در پونتیاناک است. شرکت‌کنندگان شامل ۱۲ دانش‌آموز کلاس B4 و معلم کلاس آن‌ها بودند. این پژوهش با رویکرد توصیفی و روش کیفی انجام شد و پژوهشگر به عنوان ابزار اصلی پژوهش ایفای نقش کرد. روش‌های گردآوری داده شامل مشاهده، مصاحبه و مستندسازی بود و تحلیل داده‌ها از طریق کاهش داده، ارائه داده و نتیجه‌گیری صورت گرفت. نتایج نشان می‌دهد که استفاده از بازی طناب‌پرشی می‌تواند صبر و همکاری را در کودکان در محیط آموزش پیش‌دبستانی افزایش دهد. برای آموزش مؤثر، معلمان باید به مراحل خاصی توجه و آن‌ها را آماده کنند: ۱) برنامه‌ریزی که شامل تدوین ماژول‌های آموزشی و طرح درس روزانه (RPPH) است؛ ۲) اجرا که بر اساس ماژول‌ها و طرح درس‌های تهیه‌شده انجام می‌شود؛ و ۳) ارزیابی نتایج یادگیری دانش‌آموزان با استفاده از ابزارهایی مانند برگه‌های مشاهده و گزارش‌های حکایتی.

The transition from the 2013 Curriculum to the Independent Curriculum is a step taken by the government to create a learning process that is more child-focused, more flexible, and tailored to the needs and developmental levels of students. At the Kindergarten (TK) level, this change is expected to increase children's curiosity and enthusiasm for learning through meaningful play activities, project-based learning, and good character building. This study aims to analyze the impact of the transition from the 2013 Curriculum to the Independent Curriculum on children's learning interests at Mujahidin Kindergarten. This study applied a qualitative approach with data collection through interviews, observation, and documentation. The data obtained were analyzed using the stages of data collection, data reduction, data presentation, and drawing conclusions. The results showed that the implementation of the Independent Curriculum at Mujahidin Kindergarten provided teachers with the flexibility to design more diverse and student-centered learning, thereby encouraging increased child involvement in learning activities. The implementation of this curriculum also had a positive impact on children's learning interests, as demonstrated by increased activeness, enthusiasm, courage to ask questions, participation in play activities, the ability to collaborate with friends, and a higher curiosity compared to when still using the 2013 Curriculum. Therefore, the transition from the 2013 Curriculum to the Independent Curriculum at Mujahidin Kindergarten has a positive contribution in increasing children's learning interests while creating a more active, enjoyable learning process that is in line with the characteristics of early childhood development.

گذار از برنامهٔ درسی ۲۰۱۳ به برنامهٔ درسی مستقل، گامی است که توسط دولت به منظور ایجاد فرایند یادگیری کودک‌محورتر، منعطف‌تر و متناسب با نیازها و سطوح رشدی دانش‌آموزان برداشته شده‌است. در سطح مهدکودک (TK)، انتظار می‌رود این تغییر باعث افزایش کنجکاوی و اشتیاق کودکان به یادگیری از طریق فعالیت‌های بازی معنادار، یادگیری مبتنی بر پروژه و تقویت شخصیت مطلوب شود. هدف این پژوهش، تحلیل تأثیر گذار از برنامهٔ درسی ۲۰۱۳ به برنامهٔ درسی مستقل بر علاقه‌مندی به یادگیری کودکان در مهدکودک Mujahidin است. این پژوهش با رویکرد کیفی و با جمع‌آوری داده‌ها از طریق مصاحبه، مشاهده و مستندسازی انجام شده‌است. داده‌های به‌دست‌آمده با استفاده از مراحل جمع‌آوری داده، کاهش داده، ارائه داده و نتیجه‌گیری تحلیل شدند. نتایج نشان داد که اجرای برنامهٔ درسی مستقل در مهدکودک Mujahidin به معلمان این امکان را داده‌است تا یادگیری متنوع‌تر و دانش‌آموزمحورتر را طراحی کنند و در نتیجه موجب افزایش مشارکت کودکان در فعالیت‌های یادگیری شده‌است. اجرای این برنامهٔ درسی همچنین تأثیر مثبتی بر علاقه‌مندی به یادگیری کودکان داشته‌است، به‌گونه‌ای که افزایش فعالیت، اشتیاق، جرأت در پرسشگری، مشارکت در فعالیت‌های بازی، توانایی همکاری با دوستان و کنجکاوی بیشتر نسبت به زمان استفاده از برنامهٔ درسی ۲۰۱۳ مشاهده شد. بنابراین، گذار از برنامهٔ درسی ۲۰۱۳ به برنامهٔ درسی مستقل در مهدکودک Mujahidin نقش مثبتی در افزایش علاقه‌مندی به یادگیری کودکان داشته و فرایند یادگیری فعال‌تر و لذت‌بخش‌تری را متناسب با ویژگی‌های رشد اوایل کودکی فراهم می‌کند.

Children with special needs (ABK) require proper identification and handling from an early age, so that inclusion elementary school teachers have an important role in recognizing the characteristics and needs of students. However, the limited understanding of teachers about the ABK screening process can be an obstacle in providing appropriate educational services. This study aims to determine the change in the understanding of inclusion elementary school teachers regarding ABK screening after being given psychoeducation using the ABK screening pocket book. The research uses a quasi-experiment method with a one-group pretest-posttest design. The research was carried out at SD Negeri 03 Simpang Rumbio, Solok City, by involving classroom teachers and special education teachers as research participants. Data collection was carried out using teacher understanding instruments provided before and after the implementation of psychoeducation. Intervention was carried out through the provision of psychoeducation regarding ABK screening supported by the use of pocket books as a practical learning medium for teachers. The pocket book first went through content validation by three educational psychologists to ensure the suitability of the material and its suitability. Data analysis was carried out by comparing teachers' comprehension scores before and after the intervention using statistical tests adjusted to the results of the data normality test. The results showed that there was a change in teachers' understanding after obtaining psychoeducation using the ABK screening pocket book. The pocket book also received positive ratings from users in terms of ease of understanding, ease of use, and benefits in supporting teachers to screen and determine the initial handling for ABK. Thus, the ABK screening pocket book can be used as a practical psychoeducational medium to support the improvement of understanding of inclusive elementary school teachers in identifying the initial needs of students.

کودکان با نیازهای ویژه (ABK) نیازمند شناسایی و رسیدگی مناسب از سنین پایین هستند؛ بنابراین، معلمان مدارس ابتدایی فراگیر نقش مهمی در شناخت ویژگی‌ها و نیازهای دانش‌آموزان دارند. با این حال، درک محدود معلمان از فرایند غربالگری ABK می‌تواند مانعی در ارائهٔ خدمات آموزشی مناسب باشد. هدف این پژوهش، تعیین تغییر درک معلمان مدارس ابتدایی فراگیر نسبت به غربالگری ABK پس از ارائهٔ روان‌آموزی با استفاده از کتابچهٔ جیبی غربالگری ABK است. این پژوهش با روش شبه‌آزمایشی و طرح پیش‌آزمون-پس‌آزمون تک‌گروهی انجام شد. پژوهش در دبستان دولتی ۰۳ سیمپانگ رومبیو، شهر سولوک، با مشارکت معلمان کلاس و معلمان آموزش ویژه به‌عنوان شرکت‌کنندگان پژوهش انجام شد. گردآوری داده‌ها با استفاده از ابزار سنجش درک معلمان پیش و پس از اجرای روان‌آموزی صورت گرفت. مداخله از طریق ارائهٔ روان‌آموزی دربارهٔ غربالگری ABK و با پشتیبانی از کتابچهٔ جیبی به‌عنوان رسانهٔ یادگیری عملی برای معلمان انجام شد. کتابچهٔ جیبی پیش از استفاده، توسط سه روان‌شناس آموزشی از نظر محتوایی اعتبارسنجی شد تا تناسب مطالب و شایستگی آن تأیید گردد. تحلیل داده‌ها با مقایسهٔ نمرات درک معلمان پیش و پس از مداخله و با استفاده از آزمون‌های آماری متناسب با نتایج آزمون نرمالیتی داده‌ها انجام شد. نتایج نشان داد که پس از دریافت روان‌آموزی با استفاده از کتابچهٔ جیبی غربالگری ABK، تغییر معناداری در درک معلمان مشاهده شد. همچنین، کتابچهٔ جیبی از نظر سهولت فهم، سهولت استفاده و سودمندی در حمایت از معلمان برای غربالگری و تعیین اقدامات اولیه برای ABK، ارزیابی مثبتی از سوی کاربران دریافت کرد. بنابراین، کتابچهٔ جیبی غربالگری ABK می‌تواند به‌عنوان رسانه‌ای عملی برای روان‌آموزی و حمایت از ارتقای درک معلمان مدارس ابتدایی فراگیر در شناسایی نیازهای اولیهٔ دانش‌آموزان مورد استفاده قرار گیرد.

Di Zi Gui , a Qing-era moral primer, is discussed in contemporary Chinese family education, school moral education, and classical-recitation initiatives. Existing accounts document heterogeneous uses but do not establish their current prevalence or effects on children’s autonomy. This Hypothesis and Theory article develops a conditional model through close reading of 34 purposively selected precept groups from one modern working edition and comparison with psychological research from other contexts. Textual evidence, theoretical inference, and predictions requiring empirical testing are distinguished throughout. Adultcentrism identifies a possible asymmetry in interpretive authority; self-determination theory supplies the core distinction between controlled compliance and endorsed commitment. The proposed developmental focus is middle childhood, approximately 8–12 years, without assuming that findings from other age groups transfer directly. Three candidate pathways concern the permitted form of action, the motivational basis of conformity, and the legitimacy and expression of affect: behavioral standardization, compliance reinforcement, and emotional suppression through moral absolutization. Their operation is hypothesized to depend on enactment and children’s acceptance, negotiation, reinterpretation, selective appropriation, strategic compliance, or resistance. Autonomy is treated as a culturally situated, relational capacity, not as independence from family obligations. Five propositions specify an exposure-only baseline comparison, distinct mediators and moderators, and autonomy-related outcomes. Philosophy for Children is considered a possible moderator only when children’s contributions can consequentially alter interpretation or practice. The article offers an auditable interpretive framework, not evidence of established mechanisms: it contains no original participant data, direct observations of current teaching, or estimates of prevalence or effect size. Its contribution is a differentiated research agenda for testing how the same text may be enacted and understood differently.

کتاب دی‌زی‌گوی، یکی از متون اخلاقی دوران چینگ، در آموزش خانواده، آموزش اخلاقی مدارس و برنامه‌های قرائت متون کلاسیک در چین معاصر مورد بحث قرار می‌گیرد. گزارش‌های موجود به کاربردهای ناهمگون این متن اشاره دارند، اما شیوع کنونی یا تأثیرات آن بر خودمختاری کودکان را مشخص نمی‌کنند. این مقاله‌ی فرضیه و نظریه، با خوانش دقیق ۳۴ گروه گزینشی از آموزه‌ها در یکی از ویرایش‌های کاربردی معاصر و مقایسه با پژوهش‌های روان‌شناختی در زمینه‌های دیگر، یک مدل شرطی ارائه می‌دهد. در سراسر مقاله، شواهد متنی، استنتاج نظری و پیش‌بینی‌هایی که نیازمند آزمون تجربی هستند، از یکدیگر متمایز شده‌اند. بزرگسال‌محوری به عنوان یک نامتقارنی احتمالی در مرجعیت تفسیری شناسایی می‌شود؛ نظریه‌ی خودتعیین‌گری تمایز اصلی میان تبعیت کنترل‌شده و تعهد پذیرفته‌شده را فراهم می‌کند. تمرکز رشدی پیشنهادی، میانه‌ی کودکی، تقریباً ۸ تا ۱۲ سالگی است، بدون آن‌که فرض شود یافته‌های گروه‌های سنی دیگر به طور مستقیم قابل تعمیم باشند. سه مسیر پیشنهادی به شکل مجاز کنش، مبنای انگیزشی همرنگی و مشروعیت و ابراز هیجان مربوط می‌شوند: استانداردسازی رفتاری، تقویت تبعیت و سرکوب هیجانی از طریق مطلق‌انگاری اخلاقی. فرض بر این است که عملکرد این مسیرها به اجرا و پذیرش، مذاکره، بازتفسیر، بهره‌برداری گزینشی، تبعیت راهبردی یا مقاومت کودکان بستگی دارد. خودمختاری به عنوان ظرفیتی فرهنگی-ارتباطی در نظر گرفته می‌شود، نه استقلال از تعهدات خانوادگی. پنج گزاره، مقایسه‌ی پایه صرفاً مبتنی بر مواجهه، میانجی‌ها و تعدیل‌گرهای متمایز و پیامدهای مرتبط با خودمختاری را مشخص می‌کنند. فلسفه برای کودکان تنها زمانی به عنوان تعدیل‌گر در نظر گرفته می‌شود که مشارکت کودکان بتواند به طور معناداری تفسیر یا عمل را تغییر دهد. این مقاله چارچوب تفسیری قابل ممیزی ارائه می‌دهد، نه شواهدی از سازوکارهای اثبات‌شده: داده‌ی اصیل شرکت‌کننده، مشاهدات مستقیم از آموزش کنونی یا برآوردی از شیوع یا اندازه‌ی اثر در آن وجود ندارد. سهم این مقاله، دستور کار پژوهشی تفکیک‌شده‌ای برای آزمون این است که چگونه ممکن است یک متن واحد به شیوه‌های متفاوت اجرا و فهم شود.

Background Physical self-concept is a key indicator of physical and psychological development in children and adolescents and has been linked to participation in physical activity and overall wellbeing. Nevertheless, intervention studies examining whether structured physical activity enhances physical self-concept have yielded inconsistent findings. This review was undertaken to quantify the effectiveness of physical activity interventions and to examine factors that may influence their effects. Methods Relevant studies were identified through systematic searches of PubMed, Web of Science, Embase, the Cochrane Library, and SPORTDiscus (via EBSCOhost) from database inception to June 10, 2026. Eligible intervention studies were quantitatively synthesized using standardized mean differences (Hedges' g) under a random-effects model. Prespecified subgroup analyses, meta-regression, leave-one-out sensitivity analyses, and publication bias assessments were also performed. Results Ten studies involving 3,662 participants contributed to the quantitative synthesis. Overall, structured physical activity interventions were associated with greater improvements in physical self-concept than control conditions (Hedges' g = 0.51, 95% CI 0.17–0.85; p = 0.008), although substantial between-study heterogeneity was observed (I 2 = 86.5%). No statistically significant differences in intervention effects were detected across geographical regions, participant types, or developmental stages. Neither intervention duration nor the proportion of female participants significantly explained between-study variability. Conclusion Structured physical activity interventions are associated with improvements in physical self-concept among children and adolescents. These findings suggest that structured physical activity may be a useful strategy for promoting positive physical self-concept during childhood and adolescence.

زمینه: خودپنداره بدنی یکی از شاخص‌های کلیدی رشد جسمانی و روان‌شناختی در کودکان و نوجوانان است و با مشارکت در فعالیت بدنی و سلامت کلی ارتباط دارد. با این حال، مطالعات مداخله‌ای که بررسی کرده‌اند آیا فعالیت بدنی ساختاریافته خودپنداره بدنی را ارتقاء می‌دهد یا خیر، یافته‌های ناسازگاری ارائه داده‌اند. این مرور با هدف کمی‌سازی اثربخشی مداخلات فعالیت بدنی و بررسی عواملی که ممکن است بر اثرات آن‌ها تأثیرگذار باشند، انجام شد. روش‌ها: مطالعات مرتبط از طریق جستجوی نظام‌مند در پایگاه‌های PubMed، Web of Science، Embase، Cochrane Library و SPORTDiscus (از طریق EBSCOhost) از ابتدای پایگاه‌ها تا ۱۰ ژوئن ۲۰۲۶ شناسایی شدند. مطالعات مداخله‌ای واجد شرایط با استفاده از تفاوت میانگین استانداردشده (g هجز) تحت مدل اثرات تصادفی به صورت کمی ترکیب شدند. همچنین تحلیل‌های زیرگروهی از پیش تعیین‌شده، فراتحلیل رگرسیون، تحلیل حساسیت leave-one-out و ارزیابی سوگیری انتشار انجام شد. یافته‌ها: ده مطالعه با مشارکت ۳۶۶۲ نفر در سنتز کمی مشارکت داشتند. به طور کلی، مداخلات فعالیت بدنی ساختاریافته با بهبود بیشتر خودپنداره بدنی نسبت به شرایط کنترل همراه بودند (g هجز = ۰٫۵۱، ۹۵٪ CI: ۰٫۱۷ تا ۰٫۸۵؛ p = ۰٫۰۰۸)، اگرچه ناهمگنی قابل توجهی بین مطالعات مشاهده شد (I² = ۸۶٫۵٪). تفاوت معناداری از نظر آماری در اثرات مداخله در مناطق جغرافیایی، نوع شرکت‌کنندگان یا مراحل رشدی مشاهده نشد. نه مدت مداخله و نه نسبت شرکت‌کنندگان زن به طور معناداری واریانس بین مطالعات را تبیین نکردند. نتیجه‌گیری: مداخلات فعالیت بدنی ساختاریافته با بهبود خودپنداره بدنی در کودکان و نوجوانان همراه است. این یافته‌ها نشان می‌دهند که فعالیت بدنی ساختاریافته ممکن است راهبردی مفید برای ارتقاء خودپنداره بدنی مثبت در دوران کودکی و نوجوانی باشد.

Objective The psychological impact of war on families is profound. However, the mechanisms linking war-related stressors to anxiety among mothers and their children remain insufficiently understood, particularly in Middle Eastern contexts. Grounded in an extended transactional model of stress and coping, this study examined the direct and indirect relationships between war-related stressors, cognitive appraisal, coping strategies, and anxiety among Iranian mothers and their children following a recent military conflict. The study also investigated the mediating roles of appraisal and coping processes and the moderating roles of religiosity and social support. Method A cross-sectional design was employed approximately three months after a major military escalation. A stratified proportional sample of 343 Iranian mothers (aged 24 years and older) with at least one child aged 5–10 years living in conflict-affected areas completed validated self-report measures. Data were analyzed using partial least squares structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM). Results The extends model explained substantial variance in maternal anxiety ( R ² = .80) and child anxiety ( R ² = .72). War-related stressors were significantly and positively associated with both maternal anxiety and child anxiety. In addition, maternal anxiety was significantly associated with child anxiety. Challenge appraisal, problem-focused coping, and cognitive restructuring mediated the relationship between war-related stressors and maternal anxiety. Emotion-focused coping positively mediated the relationship between war-related stressors and child anxiety. Religiosity and social support were found to buffer the association between war-related stressors and maternal anxiety, such that higher levels of religiosity and social support weakened the positive relationship between war-related stressors and anxiety among mothers. Conclusions This study extends the transactional model of stress and coping by supporting an integrated framework within a conflict-affected Middle Eastern population. The findings indicate distinct pathways linking war-related stressors to maternal and child anxiety and highlight the importance of interventions that address cognitive appraisal, strengthen adaptive coping strategies, and mobilize spiritual and social resources in conflict-affected families.

هدف: تأثیر روان‌شناختی جنگ بر خانواده‌ها عمیق است. با این حال، سازوکارهای پیونددهنده عوامل استرس‌زای مرتبط با جنگ و اضطراب در میان مادران و فرزندان آن‌ها، به ویژه در زمینه‌های خاورمیانه‌ای، به اندازه کافی شناخته نشده‌اند. این مطالعه که مبتنی بر مدل تعاملی توسعه‌یافته استرس و مقابله است، روابط مستقیم و غیرمستقیم بین عوامل استرس‌زای مرتبط با جنگ، ارزیابی شناختی، راهبردهای مقابله‌ای و اضطراب را در میان مادران ایرانی و فرزندان آن‌ها پس از یک درگیری نظامی اخیر بررسی کرد. همچنین نقش‌های میانجی ارزیابی و فرایندهای مقابله‌ای و نقش‌های تعدیل‌گر مذهبی بودن و حمایت اجتماعی مورد بررسی قرار گرفت. روش: یک طرح مقطعی تقریباً سه ماه پس از تشدید عمده نظامی به کار گرفته شد. نمونه‌گیری طبقه‌بندی‌شده تناسبی از ۳۴۳ مادر ایرانی (۲۴ سال و بالاتر) با حداقل یک فرزند ۵ تا ۱۰ ساله ساکن مناطق درگیر، که پرسشنامه‌های خودگزارش‌دهی معتبر را تکمیل کردند، انجام شد. داده‌ها با استفاده از مدل‌سازی معادلات ساختاری حداقل مربعات جزئی (PLS-SEM) تحلیل شدند. نتایج: مدل توسعه‌یافته واریانس قابل توجهی از اضطراب مادران (R² = .80) و اضطراب کودکان (R² = .72) را تبیین کرد. عوامل استرس‌زای مرتبط با جنگ به طور معنادار و مثبت با اضطراب مادران و اضطراب کودکان مرتبط بودند. همچنین، اضطراب مادران به طور معنادار با اضطراب کودکان مرتبط بود. ارزیابی چالشی، مقابله متمرکز بر مسئله و بازسازی شناختی، رابطه بین عوامل استرس‌زای مرتبط با جنگ و اضطراب مادران را میانجی‌گری کردند. مقابله متمرکز بر هیجان به طور مثبت رابطه بین عوامل استرس‌زای مرتبط با جنگ و اضطراب کودکان را میانجی‌گری کرد. مذهبی بودن و حمایت اجتماعی نقش تعدیل‌گر در ارتباط بین عوامل استرس‌زای مرتبط با جنگ و اضطراب مادران داشتند، به طوری که سطوح بالاتر مذهبی بودن و حمایت اجتماعی، رابطه مثبت بین عوامل استرس‌زای مرتبط با جنگ و اضطراب در میان مادران را تضعیف کرد. نتیجه‌گیری: این مطالعه مدل تعاملی استرس و مقابله را با حمایت از یک چارچوب یکپارچه در جمعیت خاورمیانه‌ای درگیر در منازعه گسترش می‌دهد. یافته‌ها مسیرهای متمایزی را که عوامل استرس‌زای مرتبط با جنگ را به اضطراب مادران و کودکان پیوند می‌دهد، نشان می‌دهد و اهمیت مداخلاتی را که به ارزیابی شناختی، تقویت راهبردهای مقابله‌ای سازگار و بسیج منابع معنوی و اجتماعی در خانواده‌های درگیر در منازعه می‌پردازد، برجسته می‌کند.

Background Chronic physical health conditions (CPHCs) increase the risk of mental health problems. The present meta-analysis integrates research of studies that compared DSM-oriented scores from the Achenbach System of Empirically Based Assessment (ASEBA) in young people with CPHCs and a control condition. Methods A systematic search in electronic databases (PsycInfo, Medline, Google Scholar, and PSYNDEX) identified 115 studies involving 12,958 children and adolescents with CPHCs and 24,638 control group members which were included in a hierarchical meta-analysis. Results Elevated scores were found on all DSM-oriented scales, with the highest effect sizes observed for Somatic Problems ( g = 0.66 standard deviation units, confidence interval [CI] 0.56 to 0.75) and Affective Problems ( g = 0.61, CI 0.53 to 0.69). Between 8.6% (Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Problems) and 14.3% (Affective Problems) of the young people with CPHCs scored in the clinical range. Effect sizes were larger if parent ratings rather than adolescent or teacher ratings were used, in the case of direct neurological involvement and of shorter duration of the CPHCs, in older samples, and when test norms rather than healthy comparison groups were used. Conclusion We conclude that the ASEBA is a recommended screening tool for children with CPHCs but more direct comparisons of results from the DSM-based scales and the empirically derived ASEBA scales are needed to inform the choice of the scales. Systematic review registration https://osf.io/nfvdj .

زمینه: بیماری‌های مزمن جسمی (CPHCs) خطر ابتلا به مشکلات سلامت روان را افزایش می‌دهند. فراتحلیل حاضر پژوهش‌هایی را که نمرات مبتنی بر DSM از نظام ارزیابی مبتنی بر شواهد آشنباخ (ASEBA) را در کودکان و نوجوانان دارای CPHCs با یک گروه کنترل مقایسه کرده‌اند، ادغام می‌کند. روش‌ها: جستجوی نظام‌مند در پایگاه‌های داده الکترونیکی (PsycInfo، Medline، Google Scholar و PSYNDEX) تعداد ۱۱۵ مطالعه شامل ۱۲٬۹۵۸ کودک و نوجوان دارای CPHCs و ۲۴٬۶۳۸ عضو گروه کنترل را شناسایی کرد که در یک فراتحلیل سلسله‌مراتبی وارد شدند. یافته‌ها: نمرات بالاتری در تمام مقیاس‌های مبتنی بر DSM مشاهده شد، به‌طوری که بیشترین اندازه اثر برای مشکلات جسمانی (g = 0.66 واحد انحراف معیار، فاصله اطمینان [CI] 0.56 تا 0.75) و مشکلات عاطفی (g = 0.61، CI 0.53 تا 0.69) به دست آمد. بین ۸.۶٪ (مشکلات نقص توجه/بیش‌فعالی) تا ۱۴.۳٪ (مشکلات عاطفی) از کودکان و نوجوانان دارای CPHCs در دامنه بالینی قرار گرفتند. اندازه اثرها زمانی که ارزیابی والدین به جای ارزیابی نوجوان یا معلم استفاده شد، در موارد درگیری مستقیم عصبی و مدت زمان کوتاه‌تر CPHCs، در نمونه‌های مسن‌تر و زمانی که هنجارهای آزمون به جای گروه‌های مقایسه سالم استفاده شد، بزرگ‌تر بود. نتیجه‌گیری: نتیجه می‌گیریم که ASEBA ابزار غربالگری توصیه‌شده‌ای برای کودکان دارای CPHCs است، اما مقایسه‌های مستقیم بیشتری میان نتایج مقیاس‌های مبتنی بر DSM و مقیاس‌های مبتنی بر شواهد ASEBA برای اطلاع‌رسانی در انتخاب مقیاس‌ها مورد نیاز است. ثبت مرور نظام‌مند: https://osf.io/nfvdj .

Nature exploration fosters children’s cognitive development and environmental awareness; however, kindergarten curricula are often constrained by limited resources and repetitive interaction, leaving children’s observations only weakly integrated into structured understanding and expression. We present Botune, an AI-supported creative-expression tool for kindergarten planting activities that integrates plant observation, drawing, spoken narration, and animation-based sharing. We conducted an exploratory, fixed-order within-participant study in kindergarten planting classes with 27 children and three educators; 24 complete cases were analysed after excluding data from three children who did not complete the drawing task. The traditional activity preceded the Botune-supported activity by seven days. The proportion of activity time spent observing and teacher-rated involvement scores during sharing were higher in the later session. The later narrations contained significantly more actions and character interactions; character counts were descriptively higher but did not remain statistically significant after Holm correction, and state- or emotion-related expressions did not differ significantly. These semantic counts index narrative elaboration rather than overall narrative quality or general narrative ability. These differences cannot be attributed to Botune alone. Scientific knowledge and conceptual understanding were not directly assessed by these measures. The study offers exploratory observations and design considerations for AI-supported narrative expression in kindergarten nature learning.

کاوش در طبیعت به رشد شناختی و آگاهی زیست‌محیطی کودکان کمک می‌کند؛ با این حال، برنامه‌های درسی مهدکودک‌ها اغلب به دلیل منابع محدود و تعاملات تکراری، با محدودیت مواجه‌اند و مشاهدات کودکان به‌طور ضعیفی درک و بیان ساختاریافته را شکل می‌دهد. در این پژوهش، Botune، یک ابزار خلاقیت‌محور مبتنی بر هوش مصنوعی برای فعالیت‌های کاشت در مهدکودک معرفی می‌شود که مشاهده‌ی گیاه، نقاشی، روایت شفاهی و به‌اشتراک‌گذاری مبتنی بر پویانمایی را یکپارچه می‌کند. یک مطالعه‌ی اکتشافی با طرح درون‌گروهی با ترتیب ثابت در کلاس‌های کاشت مهدکودک با حضور ۲۷ کودک و سه مربی انجام شد؛ پس از حذف داده‌های سه کودک که وظیفه‌ی نقاشی را کامل نکردند، ۲۴ مورد کامل مورد تحلیل قرار گرفت. فعالیت سنتی هفت روز پیش از فعالیت پشتیبانی‌شده با Botune انجام شد. نسبت زمان صرف‌شده برای مشاهده و امتیازهای مشارکت از دید مربی در زمان به‌اشتراک‌گذاری در جلسه‌ی دوم بالاتر بود. روایت‌های جلسه‌ی دوم به‌طور معناداری شامل کنش‌ها و تعاملات شخصیتی بیشتری بودند؛ شمار شخصیت‌ها به‌صورت توصیفی بالاتر بود اما پس از اصلاح Holm از لحاظ آماری معنادار باقی نماند و بیان‌های مرتبط با وضعیت یا هیجان تفاوت معناداری نداشتند. این شمارش‌های معنایی شاخص بسط روایت هستند و نه کیفیت کلی روایت یا توانایی عمومی روایت‌گری. این تفاوت‌ها را نمی‌توان صرفاً به Botune نسبت داد. دانش علمی و درک مفهومی به‌طور مستقیم با این سنجه‌ها ارزیابی نشد. این مطالعه مشاهدات اکتشافی و ملاحظات طراحی برای بیان روایی پشتیبانی‌شده با هوش مصنوعی در یادگیری طبیعت در مهدکودک ارائه می‌دهد.

Introduction The capacity for cumulative culture depends on the interplay between social learning and innovation, yet the social-ecological factors that shape individual variation in these processes remain poorly understood. Children’s position within peer networks has been theorised to influence learning strategies by shaping exposure to social models and normative conformity pressures, but this prediction remains untested in experimental contexts. Methods We tested whether children’s sociometric position predicted social learning and innovation across three complementary experimental tasks. 256 children aged 7–11 completed sociometric friendship nominations within their school classrooms and three tasks: the Multi-Method Box, a puzzlebox measuring learning strategy choice and innovation-by-modification; a tool innovation task, the hook task; and the Alternate Uses divergent thinking task. We derived three peer-nomination indices — out-degree, reciprocated friendships, and in-degree — and tested their associations with task performance using multilevel models controlling for age and classroom clustering. Results Across all tasks and outcome measures, none of the sociometric indices predicted children’s learning strategy choice, imitation fidelity, innovation-by-modification, tool innovation success, solution method, or divergent thinking performance. In contrast, age consistently predicted innovation-related outcomes: older children produced more reward-exit and tool-entrance innovations on the Multi-Method Box, were more likely to solve the hook task and to use a hook rather than a dragging strategy, and generated more divergent thinking responses. These age effects replicated well-established developmental findings and held independently of children’s network position. Discussion These findings suggest that individual-level dispositions and developmental cognitive gains may carry greater explanatory weight than relational embeddedness for micro-level learning decisions in middle childhood. Network structure may regulate the flow of cultural information across populations without determining the immediate learning strategy choices of individual children in individually administered experimental contexts.

مقدمه: ظرفیت فرهنگ تجمعی به تعامل بین یادگیری اجتماعی و نوآوری وابسته است، اما عوامل اجتماعی-بوم‌شناختی که تغییرپذیری فردی در این فرایندها را شکل می‌دهند، همچنان به‌خوبی درک نشده‌اند. فرض شده است که موقعیت کودکان در شبکه‌های همسالان می‌تواند راهبردهای یادگیری را از طریق شکل‌دهی به میزان مواجهه با الگوهای اجتماعی و فشارهای همنوایی هنجاری تحت تأثیر قرار دهد، اما این پیش‌بینی در زمینه‌های آزمایشی مورد آزمون قرار نگرفته است. روش‌ها: ما بررسی کردیم که آیا موقعیت سوسیومتریک کودکان می‌تواند یادگیری اجتماعی و نوآوری را در سه تکلیف آزمایشی مکمل پیش‌بینی کند یا خیر. ۲۵۶ کودک ۷ تا ۱۱ ساله در کلاس‌های درس خود نام‌گذاری دوستی سوسیومتریک را تکمیل کردند و سه تکلیف را انجام دادند: جعبه چندروشی (Multi-Method Box)، یک جعبه معما برای سنجش انتخاب راهبرد یادگیری و نوآوری از طریق اصلاح؛ تکلیف نوآوری ابزاری (hook task)؛ و تکلیف تفکر واگرا (Alternate Uses). سه شاخص نام‌گذاری همسالان — درجه خروجی (out-degree)، دوستی‌های متقابل و درجه ورودی (in-degree) — استخراج شد و ارتباط آن‌ها با عملکرد در تکالیف با استفاده از مدل‌های چندسطحی و کنترل سن و خوشه‌بندی کلاسی آزمون شد. نتایج: در تمام تکالیف و شاخص‌های پیامدی، هیچ‌یک از شاخص‌های سوسیومتریک انتخاب راهبرد یادگیری، دقت تقلید، نوآوری از طریق اصلاح، موفقیت در نوآوری ابزاری، روش حل مسئله یا عملکرد تفکر واگرا را در کودکان پیش‌بینی نکرد. در مقابل، سن به طور مداوم پیامدهای مرتبط با نوآوری را پیش‌بینی کرد: کودکان بزرگ‌تر نوآوری‌های بیشتری در خروج پاداش و ورود ابزار در جعبه چندروشی داشتند، احتمال بیشتری داشت که تکلیف قلاب را حل کنند و از راهبرد قلاب به جای کشیدن استفاده نمایند و پاسخ‌های تفکر واگرای بیشتری تولید کردند. این اثرات سنی یافته‌های رشدشناختی شناخته‌شده را تکرار کرد و مستقل از موقعیت شبکه‌ای کودکان باقی ماند. بحث: این یافته‌ها نشان می‌دهد که ویژگی‌های فردی و دستاوردهای شناختی رشدی ممکن است نسبت به جایگاه رابطه‌ای، وزن تبیینی بیشتری برای تصمیمات یادگیری در سطح خرد در دوره میانه کودکی داشته باشند. ساختار شبکه ممکن است جریان اطلاعات فرهنگی را در جمعیت‌ها تنظیم کند، بدون آنکه انتخاب‌های فوری راهبرد یادگیری کودکان را در زمینه‌های آزمایشی فردی تعیین کند.

Empathy is an important skill for social bonding, and thus can greatly affect children's daily social lives. Due to various obstructions when entering a predominantly hearing environment, deaf and hard-of-hearing (DHH) children might face restricted opportunities for developing emotional competence, which in turn may affect their empathic skills. The current study examined the extent to which the three main empathy layers that can be observed in young children (i.e., emotion contagion, attention to others' emotions, and prosocial actions) were related to emotional competence (emotion recognition, regulation and vocabulary) in DHH and hearing preschoolers attending mainstream education (kindergarten) in Portugal. A total of 181 preschoolers (32 DHH and 149 hearing) participated. Caregivers rated children's empathy, and three indices for emotional competence (emotion recognition, emotion regulation, emotion vocabulary). Additionally, hearing and language related factors were collected in the DHH group and included as control variables. One-tailed independent samples t -tests showed similar levels of empathy, emotion recognition and emotion regulation for both groups, but DHH children scored lower on emotion vocabulary than their hearing peers. Additionally, hierarchical regression analyses showed that better skills in emotional competence (all three indices) were associated with more empathic behaviors (prosocial actions) toward a person in distress in both groups. Outcomes are discussed in the context of social and emotional learning and the importance of equity in mainstream schools, addressing the special needs of DHH children or other children from marginalized groups.

همدلی یک مهارت مهم برای پیوندهای اجتماعی است و بنابراین می‌تواند تأثیر زیادی بر زندگی اجتماعی روزمره کودکان داشته باشد. به دلیل موانع مختلف هنگام ورود به محیطی عمدتاً شنوا، کودکان ناشنوا و کم‌شنوا (DHH) ممکن است با فرصت‌های محدودی برای توسعه شایستگی هیجانی مواجه شوند که این امر به نوبه خود می‌تواند بر مهارت‌های همدلی آن‌ها تأثیر بگذارد. مطالعه حاضر میزان ارتباط سه لایه اصلی همدلی که در کودکان خردسال قابل مشاهده است (یعنی سرایت هیجانی، توجه به هیجان‌های دیگران و رفتارهای طرفدارانه اجتماعی) را با شایستگی هیجانی (تشخیص هیجان، تنظیم هیجان و واژگان هیجانی) در کودکان پیش‌دبستانی ناشنوا و کم‌شنوا و شنوا که در آموزش فراگیر (مهدکودک) در پرتغال شرکت داشتند، بررسی کرد. در مجموع ۱۸۱ کودک پیش‌دبستانی (۳۲ کودک DHH و ۱۴۹ کودک شنوا) شرکت کردند. مراقبان، همدلی کودکان و سه شاخص شایستگی هیجانی (تشخیص هیجان، تنظیم هیجان، واژگان هیجانی) را ارزیابی کردند. علاوه بر این، عوامل مرتبط با شنوایی و زبان در گروه DHH جمع‌آوری و به عنوان متغیرهای کنترل لحاظ شد. آزمون t مستقل یک‌سویه نشان داد که سطوح همدلی، تشخیص هیجان و تنظیم هیجان در هر دو گروه مشابه بود، اما کودکان DHH در مقایسه با همسالان شنوا، نمرات پایین‌تری در واژگان هیجانی کسب کردند. همچنین، تحلیل‌های رگرسیون سلسله‌مراتبی نشان داد که مهارت‌های بهتر در شایستگی هیجانی (هر سه شاخص) با رفتارهای همدلانه بیشتر (اقدامات طرفدارانه اجتماعی) نسبت به فردی در شرایط دشوار در هر دو گروه مرتبط بود. نتایج در زمینه یادگیری اجتماعی و هیجانی و اهمیت عدالت در مدارس فراگیر، با توجه به نیازهای ویژه کودکان DHH یا سایر کودکان از گروه‌های به حاشیه رانده شده، مورد بحث قرار گرفته است.

This study aims to analyze learning planning based on the Merdeka Curriculum in fostering early childhood independence at RA Nurul Azmi, Batu Bara Regency. The study employed a descriptive qualitative approach with a case study design. The research subjects consisted of the head of the RA, three Group B teachers, and 20 young children. Data were collected through participatory observation, semi-structured interviews, and documentation, then analyzed using the Miles and Huberman interactive model, which includes data reduction, data display, and conclusion drawing and verification. The findings indicate that flexible, participatory, and contextual learning planning was implemented through fruit juice-making projects, role-playing activities, and daily routines. Observational results showed that 90% of the children were able to choose activities according to their interests, 85% were able to eat independently, and 75% demonstrated initiative in completing tasks. These findings indicate that learning activities that provide children with opportunities to choose, explore, and complete tasks according to their abilities are associated with observable independent behaviors. This study highlights the importance of adaptive learning planning and teacher guidance tailored to children's developmental needs. However, the findings do not establish a causal relationship between the implementation of the Merdeka Curriculum and improvements in children's independence.

هدف این پژوهش، تحلیل برنامه‌ریزی یادگیری مبتنی بر برنامه‌درسی Merdeka در پرورش استقلال کودکان پیش‌دبستانی در RA Nurul Azmi، شهرستان Batu Bara است. این پژوهش با رویکرد کیفی توصیفی و با طرح مطالعه موردی انجام شده است. شرکت‌کنندگان پژوهش شامل رئیس RA، سه معلم گروه B و ۲۰ کودک خردسال بودند. داده‌ها از طریق مشاهده مشارکتی، مصاحبه نیمه‌ساختاریافته و اسناد جمع‌آوری و با استفاده از مدل تعاملی Miles و Huberman شامل کاهش داده‌ها، نمایش داده‌ها و نتیجه‌گیری و تأیید تحلیل شدند. یافته‌ها نشان داد که برنامه‌ریزی یادگیری انعطاف‌پذیر، مشارکتی و زمینه‌محور از طریق پروژه‌های تهیه آب‌میوه، فعالیت‌های نقش‌آفرینی و روال‌های روزانه اجرا شده است. نتایج مشاهده‌ای نشان داد که ۹۰٪ از کودکان قادر به انتخاب فعالیت‌ها بر اساس علایق خود بودند، ۸۵٪ توانایی خوردن مستقل را داشتند و ۷۵٪ ابتکار عمل در انجام وظایف از خود نشان دادند. این یافته‌ها بیانگر آن است که فعالیت‌های یادگیری که فرصت انتخاب، کاوش و انجام وظایف متناسب با توانایی‌ها را برای کودکان فراهم می‌کند، با رفتارهای مستقل قابل مشاهده در ارتباط است. این مطالعه بر اهمیت برنامه‌ریزی یادگیری سازگار و راهنمایی معلمان متناسب با نیازهای رشدی کودکان تأکید می‌کند. با این حال، یافته‌ها رابطه علّی میان اجرای برنامه‌درسی Merdeka و بهبود استقلال کودکان را اثبات نمی‌کند.

Ensuring education rights for children with severe disabilities worldwide is quite complex, requiring countries to offer reasonable provisions. This study explores homebound instruction as an alternative placement and educational practice for students with severe disabilities in China. Adopting a historical perspective, this study first describes the policy of homebound instruction for children with severe disabilities and its underlying social-political context in China. Then, it presents governmental data and reviews practices of homebound instruction to help understand the policy implementation in China. The study further considers the evolution of homebound instruction in the United States and draws comparative insights with the Chinese experience. Lastly, this study identifies five key challenges of holding back greater inclusion for children with severe disabilities in China, including disability awareness, understanding the supplementary nature of homebound instruction, professional development and collaboration, financial support and the application of information technology, and parent involvement and empowerment. Accordingly, the study provides recommendations for improving the provision of homebound instruction in China and other countries facing similar circumstances.

تضمین حقوق آموزشی برای کودکان دارای ناتوانی‌های شدید در سراسر جهان امری بسیار پیچیده است و مستلزم آن است که کشورها تمهیدات معقولی را فراهم کنند. این پژوهش آموزش خانگی را به‌عنوان جایگزینی برای جای‌دهی و شیوه آموزشی برای دانش‌آموزان دارای ناتوانی‌های شدید در چین بررسی می‌کند. با اتخاذ رویکردی تاریخی، ابتدا سیاست آموزش خانگی برای کودکان دارای ناتوانی‌های شدید و زمینه اجتماعی‌ـ‌سیاسی آن در چین توصیف می‌شود. سپس داده‌های دولتی ارائه شده و شیوه‌های آموزش خانگی مرور می‌شود تا اجرای این سیاست در چین بهتر درک شود. همچنین، تحول آموزش خانگی در ایالات متحده مورد بررسی قرار گرفته و بینش‌های تطبیقی با تجربه چین ارائه می‌شود. در نهایت، این پژوهش پنج چالش کلیدی را که مانع فراگیرسازی بیشتر برای کودکان دارای ناتوانی‌های شدید در چین می‌شود، شناسایی می‌کند؛ از جمله آگاهی نسبت به ناتوانی، درک ماهیت مکمل آموزش خانگی، توسعه حرفه‌ای و همکاری، حمایت مالی و کاربرد فناوری اطلاعات، و مشارکت و توانمندسازی والدین. بر این اساس، پژوهش پیشنهادهایی برای بهبود ارائه آموزش خانگی در چین و سایر کشورهایی که با شرایط مشابه مواجه هستند، ارائه می‌دهد.

PURPOSE: Research on coping and parental well-being among Asian parents of children with autism spectrum disorders (ASD) remains limited. This study examined parenting stress, coping strategies, and psychological well-being among Chinese parents in Hong Kong raising children with ASD, compared to parents of typically developing (TD) children. METHODS: A total of 92 Chinese parents in Hong Kong participated in the survey, including 42 parents of children with ASD. Standardized measures were used to assess parenting stress, coping, and psychological well-being. RESULTS: Findings revealed that Chinese parents of children with ASD experienced significantly higher levels of parenting stress, anxiety and depression compared to parents of TD children. They reported using a broad range of coping strategies, including problem-focused, emotion-focused and dysfunctional coping. Subgroup analyses based on educational attainment and household income revealed that elevated parenting stress was consistent across all education levels. Notably, parents at both the highest and lowest ends of each category of education and income reported poorer psychological well-being. Differences in coping strategies between ASD and TD groups were generally not significant, except among parents with mid-range levels of household income and education. CONCLUSION: These findings highlight the urgent need to address parenting stress and psychological well-being among Chinese parents in Hong Kong raising children with ASD, irrespective of socioeconomic background. By situating the study within the Hong Kong cultural context, the research underscores the importance of culturally specific support interventions tailored to the diverse challenges faced by families and extends the broader literature.

هدف: پژوهش‌ها درباره مقابله و بهزیستی والدینی در میان والدین آسیایی کودکان دارای اختلال طیف اوتیسم (ASD) همچنان محدود است. این مطالعه به بررسی استرس والدگری، راهبردهای مقابله‌ای و بهزیستی روان‌شناختی در میان والدین چینی ساکن هنگ‌کنگ که کودکان دارای ASD را پرورش می‌دهند، در مقایسه با والدین کودکان با رشد طبیعی (TD) پرداخت. روش‌ها: در مجموع ۹۲ والد چینی در هنگ‌کنگ در این پیمایش شرکت کردند که شامل ۴۲ والد کودک دارای ASD بود. ابزارهای استاندارد برای سنجش استرس والدگری، مقابله و بهزیستی روان‌شناختی به کار رفت. یافته‌ها: نتایج نشان داد که والدین چینی کودکان دارای ASD به طور معناداری سطوح بالاتری از استرس والدگری، اضطراب و افسردگی را نسبت به والدین کودکان TD تجربه کردند. آن‌ها گزارش دادند که از طیف وسیعی از راهبردهای مقابله‌ای، از جمله مقابله متمرکز بر مسئله، مقابله متمرکز بر هیجان و مقابله ناکارآمد استفاده می‌کنند. تحلیل‌های زیرگروهی بر اساس میزان تحصیلات و درآمد خانوار نشان داد که استرس والدگری بالا در تمامی سطوح تحصیلی ثابت بود. به طور قابل توجهی، والدین در هر دو انتهای بالاترین و پایین‌ترین هر دسته از تحصیلات و درآمد، بهزیستی روان‌شناختی ضعیف‌تری را گزارش کردند. تفاوت‌های راهبردهای مقابله‌ای بین گروه‌های ASD و TD عموماً معنادار نبود، به جز در میان والدین با سطوح متوسط درآمد خانوار و تحصیلات. نتیجه‌گیری: این یافته‌ها بر ضرورت فوری پرداختن به استرس والدگری و بهزیستی روان‌شناختی در میان والدین چینی ساکن هنگ‌کنگ که کودکان دارای ASD را پرورش می‌دهند، صرف‌نظر از زمینه اجتماعی-اقتصادی، تأکید می‌کند. با قرار دادن مطالعه در بستر فرهنگی هنگ‌کنگ، پژوهش بر اهمیت مداخلات حمایتی خاص فرهنگی متناسب با چالش‌های متنوع خانواده‌ها تأکید می‌کند و ادبیات گسترده‌تر را گسترش می‌دهد.

Aim: The study aimed to support the social-emotional skills of five- and six-year-old children by utilizing creative dance and musical storytellingMethods: The study was designed using a pre-post quasi-experimental model involving an experimental and a control group. The participants were 58 children enrolled in kindergarten at an elementary school during the 2023–2024 academic year. Twenty-nine children were assigned to the experimental group and 29 to the control group. The Social Competence and Behavior Evaluation-30 (SCBE-30) scale was administered to all children as a pre- and post-test. As part of the study, eight creative dance and musical story activities were conducted with the experimental group twice a week over a four-week period. The Mann–Whitney U and Wilcoxon Signed-Rank tests were used to analyze the dataResults: A difference in favor of the experimental group was observed on the anxiety dimension. Although the difference was statistically significant, the effect size was found to be marginal.Conclusion: It has been determined that these activities make a limited positive contribution to supporting behaviors associated with anxiety and introversion.

هدف: این پژوهش با هدف حمایت از مهارت‌های اجتماعی-هیجانی کودکان پنج و شش ساله از طریق بهره‌گیری از رقص خلاق و روایت داستانی موسیقایی انجام شد. روش‌ها: این مطالعه با استفاده از مدل شبه‌آزمایشی پیش‌آزمون-پس‌آزمون با گروه آزمایش و کنترل طراحی گردید. شرکت‌کنندگان شامل ۵۸ کودک ثبت‌نام‌شده در دوره‌ی پیش‌دبستانی یک مدرسه ابتدایی در سال تحصیلی ۲۰۲۳–۲۰۲۴ بودند. بیست‌و‌نه کودک به گروه آزمایش و ۲۹ کودک به گروه کنترل اختصاص یافتند. مقیاس ارزیابی شایستگی اجتماعی و رفتار-۳۰ (SCBE-30) به عنوان پیش‌آزمون و پس‌آزمون برای همه‌ی کودکان اجرا شد. در چارچوب این پژوهش، هشت فعالیت رقص خلاق و داستان موسیقایی با گروه آزمایش، دو بار در هفته و به مدت چهار هفته برگزار گردید. برای تحلیل داده‌ها از آزمون‌های Mann–Whitney U و Wilcoxon Signed-Rank استفاده شد. نتایج: تفاوتی به نفع گروه آزمایش در بُعد اضطراب مشاهده شد. اگرچه این تفاوت از نظر آماری معنادار بود، اندازه‌ی اثر در حد مرزی گزارش شد. نتیجه‌گیری: مشخص شد که این فعالیت‌ها سهم مثبت محدودی در حمایت از رفتارهای مرتبط با اضطراب و درون‌گرایی دارند.

The Ministry of Education and Culture (MEC), the Finnish National Agency for Education (EDUFI), and the Finnish Education Evaluation Centre (FINEEC) have recently actively sought to identify and produce means and tools to support socio-emotional learning and well-being among children in early childhood education. According to reports conducted by the Ministry of Education and Culture and the Finnish National Agency for Education, there is a need for a more research related to research-based intervention methods in ECE. The aim of this descriptive review is to highlight Finnish peer reviewed intervention research and find out how teacher-child interaction skills are described within it. The findings indicate that Finnish intervention research is relatively recent, and that all intervention programs are targeted at entire groups of children. The intervention studies (n = 18) were evenly divided into descriptions of method implementation, the strengthening the professional competence of ECE and care personnel and the supporting the socio-emotional skills among children and ECE and care personnel. Teacher competence was enhanced through training that emphasized theoretical knowledge, its binding into practice, and shared reflection. Approximately half of the interventions were based on positive psychology. The role of guardians in interventions was limited. The descriptions of the teacher-child interaction were strongly focused on emotional support. According to the results, the core of teacher-child interaction lies in the teacher’s active role: the teacher is not merely available to the child but acts as an active agent in creating learning opportunities for each child. Supporting the child relies largely on the teacher’s own teacher-child interaction skills and their ability to appropriately use and apply materials. Therefore, strengthening teachers’ own socio-emotional competence and professional capacity is essential within interventions. Providing stronger support for children with greater needs in socio-emotional learning also requires more individualized interventions. Ultimately, children’s socio-emotional learning and competencies, as well as the learning environments that support them, are nurtured by ECE teachers and other ECE and care personnel.

وزارت آموزش و فرهنگ (MEC)، سازمان ملی آموزش فنلاند (EDUFI) و مرکز ارزیابی آموزش فنلاند (FINEEC) اخیراً به طور فعال در پی شناسایی و تولید ابزارها و روش‌هایی برای حمایت از یادگیری اجتماعی‌هیجانی و بهزیستی کودکان در آموزش و پرورش دوران کودکی بوده‌اند. بر اساس گزارش‌های تهیه‌شده توسط وزارت آموزش و فرهنگ و سازمان ملی آموزش فنلاند، نیاز به پژوهش‌های بیشتری در زمینه روش‌های مداخله مبتنی بر پژوهش در آموزش و پرورش دوران کودکی وجود دارد. هدف این مرور توصیفی، برجسته‌کردن پژوهش‌های مداخله‌ای داوری‌شده فنلاندی و بررسی نحوه توصیف مهارت‌های تعامل معلم-کودک در این پژوهش‌ها است. یافته‌ها نشان می‌دهد که پژوهش‌های مداخله‌ای فنلاندی نسبتاً جدید هستند و همه برنامه‌های مداخله‌ای بر کل گروه‌های کودکان متمرکز بوده‌اند. مطالعات مداخله‌ای (n = 18) به طور مساوی بین توصیف اجرای روش، تقویت شایستگی حرفه‌ای کارکنان آموزش و مراقبت دوران کودکی و حمایت از مهارت‌های اجتماعی‌هیجانی کودکان و کارکنان آموزش و مراقبت تقسیم شده‌اند. شایستگی معلمان از طریق آموزش‌هایی که بر دانش نظری، پیوند آن با عمل و بازتاب مشترک تأکید داشتند، تقویت شده است. تقریباً نیمی از مداخلات مبتنی بر روان‌شناسی مثبت‌گرا بوده‌اند. نقش والدین در مداخلات محدود بوده است. توصیف‌های تعامل معلم-کودک عمدتاً بر حمایت هیجانی متمرکز بوده‌اند. بر اساس نتایج، هسته تعامل معلم-کودک در نقش فعال معلم نهفته است: معلم صرفاً در دسترس کودک نیست، بلکه به عنوان عاملی فعال در ایجاد فرصت‌های یادگیری برای هر کودک عمل می‌کند. حمایت از کودک تا حد زیادی به مهارت‌های تعامل معلم-کودک و توانایی معلم در استفاده و به‌کارگیری مناسب مواد آموزشی وابسته است. بنابراین، تقویت شایستگی اجتماعی‌هیجانی و ظرفیت حرفه‌ای معلمان در مداخلات ضروری است. ارائه حمایت قوی‌تر برای کودکانی که نیاز بیشتری به یادگیری اجتماعی‌هیجانی دارند، همچنین مستلزم مداخلات فردی‌تر است. در نهایت، یادگیری و شایستگی‌های اجتماعی‌هیجانی کودکان و همچنین محیط‌های یادگیری حمایت‌کننده از آن‌ها، توسط معلمان آموزش و پرورش دوران کودکی و سایر کارکنان آموزش و مراقبت پرورش می‌یابد.

This article examines the theoretical foundations and educational opportunities for developing emotional intelligence in preschool children. It draws on an analysis of selected scholarly sources, a comparison of concepts, and a methodological synthesis. The relationships and distinctions among emotional intelligence, emotional competence, and social-emotional learning are discussed. Play-based activities are proposed to support emotion recognition and labeling, understanding emotional causes, empathy, and emotion regulation. The article also addresses teacher–parent collaboration, co-regulation, and criteria for pedagogical observation. The practical recommendations are methodological proposals developed for this article; their effectiveness has not been experimentally tested within this work.

این مقاله به بررسی مبانی نظری و فرصت‌های آموزشی برای توسعه هوش هیجانی در کودکان پیش‌دبستانی می‌پردازد. مقاله بر تحلیل منابع علمی منتخب، مقایسه مفاهیم و سنتز روش‌شناختی استوار است. روابط و تمایزات میان هوش هیجانی، شایستگی هیجانی و یادگیری اجتماعی-هیجانی مورد بحث قرار گرفته‌اند. فعالیت‌های مبتنی بر بازی به منظور حمایت از شناسایی و برچسب‌گذاری هیجان‌ها، درک علل هیجانی، همدلی و تنظیم هیجان پیشنهاد شده‌اند. مقاله همچنین به همکاری معلم و والدین، هم‌تنظیمی و معیارهای مشاهده آموزشی می‌پردازد. توصیه‌های عملی ارائه‌شده، پیشنهادهای روش‌شناختی تدوین‌شده برای این مقاله هستند و اثربخشی آن‌ها در این پژوهش به‌طور تجربی آزمون نشده است.

Significant investment into school building across the Eurocentric world in the 21st century attests to the assumed transformative potential of school architecture. A new generation of school buildings intends to support emerging pedagogies by shifting from teacher-led school environments to student-centred learning environments. The flexible and adaptable architecture aims to foster student agency, self-directed learning and freedom of movement by providing spaces beyond constant conventional surveillance. However, existing research suggests that transforming school buildings doesn’t eliminate the element of control within schools but merely changes its forms. This article offers additional insight into various mechanisms of control emerging within institutionally structured environments. In an ethnographically grounded approach in Finland, we explore how the new school architecture, the conventional school institution, and the children at school shape and transform one another (with)in practices of control. We argue that these three elements become both actors and sites of control though a complex dynamic of producing each other relationally. We propose that the new school spaces – intended to move away from traditional forms of direct control – intersect with the sedimented structures of institutional authority. These dynamics manifest within children’s bodies, which in turn become sites where control is enacted and maintained.

سرمایه‌گذاری قابل توجه در ساخت مدارس در سراسر جهان اروپامحور در قرن بیست‌ویکم، گویای فرضیه ظرفیت تحول‌آفرین معماری مدرسه است. نسل جدیدی از ساختمان‌های مدارس با هدف حمایت از پداگوژی‌های نوظهور، در پی گذار از محیط‌های مدرسه‌محور معلم به محیط‌های یادگیری دانش‌آموزمحور است. معماری انعطاف‌پذیر و قابل تطبیق، با فراهم آوردن فضاهایی فراتر از نظارت دائمی و متعارف، در پی تقویت عاملیت دانش‌آموز، یادگیری خودراهبر و آزادی حرکت است. با این حال، پژوهش‌های موجود نشان می‌دهد که دگرگونی ساختمان‌های مدارس، عنصر کنترل را در مدارس حذف نمی‌کند، بلکه صرفاً اشکال آن را تغییر می‌دهد. این مقاله، بینش بیشتری درباره سازوکارهای مختلف کنترل که در محیط‌های ساختاریافته نهادی پدید می‌آیند، ارائه می‌دهد. با رویکردی مبتنی بر قوم‌نگاری در فنلاند، بررسی می‌کنیم که چگونه معماری جدید مدرسه، نهاد مدرسه متعارف و کودکان در مدرسه، یکدیگر را در بستر کنش‌های کنترل شکل می‌دهند و دگرگون می‌کنند. استدلال می‌کنیم که این سه عنصر، از طریق پویایی پیچیده تولید رابطه‌ای یکدیگر، هم کنشگر و هم بستر کنترل می‌شوند. پیشنهاد می‌کنیم که فضاهای جدید مدرسه – که با هدف فاصله گرفتن از اشکال سنتی کنترل مستقیم طراحی شده‌اند – با ساختارهای رسوب‌یافته اقتدار نهادی تلاقی می‌کنند. این پویایی‌ها در بدن کودکان متجلی می‌شود، که خود به بسترهایی برای اِعمال و حفظ کنترل بدل می‌گردد.

Children are among the most commercially consequential users of digital platforms and among the least theorized.Recent work has begun to register the

کودکان از جمله کاربران دیجیتال با بیشترین پیامدهای تجاری و در عین حال از کم‌ترین نظریه‌پردازی‌ها برخوردارند. پژوهش‌های اخیر آغاز به ثبت این موضوع کرده‌اند که

Education is a fundamental pillar of human resource development; however, equitable access to supplementary education remains a challenge in rural areas. Children in Tegalan Hamlet, Bolopleret Village, Juwiring District, Klaten Regency, face limited learning assistance outside school hours because their parents work as traders, laborers, and farmers. The Community Service Program (KKN) conducted by students of UIN Raden Mas Said Surakarta designed a tutoring program as a form of educational assistance for children. This community service aims to describe the implementation and impact of tutoring on children's learning motivation and engagement. The method used is descriptive qualitative with a Participatory Action Research (PAR) approach, carried out through the stages of problem identification, planning, implementation, and evaluation. The participants were approximately 15 children from kindergarten to elementary school levels who attended voluntarily. The program was conducted in four sessions held every Saturday on June 27, July 4, July 11, and July 18, 2026, covering Mathematics, Science, English, the effects of gadgets on children, and anti-bullying education through educational films. The results showed an increase in participants' enthusiasm, engagement, confidence in expressing opinions, and discipline, as well as the growth of habits to use leisure time for more productive activities. The main obstacles were the limited duration of the KKN program and the absence of a sustainable program mechanism. Continuous collaboration among village government, schools, parents, and the community is needed so that similar programs can be sustained.

آموزش یکی از ارکان اساسی توسعه منابع انسانی است؛ با این حال، دسترسی عادلانه به آموزش‌های تکمیلی در مناطق روستایی همچنان یک چالش محسوب می‌شود. کودکان محله تگالان، روستای بولوپلرت، بخش جوویرینگ، شهرستان کلاتن، به دلیل اشتغال والدین به شغل‌هایی مانند فروشندگی، کارگری و کشاورزی، از حمایت‌های آموزشی خارج از ساعات مدرسه برخوردار نیستند. برنامه خدمت‌رسانی اجتماعی (KKN) که توسط دانشجویان دانشگاه UIN Raden Mas Said Surakarta اجرا شد، یک برنامه راهنمایی تحصیلی را به عنوان نوعی حمایت آموزشی برای کودکان طراحی کرد. هدف این خدمت‌رسانی اجتماعی، توصیف اجرای برنامه و تأثیر راهنمایی تحصیلی بر انگیزش و مشارکت تحصیلی کودکان است. روش پژوهش، کیفی توصیفی با رویکرد پژوهش مشارکتی عملی (PAR) بوده که از مراحل شناسایی مسئله، برنامه‌ریزی، اجرا و ارزیابی تشکیل شده است. شرکت‌کنندگان حدود ۱۵ کودک در مقاطع پیش‌دبستانی تا دبستان بودند که به صورت داوطلبانه حضور یافتند. این برنامه در چهار جلسه که هر شنبه در تاریخ‌های ۲۷ ژوئن، ۴ ژوئیه، ۱۱ ژوئیه و ۱۸ ژوئیه ۲۰۲۶ برگزار شد، اجرا گردید و موضوعاتی مانند ریاضیات، علوم، زبان انگلیسی، تأثیر ابزارهای دیجیتال بر کودکان و آموزش ضد قلدری از طریق فیلم‌های آموزشی را دربر می‌گرفت. نتایج نشان داد که اشتیاق، مشارکت، اعتماد به نفس در بیان نظرات و انضباط شرکت‌کنندگان افزایش یافته و عادات استفاده از اوقات فراغت برای فعالیت‌های سازنده‌تر در آن‌ها رشد یافته است. مهم‌ترین موانع، محدودیت مدت زمان برنامه KKN و نبود سازوکار برنامه‌ای پایدار بود. همکاری مستمر میان دولت روستا، مدارس، والدین و جامعه برای پایداری چنین برنامه‌هایی ضروری است.

Continuous in-service professional development (CPD) refers to a number of different educational activities and strategies intended to improve the knowledge, skills, and attitudes that contribute to the quality of work in Early Childhood Education and Care (ECEC) institutions. This study focuses on the analysis of the way in-service ECEC teachers in Croatia describe the existing support they receive and their needs for professional development pertaining to their work with children at risk of social exclusion (RSE). A total of 42 ECEC teachers from 15 Croatian ECEC institutions were interviewed. The data analysis was based on a qualitative approach known as inductive thematic analysis. The analysis results show that teachers face many and wide-ranging risks of children’s social exclusion in their daily practice, and to the greatest extent rely on support within their home institutions. Shared reflections of teachers who work with the same group of children, peer learning in learning communities, and coaching and consultation provided by expert associates are highlighted as positive forms of support. These findings contribute to broader discussions on inclusive professional learning in ECEC by showing that effective CPD for work with children at risk of social exclusion should be practice-oriented, embedded in professional collaboration, and responsive to the diverse and context-specific challenges teachers encounter.

توسعه حرفه‌ای مستمر (CPD) به مجموعه‌ای از فعالیت‌ها و راهبردهای آموزشی مختلف اشاره دارد که با هدف ارتقای دانش، مهارت‌ها و نگرش‌هایی که به کیفیت کار در مؤسسات آموزش و مراقبت اوایل کودکی (ECEC) کمک می‌کنند، طراحی شده‌اند. این پژوهش بر تحلیل نحوه توصیف حمایت‌های موجود و نیازهای توسعه حرفه‌ای معلمان شاغل در مراکز ECEC کشور کرواسی، در ارتباط با کار با کودکان در معرض خطر طرد اجتماعی (RSE)، تمرکز دارد. در مجموع، ۴۲ معلم ECEC از ۱۵ مؤسسه ECEC کرواسی مورد مصاحبه قرار گرفتند. تحلیل داده‌ها بر اساس رویکرد کیفی تحلیل تماتیک استقرایی انجام شد. نتایج تحلیل نشان می‌دهد که معلمان در عمل روزمره خود با انواع و طیف وسیعی از خطرات طرد اجتماعی کودکان مواجه هستند و بیشترین اتکا را به حمایت‌های درون مؤسسه‌ای خود دارند. بازتاب‌های مشترک معلمانی که با یک گروه از کودکان کار می‌کنند، یادگیری همتایان در جوامع یادگیری، و مربیگری و مشاوره ارائه‌شده توسط همکاران متخصص به عنوان اشکال مثبت حمایت برجسته شده‌اند. این یافته‌ها با نشان دادن اینکه توسعه حرفه‌ای مؤثر برای کار با کودکان در معرض خطر طرد اجتماعی باید عمل‌محور، مبتنی بر همکاری حرفه‌ای و پاسخگو به چالش‌های متنوع و زمینه‌ای معلمان باشد، به بحث‌های گسترده‌تر درباره یادگیری حرفه‌ای فراگیر در ECEC کمک می‌کند.

The 6 February 2023 Kahramanmaraş earthquakes caused widespread devastation across 11 provinces in southeastern Türkiye, resulting in profound psychosocial consequences for children, including increased emotional avoidance and difficulties in self-expression. This study aimed to examine changes in psychological flexibility and language-related outcomes (listening, speaking, reading comprehension, and writing) associated with participation in a bibliotherapy-based intervention among children affected by the earthquakes. The study employed a quasi-experimental pretest–posttest control group design. Participants were middle school students residing in the earthquake-affected region. The experimental group participated in a 12-week multicomponent ACT-based bibliotherapy program, whereas the control group continued with the regular educational curriculum. The intervention was structured around Russ Harris’s The Reality Slap and incorporated guided reading, metaphor-based activities, mindfulness practices, reflective writing, and group discussions. Each session involved structured reading of designated chapters and page ranges aligned with the thematic focus and targeted ACT processes. Psychological flexibility and four language-related outcomes-listening, speaking, reading comprehension, and writing-were assessed at pretest and posttest. Significant differential changes were observed for psychological flexibility and reading comprehension. For listening, the primary Time × Group interaction reached the conventional 0.05 significance level but did not remain statistically significant after Bonferroni correction, whereas the baseline-adjusted ANCOVA showed a statistically significant between-group difference ( p = 0.008). Thus, the findings for listening were not consistent across analytical approaches and were interpreted cautiously. The Time × Group interactions for speaking and writing were not statistically significant. The findings suggest that participation in the multicomponent ACT-based bibliotherapy program was associated with improvements in psychological flexibility and reading comprehension among earthquake-affected adolescents. Evidence for listening skills was less consistent across analytical approaches and should therefore be interpreted cautiously. Given the quasi-experimental design, nonrandom allocation, and absence of an attention-matched active control condition, these findings should not be interpreted as definitive causal effects attributable exclusively to bibliotherapy.

زلزله‌های ۶ فوریه ۲۰۲۳ قهرمان‌مرعش موجب ویرانی گسترده در ۱۱ استان جنوب‌شرقی ترکیه شد و پیامدهای روانی-اجتماعی عمیقی برای کودکان به همراه داشت، از جمله افزایش اجتناب هیجانی و دشواری در ابراز خود. هدف این پژوهش بررسی تغییرات در انعطاف‌پذیری روان‌شناختی و پیامدهای مرتبط با زبان (شنیدن، صحبت کردن، درک مطلب و نوشتن) در پی شرکت در یک مداخله مبتنی بر کتاب‌درمانی در میان کودکان آسیب‌دیده از زلزله بود. این مطالعه با طرح شبه‌آزمایشی پیش‌آزمون–پس‌آزمون با گروه کنترل انجام شد. شرکت‌کنندگان دانش‌آموزان مقطع متوسطه ساکن منطقه آسیب‌دیده از زلزله بودند. گروه آزمایش در یک برنامه کتاب‌درمانی چندمولفه‌ای مبتنی بر ACT به مدت ۱۲ هفته شرکت کردند، در حالی که گروه کنترل به برنامه آموزشی عادی خود ادامه دادند. مداخله بر اساس کتاب The Reality Slap اثر Russ Harris ساختاربندی شد و شامل مطالعه هدایت‌شده، فعالیت‌های مبتنی بر استعاره، تمرین‌های ذهن‌آگاهی، نوشتن تأملی و بحث‌های گروهی بود. هر جلسه شامل مطالعه ساختاریافته فصل‌ها و صفحات تعیین‌شده متناسب با محور موضوعی و فرایندهای هدف ACT بود. انعطاف‌پذیری روان‌شناختی و چهار پیامد مرتبط با زبان—شنیدن، صحبت کردن، درک مطلب و نوشتن—در پیش‌آزمون و پس‌آزمون ارزیابی شدند. تغییرات افتراقی معناداری برای انعطاف‌پذیری روان‌شناختی و درک مطلب مشاهده شد. برای شنیدن، تعامل اصلی زمان × گروه به سطح معناداری متعارف ۰٫۰۵ رسید اما پس از اصلاح بونفرونی از نظر آماری معنادار باقی نماند، در حالی که ANCOVA با تعدیل خط پایه تفاوت معنادار بین‌گروهی را نشان داد (p = 0.008). بنابراین، یافته‌های مربوط به شنیدن در رویکردهای تحلیلی مختلف یکسان نبود و با احتیاط تفسیر شد. تعاملات زمان × گروه برای صحبت کردن و نوشتن از نظر آماری معنادار نبودند. یافته‌ها نشان می‌دهد که شرکت در برنامه کتاب‌درمانی چندمولفه‌ای مبتنی بر ACT با بهبود انعطاف‌پذیری روان‌شناختی و درک مطلب در نوجوانان آسیب‌دیده از زلزله همراه بود. شواهد مربوط به مهارت شنیدن در رویکردهای تحلیلی مختلف کمتر سازگار بود و بنابراین باید با احتیاط تفسیر شود. با توجه به طرح شبه‌آزمایشی، تخصیص غیرتصادفی و فقدان گروه کنترل فعال همسان از نظر توجه، این یافته‌ها نباید به عنوان اثرات علّی قطعی منحصراً منتسب به کتاب‌درمانی تفسیر شوند.

This study investigates children’s understandings of smartphones and their usage configurations in the context of emerging global policies aimed at regulating young people’s smartphone use. Drawing on China’s early implementation of similar regulatory initiatives, we conducted in-depth interviews with children to explore how they conceptualize smartphones in their everyday lives. Coding analysis reveals that children possess differentiated concepts of smartphones. These include “everyday concepts” derived from children’s lived experiences and what this study analytically terms “scientific concepts,” referring to more structured, school-mediated, or institutionally transmitted discourses about smartphone structures, mechanisms, and risks. Building on these findings, the study employs the cognitive–affective–conative (CAC) framework to analyze children’s smartphone usage tendencies, highlighting the crucial role of emotional experience in shaping usage intentions. The analysis further explores how children reinterpret the meaning of “playing with smartphones.” These findings provide insights into the development of targeted media education interventions that build on children’s existing understandings while addressing potential misconceptions. This study situates children’s cognition of smartphones within the global research framework on children’s digital rights, offering empirical insights into how children engage with digital technologies as meaning-makers.

این مطالعه به بررسی درک کودکان از تلفن‌های هوشمند و پیکربندی‌های استفاده آن‌ها در زمینه سیاست‌های نوظهور جهانی که با هدف تنظیم استفاده جوانان از تلفن‌های هوشمند تدوین شده‌اند، می‌پردازد. با بهره‌گیری از تجربه زودهنگام چین در اجرای ابتکارات مقررات‌گذاری مشابه، مصاحبه‌های عمیقی با کودکان انجام شد تا نحوه مفهوم‌سازی تلفن‌های هوشمند در زندگی روزمره آن‌ها مورد بررسی قرار گیرد. تحلیل کدگذاری نشان می‌دهد که کودکان مفاهیم متمایزی از تلفن‌های هوشمند دارند. این مفاهیم شامل «مفاهیم روزمره» برگرفته از تجارب زیسته کودکان و آنچه که این پژوهش به طور تحلیلی «مفاهیم علمی» می‌نامد، یعنی گفتمان‌های ساختارمندتر، مدرسه‌محور یا انتقال‌یافته از سوی نهادها درباره ساختارها، سازوکارها و مخاطرات تلفن‌های هوشمند است. بر اساس این یافته‌ها، پژوهش حاضر از چارچوب شناختی–عاطفی–کنشی (CAC) برای تحلیل گرایش‌های استفاده کودکان از تلفن‌های هوشمند بهره می‌گیرد و نقش اساسی تجربه عاطفی در شکل‌گیری نیت استفاده را برجسته می‌سازد. تحلیل بیشتر نشان می‌دهد که کودکان چگونه معنای «بازی با تلفن هوشمند» را بازتفسیر می‌کنند. این یافته‌ها بینش‌هایی را برای توسعه مداخلات آموزش رسانه‌ای هدفمند که بر درک‌های موجود کودکان بنا می‌شوند و در عین حال به سوءبرداشت‌های احتمالی می‌پردازند، فراهم می‌کند. این مطالعه شناخت کودکان از تلفن‌های هوشمند را در چارچوب پژوهش جهانی درباره حقوق دیجیتال کودکان قرار می‌دهد و بینش‌های تجربی درباره نحوه مواجهه کودکان با فناوری‌های دیجیتال به عنوان معناپردازان ارائه می‌دهد.

Digital screens have become part of everyday life, supporting education, communication, entertainment and access to health information. At the same time, prolonged or poorly timed screen exposure may displace sleep, physical activity, faceto-face interaction and other behaviours that protect health. This narrative review discusses screen exposure as a potentially modifiable risk factor, with particular attention to children and adolescents. Evidence is considered across sleep, physical activity and weight-related outcomes, vision and posture, and psychosocial well-being.

صفحه‌های دیجیتال به بخشی از زندگی روزمره تبدیل شده‌اند و از آموزش، ارتباطات، سرگرمی و دسترسی به اطلاعات سلامت حمایت می‌کنند. در عین حال، قرارگیری طولانی‌مدت یا نامناسب در معرض صفحه‌های نمایش ممکن است خواب، فعالیت بدنی، تعامل رو‌در‌رو و سایر رفتارهایی را که از سلامت محافظت می‌کنند، جایگزین کند. این مرور روایتی، قرارگیری در معرض صفحه‌های نمایش را به عنوان یک عامل خطر قابل تعدیل مورد بحث قرار می‌دهد و توجه ویژه‌ای به کودکان و نوجوانان دارد. شواهد در حوزه‌های خواب، فعالیت بدنی و پیامدهای مرتبط با وزن، بینایی و وضعیت بدنی، و بهزیستی روانی‌اجتماعی بررسی می‌شود.

Digital screens have become part of everyday life, supporting education, communication, entertainment and access to health information. At the same time, prolonged or poorly timed screen exposure may displace sleep, physical activity, face to-face interaction and other behaviours that protect health. This narrative review discusses screen exposure as a potentially modifiable risk factor, with particular attention to children and adolescents. Evidence is considered across sleep, physical activity and weight-related outcomes, vision and posture, and psychosocial well-being.

صفحه‌نمایش‌های دیجیتال به بخشی از زندگی روزمره تبدیل شده‌اند و از آموزش، ارتباطات، سرگرمی و دسترسی به اطلاعات سلامت پشتیبانی می‌کنند. در عین حال، قرارگیری طولانی‌مدت یا نامناسب در معرض صفحه‌نمایش ممکن است خواب، فعالیت بدنی، تعامل رو‌در‌رو و سایر رفتارهایی را که از سلامت محافظت می‌کنند، جایگزین کند. این مرور روایتی، قرارگیری در معرض صفحه‌نمایش را به‌عنوان یک عامل خطر بالقوه قابل تغییر مورد بحث قرار می‌دهد و توجه ویژه‌ای به کودکان و نوجوانان دارد. شواهد در حوزه‌های خواب، فعالیت بدنی و پیامدهای مرتبط با وزن، بینایی و وضعیت بدنی، و بهزیستی روانی‌اجتماعی بررسی می‌شود.

Problems associated with mental development during the first years of life remain among the most significant medical and social challenges, since this period is characterized by particularly high neuroplasticity, while timely iden­tification of possible developmental deviations is of crucial importance. The study is aimed at systematizing modern strategies for the early prevention of mental developmental disorders, taking into account clinical, psychological, and social aspects. The major biological, perinatal, family, and social factors that may influence the development of the child’s cognitive, emotional, speech, and behavioral domains are analyzed. Particular emphasis is placed on the early iden­tification of developmental delays, assessment of emotional interaction between parents and the child, as well as detection of unfavorable conditions in the family environment, chronic stress, attachment deficits, and insufficient developmental stimulation. The need for interdisciplinary cooperation among pediatricians, child neurologists, psychiatrists, psycholo­gists, primary healthcare professionals, and social service specialists is emphasized. Contemporary effective preventive measures should focus not only on disorders that have already become clinically apparent, but also on the active identification of high-risk groups, regular monitoring of the child’s devel­opmental status, and the earliest possible initiation of corrective and developmental intervention programs. Such a comprehensive approach can improve the effectiveness of early support, reduce the severity of subsequent cognitive and emotional-behavioral problems, and contribute to better social adaptation of the child and overall well-being of the family.

مسائل مرتبط با رشد روانی در سال‌های نخست زندگی همچنان از مهم‌ترین چالش‌های پزشکی و اجتماعی به‌شمار می‌روند، زیرا این دوره با نوروپلاستیسیتی بسیار بالا مشخص می‌شود و شناسایی به‌موقع انحرافات احتمالی رشد از اهمیت حیاتی برخوردار است. هدف این مطالعه، نظام‌مند ساختن راهبردهای نوین برای پیشگیری زودهنگام از اختلالات رشد روانی با در نظر گرفتن جنبه‌های بالینی، روان‌شناختی و اجتماعی است. عوامل زیستی، پیرامون تولد، خانوادگی و اجتماعی عمده که ممکن است بر رشد حوزه‌های شناختی، هیجانی، گفتاری و رفتاری کودک تأثیرگذار باشند، مورد تحلیل قرار گرفته‌اند. تأکید ویژه‌ای بر شناسایی زودهنگام تأخیرهای رشدی، ارزیابی تعامل هیجانی والدین و کودک، همچنین شناسایی شرایط نامطلوب در محیط خانواده، استرس مزمن، کمبود دلبستگی و تحریک ناکافی رشد صورت گرفته است. ضرورت همکاری میان‌رشته‌ای میان متخصصان کودکان، نورولوژیست‌های کودکان، روان‌پزشکان، روان‌شناسان، کارکنان مراقبت‌های اولیه سلامت و متخصصان خدمات اجتماعی مورد تأکید قرار گرفته است. اقدامات پیشگیرانه مؤثر معاصر باید نه تنها بر اختلالاتی که به‌طور بالینی آشکار شده‌اند متمرکز باشند، بلکه شناسایی فعال گروه‌های پرخطر، پایش منظم وضعیت رشد کودک و آغاز هرچه زودتر برنامه‌های مداخله‌ای اصلاحی و رشدی را نیز دربرگیرند. چنین رویکرد جامعی می‌تواند اثربخشی حمایت زودهنگام را افزایش داده، شدت مشکلات شناختی و هیجانی-رفتاری بعدی را کاهش داده و به سازگاری اجتماعی بهتر کودک و بهزیستی کلی خانواده کمک کند.