Generation Alpha (born 2010-2024) and Generation Beta (born 2025-2039) represent an unprecedented developmental archetype defined by total digital integration and ubiquitous artificial intelligence (AI). This empirical study evaluated specialized psychological adaptation mechanisms, parenting models, and mental health intervention frameworks across these cohorts. Utilizing a mixed-methods design, quantitative data were gathered from $N = 300$ parents (Gen Alpha parents and expectant/early Gen Beta parents) using the Modified Parental Stress Scale (PSS) and Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL), supplemented by qualitative interviews with $N = 20$ pediatric mental health experts. Independent samples $t$-tests confirmed that Gen Alpha/Beta display significantly higher digital dependency anxiety ($M = 38.60, p < .001$) alongside superior visual-spatial intelligence ($M = 44.10, p < .001$) relative to normative baselines. Crucially, a proactive "Digital Integration" co-navigation parenting framework yielded significantly lower parental stress ($M = 29.50$) compared to rigid "Digital Detox" restriction models ($M = 42.80, p < .001$). A preventive clinical framework focusing on Social-Emotional Learning (SEL) and cognitive impulse management is proposed.
Early childhood is a critical period for emotional development and behavioral regulation. Increasing digital device use among young children has raised concerns about its association with tantrum behavior, although research examining addiction-related use rather than screen duration alone remains limited. This study aimed to examine the relationship between gadget addiction levels and tantrum behavior among children aged 4–6 years at Widya Santhi Buana Kindergarten, West Denpasar District. A quantitative correlational approach with a cross-sectional design was employed, involving 45 parents or guardians recruited through total sampling. Data were collected on April 15, 2026, through online questionnaires administered using Google Forms. The instruments comprised an adapted Digital Addiction Scale for Children with 25 items, which demonstrated high internal consistency during pilot testing (Cronbach’s α = .977), and the 31-item Rating Scale of Angry Emotional Behavior and Temper Tantrum. Univariate analysis summarized the distributions of gadget addiction levels and tantrum behavior, while Spearman’s rank correlation assessed their relationship. The results showed that 48.9% of children were classified as having moderate gadget addiction levels. Regarding tantrum behavior, 53.3% were classified as exhibiting no tantrum behavior, whereas 22.2% were classified as exhibiting severe tantrum behavior. A strong, positive, and statistically significant correlation was identified between gadget addiction levels and tantrum behavior (ρ = .641, p < .001). Higher parent-reported gadget addiction levels were therefore associated with greater tantrum severity within the participating group. The cross-sectional design and reliance on parent-reported measures limit causal interpretation. These findings may inform parent education concerning supervised device use and consistent family rules. Further research should include larger samples, examine parenting styles and other relevant factors, and use longitudinal designs to clarify the direction of the relationship.
Abstract Child and adolescent externalizing problems have often been conceptualized broadly with imprecise language (e.g., “disruptive behavior”) or inconsistently across varying taxonomies (e.g., oppositional defiant and conduct disorder symptoms, aggressive and rule-breaking behaviors). Establishing clarity around dimensions of externalizing problems is an essential step toward more accurate measurement and construct validity across the externalizing domain. To that end, the current study investigated fine-grained dimensions in the structure of youth externalizing psychopathology. Caregiver-report survey data were collected for a national community sample of 576 youth (ages 6–14; 45% female, 25% Hispanic), including measures of irritability, oppositionality, reactive and proactive aggression, conduct problems, hyperactivity/impulsivity, and inattention. We used exploratory factor analysis (EFA) to examine relations among externalizing dimensions at the item-level followed by confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) to examine relations at the construct-level. EFA results suggested that a 3-factor model best fit the data, including factors characterized by externalizing affect (e.g., “felt mad”), externalizing behavior (e.g., “bullies, threatens, or intimidates others”), and ADHD symptoms (e.g., “talks excessively”), with a few cross-loadings. Similarly, confirmatory models indicated that a 3-factor, non-hierarchical structure fit the data best when compared to three other models. Results provide support for distinct facets of the externalizing spectrum in child psychopathology, suggesting a preliminary direction for a unifying framework. These findings highlight the potential for future measurement research to further disentangle the distinct and overlapping facets of externalizing constructs, particularly using multiple methods and informants and with replication across samples.
The purpose of this study is to examine how parentification and perceived stress impact adolescents' psychological and behavioural adjustment. This study explored the associations between parentification, perceived stress, and disruptive behaviour, and the predictive and mediating effects of these variables. The method of the research was descriptive cross sectional, purposive sampling was used for gathering samples, the number of samples obtained was 250.The methods used were descriptive cross sectional design, purposive sampling was used for sampling. The Parentification Inventory, Perceived Stress Scale (PSS-10) and Disruptive Behaviour Scale were used to collect the data. The SPSS Version 26 was used for descriptive statistics, Pearson correlation, regression analysis and Hayes’ PROCESS Macro (Model 4). Results showed that parentification was not a significant predictor of perceived stress and disruptive behaviour. Perceived stress, however, was a strong predictor of disruptive behaviour. Indirect effect of parentification on disruptive behaviour via perceived stress was also non-significant. Impression of stress seems to be a key factor related to disruptive behaviour among adolescents, while the impact of parentification could differ based on contextual and cultural factors. The results emphasize the need for stress reduction and psychological health promotion initiatives for youth in Pakistan.
Background and Purpose: Non-suicidal self-injury (NSSI) is a global concern in adolescent mental health. Rural boarding middle school students, as a unique and vulnerable population, remain understudied regarding the potential heterogeneity and longitudinal trajectories of NSSI. This study aimed to identify latent classes of NSSI among this group, examine their transition patterns over time, and evaluate the effectiveness of an emotion management group intervention. Methods: Study 1 cross-sectionally surveyed 927 adolescents; we split samples into non-NSSI and NSSI subgroups and ran latent profile analysis (LPA) only among participants with NSSI ( n =285). Study 2 conducted a 6-month follow-up of 550 participants and applied latent transition analysis (LTA) to examine class shifts and predictive factors. Study 3 was a randomized controlled trial in which 30 students from the High-NSSI received an 8-week emotion-management group intervention. Intervention effects were evaluated using repeated-measures ANCOVA with demographic covariates. Results: Within the NSSI subgroup ( n = 285), two classes were identified: a High-NSSI class ( n = 21, 7.4%) and a Low-NSSI class ( n = 264, 92.6%). Poor sleep quality and bullying victimization independently predicted High-NSSI membership. Longitudinal analysis revealed high stability in the Low-NSSI class (91%) and high fluidity in the High-NSSI class (83% transitioning to low-risk). The emotion-management intervention significantly reduced both NSSI frequency and negative affect. Discussion: These findings demonstrate that clinically meaningful NSSI subtypes exist among rural boarding adolescents and that sleep quality and bullying are key modifiable risk factors. The results support a stepped-care approach in school settings, where the High-NSSI class requires intensive intervention and the Low-NSSI class may benefit from less intensive, universal supports. The emotion-management group intervention is an effective school-based program for the most severe NSSI subtype. Keywords: non-suicidal self-injury, latent profile analysis, latent transition analysis, emotion management, group intervention
Bullying is a behavior that can affect students’ sense of safety and comfort in the school environment. This activity aimed to increase elementary school students’ awareness of the forms, impacts, and prevention of bullying through a Community Service Program (Kuliah Kerja Nyata/KKN). The activity was conducted at SD 1 Way Gubak involving fifth- and sixth-grade students. A qualitative descriptive method was applied through observation, question-and-answer sessions, and documentation. The results showed that students were able to recognize bullying, particularly teasing, hitting, and hurting others, although their initial understanding mainly focused on physical actions. Materials presented using simple language and concrete examples helped broaden students’ understanding of bullying and its prevention. The activity also identified bullying experiences related to students’ social and economic conditions.
Rapid eye movement (REM) sleep behavior disorder (RBD) is a parasomnia in which the normal muscle atonia of REM sleep is lost, and patients act out their dreams.Serotonergic antidepressants such as selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) are a recognized trigger, but in psychiatric patients the nocturnal behaviors are easily attributed to stress or to the primary illness.We report the case of a 46-year-old man with schizoaffective disorder, depressive type, maintained on aripiprazole 15 mg daily, who was started on escitalopram 10 mg at bedtime (day one); the dose was reduced to 5 mg on day 77.Around day 430, about 14 months after starting escitalopram and while taking 5 mg, he began to walk in his sleep and act out his dreams, including punching movements and, on one occasion, walking while holding a clothing iron, with no recollection on waking.The episodes occurred late in the night, with his eyes closed, two to three times a month and were accompanied by sleep paralysis and daytime sleepiness.His mental status examination and routine blood tests were unremarkable.He declined polysomnography and brain imaging, so a diagnosis of probable RBD, possibly associated with escitalopram, was made on clinical grounds; a non-REM parasomnia could not be excluded.On day 616, escitalopram was stopped and clonazepam 0.5 mg at bedtime was started at the same time.The episodes had stopped by day 665.Clonazepam was discontinued on day 772, and at the latest follow-up on day 1962 there had been no recurrence.Because clonazepam was started when escitalopram was withdrawn, the improvement cannot be attributed to stopping escitalopram alone, although the absence of recurrence after clonazepam was discontinued supports a role for the antidepressant.Clinicians who prescribe serotonergic antidepressants should take a sleep history from patients and their bed partners, arrange polysomnography where it is available, and review the suspected drug.
Background: Bullying remains a significant adolescent health and school safety concern. Self control may influence students' behavioral regulation and involvement in bullying. Objectives: This study examined the association between self control and bullying behavior among students at SMPN 1 Cikembar, Sukabumi Regency, Indonesia. Methods: A correlational cross sectional study included 293 students selected from a population of 1,059 using proportional stratified random sampling. Self control and bullying behavior were assessed using questionnaires based on the Brief Self Control Scale and Revised Olweus Bully/Victim Questionnaire. Associations were analyzed using the Chi square test and prevalence ratios (PR) with 95% confidence intervals (CI). Results: High self control was reported by 185 students (63.1%), while 184 (62.8%) demonstrated low bullying behavior. High bullying behavior occurred in 56.5% of students with low self control compared with 25.9% of those with high self control. Low self control was significantly associated with higher bullying prevalence (PR = 2.18; 95% CI: 1.62–2.92; X² = 27.22; p < 0.001). Conclusions: Lower self control was significantly associated with bullying behavior, without establishing causality. School prevention programs should integrate behavioral assessment, counseling, and coordinated teacher and parent support.
زمینه: زورگویی همچنان یکی از نگرانیهای مهم سلامت نوجوانان و ایمنی مدارس است. خودکنترلی ممکن است بر تنظیم رفتاری دانشآموزان و مشارکت آنها در رفتارهای زورگویی تأثیرگذار باشد. هدف: این پژوهش به بررسی ارتباط بین خودکنترلی و رفتار زورگویی در میان دانشآموزان مدرسه متوسطه اول دولتی شماره ۱ چیکمبار، شهرستان سوکابومی، اندونزی پرداخت. روشها: این مطالعه مقطعی همبستگی شامل ۲۹۳ دانشآموز بود که از جمعیت ۱۰۵۹ نفره با استفاده از نمونهگیری تصادفی طبقهبندیشده متناسب انتخاب شدند. خودکنترلی و رفتار زورگویی با استفاده از پرسشنامههایی بر اساس Brief Self Control Scale و Revised Olweus Bully/Victim Questionnaire ارزیابی شد. ارتباطات با استفاده از آزمون کایاسکوئر و نسبت شیوع (PR) با فاصله اطمینان ۹۵٪ (CI) تحلیل گردید. یافتهها: ۱۸۵ دانشآموز (۶۳/۱٪) خودکنترلی بالا و ۱۸۴ نفر (۶۲/۸٪) رفتار زورگویی پایین را گزارش کردند. رفتار زورگویی بالا در ۵۶/۵٪ از دانشآموزان با خودکنترلی پایین در مقایسه با ۲۵/۹٪ از افراد با خودکنترلی بالا مشاهده شد. خودکنترلی پایین به طور معناداری با شیوع بالاتر رفتار زورگویی مرتبط بود (PR = 2.18؛ ۹۵٪ CI: 1.62–2.92؛ X² = 27.22؛ p < 0.001). نتیجهگیری: خودکنترلی پایین به طور معناداری با رفتار زورگویی مرتبط بود، بدون آنکه رابطه علیت اثبات شود. برنامههای پیشگیری مدرسهای باید ارزیابی رفتاری، مشاوره و حمایت هماهنگ معلمان و والدین را دربرگیرد.
Moral education of the individual is a complex and multifaceted process that includes pedagogical and social phenomena. However, the process of moral education is to some extent autonomous. Moral education is effectively carried out only as a holistic pedagogical process that meets the norms of universal morality, the organization of all life and student life, including modern youth. As well as activities, relationships, communication, taking into account their age and individual characteristics. The result of a holistic process is the formation of a morally whole personality, in the unity of its consciousness, moral feelings, conscience, moral will, skills, habits, socially valuable behavior. Moral education includes: the formation of students’ awareness of their connection with society, dependence on it, the need to coordinate their behavior with the interests of society; familiarization with moral ideals, requirements of society, proof of their legitimacy and reasonableness; transformation of moral knowledge into moral beliefs, creation of a system of these beliefs; formation of stable moral feelings, high culture of behavior as one of the main manifestations of respect for people; formation of moral skills. The content of education is understood as a system of knowledge, beliefs, skills, qualities and personality traits, stable behavioral habits that students should possess in accordance with the set goals and objectives. In today’s rapidly changing world, the ability to be independent and self-sufficient is increasingly recognized as a vital skill for success in various areas of life, including education. This is especially true for first-year university students, as they transition from the structured environment of high school to the more autonomous and demanding world of higher education. Developing independence skills in these students is crucial for their adaptation to the university environment and overall personal and academic growth. The concept of independence encompasses various aspects, including the development of autonomy and the development of skills that enable students to navigate the complexities of university life. Autonomy refers to the ability to make decisions, take initiative, and act independently, while the development of independence skills involves acquiring the necessary competencies to function effectively in the educational environment. The state of knowledge regarding the development of independence skills in first-year students is an area of ongoing research. Understanding the factors that contribute to the development of independence in students is essential for supporting them during this transition and enriching their overall educational experience.
School accreditation in Indonesia is often reduced to completing documents before the assessment visit, so the quality it produces tends to be administrative and short-lived. SDIT Ar Refah Tanjungpinang faced the same problem before it raised its accreditation rating from C to A. This study aims to analyse the principal's strategies for building a quality culture from a Total Quality Management perspective, to explain how the values of amanah (trustworthiness) and ihsan (excellence) are internalised into that culture, and to reveal the impact of this culture on the accreditation transformation. The study employed a qualitative approach with a single case study design. Data were collected through in-depth interviews, participant observation, and document analysis involving the principal, teachers, administrative staff, foundation board members, the school committee, and the accreditation team. The data were analysed using the interactive model of data condensation, data display, and conclusion drawing, and their trustworthiness was tested through source and technique triangulation. The findings show that the principal built a quality culture through shared quality awareness, documented work cycles, improvement-oriented evaluation, team collaboration, and role modelling. Amanah and ihsan served as intrinsic motivation that shifted work orientation from compliance to worship. The study concludes that integrating TQM principles with amanah and ihsan produces a substantive accreditation transformation, because quality is embraced as a moral and spiritual responsibility of the entire school community.
The article examines the concept of democratic behavior skills as an integral system of personal qualities that help individuals socialize, build partnerships within society, communicate without aggression, pressure, or humiliation, resolve conflicts constructively, establish peaceful relationships, and take responsibility for their decisions. Attention is drawn to the relevance of this issue, as under the current conditions of democratic transformations in Ukrainian society, globalization processes, and information challenges, focusing on the education of young people is a strategic task of the state. Ukrainian society needs citizens who embrace democratic values, are active and responsible, respect the rule of law, think critically, hold strong civic positions, and are culturally educated. It is specified that democratic behavior skills are a component of the model of civic competencies that should be developed from primary school age. By making use of the sensitive developmental periods of younger schoolchildren, educators can lay the foundations of communication and behavioral culture, and related qualities. The educational potential of the integrated course «IEW» is analyzed, with particular emphasis on its social content strand. From Grades 1 to 4, the curriculum includes topics aimed at developing the child’s personality as an active member of society, capable of responsible behavior, partnership and cooperation, respect, tolerance, and empathy. It is emphasized that primary school students do not merely become familiar with concepts such as «citizen», «state», «rights», «responsibilities», and «accountability». Through learner-centered, activity-based approaches, they gain experience in democratic interaction across various activities. Discussions of problematic situations and collective decision-making contribute to the development of democratic behavior skills. It is emphasized that the use of practice-oriented methodologies in teaching the integrated course “I Explore the World” contributes to the development of primary education students’ conscious understanding of social processes and their ability to critically analyze information, which is particularly important for fostering democratic behavior skills. The practical significance of the study lies in the potential to apply the proposed methodological approaches to the educational activities of general secondary and higher education institutions.
Introduction: Suicidal behaviors among adolescents are increasing globally, yet the differences between educational levels remain unclear, which hinders the design of specific prevention strategies. Objective: To compare suicidal behaviors (ideation, risk factors, and depression) between middle school and high school students in Pachuca and San Agustín Tlaxiaca, Hidalgo, Mexico. Methodology: A quantitative, cross-sectional, comparative, non-experimental study was conducted with 38 students (20 middle school students, 18 high school students) aged 14 to 18 years. Three instruments were applied: a test to assess the risk level of suicidal ideation and behavior, a risk factor guide, and the PHQ-9 depression questionnaire. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and the Mann-Whitney U test. Results: Middle school students had a higher proportion of high risk for suicidal behaviors (30.00%) compared to high school students (5.56%). A high level of depression was found only in high school seniors (11.11%). Both groups showed similar proportions of high risk based on risk factors (25.00% in middle school and 22.22% in high school). A significant positive correlation (ρ = 0.52) was found between suicidal thoughts and risk factors (p < 0.05). The Mann-Whitney U test revealed no significant differences between groups. (U = 145.5; p = 0.312). Conclusions: Although no statistically significant differences were found between educational levels and the groups were confounded by institution, municipality, and age, a trend toward a higher proportion of high risk for suicidal behaviors was observed in middle school students and of high depression in high school students. These findings should be interpreted with caution and support the need for prevention programs tailored to each educational level, to be confirmed in studies with greater statistical power and adjustment for confounders.
School – Based violence has been recognized as a major educational challenge (UNESCO, 2019). In Uganda, and particularly in urban centers such as Mbale City, reports of student misconduct, peer influence, and group-related conflicts are becoming more common. These challenges not only affect academic performance but also threaten the safety and well-being of learners. Therefore, this study examined the causes, effects, and prevention strategies of school-based violence and gang activity in Mbale City. This study adopted a mixed-approach design, combining literature review with contextual observations in the community whereby Secondary data was obtained from text-books, reports, academic publications and newspapers. Studies indicated that violence in schools negatively affects learners’ academic performance, psychological well-being, and social development (UNESCO, 2019; UNICEF, 2018). Locally, informal observations and reported cases in Mbale City suggested increasing incidents of bullying, student grouping, fighting among students, Intimidation and harassment, Group-based conflicts and indiscipline. The study identified key contributing factors such as peer pressure, family background, Weak school discipline systems (Gottfredson, 2001), Exposure to violence in media and community influence, Overcrowding in some schools and school environment. This further highlighted that effective prevention requires a combination of school-based interventions, parental involvement, and policy support. In Mbale City, these activities remain significant challenges in education and these issues are increasingly visible which require urgent attention according to media reports (Daily monitor 2026, April 17). The study concludes that a coordinated approach is essential in promoting safe and supportive learning environments by combining global research with local understanding to strengthen discipline systems and supervision, Guidance and counseling services in schools, student behavior monitoring by parents and Government’s support to policies that promote school safety.
Abstract Knowing where to find what kind of food, and when, is essential for survival and reproduction. Studying animals’ foraging strategies thus provides insights into the cognitive processes underlying real-world problem solving. We investigated whether free-ranging Guinea baboons ( Papio papio ) keep track of the spatio-temporal availability of a preferred food resource, the Natal orange ( Strychnos spinosa ). An exceptional wildfire that destroyed most ripe fruits in 2019 provided a quasi-experimental opportunity to assess whether Guinea baboons flexibly adjusted their space use to an unexpected change in resource availability or instead continued to follow habitual routines. The animals’ space use patterns shifted significantly following the wildfire. After one single visit, they stopped going to the area during the period when Natal oranges would normally be available. In the following year, when Natal oranges were available again, the baboons resumed regular space use patterns. We also assessed travel linearity, speed, and departure time from sleeping sites towards the target area with and without ripe fruit. Guinea baboons travelled more linearly, 14% faster, and ca. 40 min earlier toward the target area when S. spinosa was in season than when it was not. In conclusion, Guinea baboons rapidly adjusted their space use patterns in response to changes in the availability of a high-value food resource. These results underscore their capacity for flexible, reward-sensitive decision-making and goal-directed foraging.
ABSTRACT The Merdeka Belajar Kampus Merdeka (MBKM) program provides learning experiences that require students to adapt, learn from experience, and develop innovative ideas. Individual differences in personality may be associated with variations in these abilities, making further investigation of personality dimensions necessary. This study aimed to analyze the role of the five Big Five personality dimensions in predicting learning agility and innovative behavior among MBKM participants. A quantitative approach with a cross-sectional correlational design was employed, involving 303 students who were currently participating in or had previously participated in MBKM activities. Participants were selected using a non-probability sampling technique. Data were collected through self-report questionnaires and analyzed using Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) and multivariate regression with Mplus 8.4. The results indicated that openness to experience was the strongest positive predictor of innovative behavior (β = 0.422; p < 0.001) and learning agility (β = 0.361; p < 0.001). Conscientiousness and extraversion were also positively associated with both outcomes. In contrast, agreeableness was negatively associated with innovative behavior (β = −0.116; p = 0.016) but was not significantly associated with learning agility. Neuroticism showed no significant association with either outcome. These findings highlight the relevance of personality characteristics in understanding variations in student competencies and support the development of adaptive MBKM mentoring programs without using personality profiles as the sole basis for student selection. ABSTRAK Program Merdeka Belajar Kampus Merdeka (MBKM) memberikan pengalaman belajar yang menuntut mahasiswa mampu beradaptasi, memanfaatkan pengalaman, dan mengembangkan gagasan inovatif. Perbedaan karakteristik individu diduga berkaitan dengan variasi kemampuan tersebut, sehingga perlu dikaji melalui dimensi kepribadian. Penelitian ini bertujuan menganalisis peran lima dimensi Big Five personality dalam memprediksi learning agility dan perilaku inovatif mahasiswa peserta MBKM. Penelitian menggunakan pendekatan kuantitatif dengan desain korelasional cross-sectional yang melibatkan 303 mahasiswa yang sedang atau pernah mengikuti kegiatan MBKM. Sampel diperoleh melalui teknik non-probability sampling. Data dikumpulkan menggunakan kuesioner laporan diri dan dianalisis dengan Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) serta regresi multivariat menggunakan Mplus 8.4. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa openness to experience merupakan prediktor positif terkuat bagi perilaku inovatif (β = 0,422; p < 0,001) dan learning agility (β = 0,361; p < 0,001). Conscientiousness dan extraversion juga berhubungan positif dengan kedua variabel tersebut. Sebaliknya, agreeableness berhubungan negatif dengan perilaku inovatif (β = −0,116; p = 0,016), tetapi tidak signifikan terhadap learning agility. Neuroticism tidak menunjukkan hubungan signifikan dengan kedua variabel. Temuan ini menegaskan relevansi karakteristik kepribadian dalam memahami variasi kompetensi mahasiswa, sekaligus mendukung pengembangan pendampingan MBKM yang adaptif tanpa menjadikan profil kepribadian sebagai dasar tunggal seleksi mahasiswa.
The advancement of digital technology has led to increased use of the internet and social media, particularly among adolescents. However, this development has also contributed to various challenges, one of which is cyberbullying. A low level of digital literacy knowledge may influence how students communicate and behave in digital environments. This study aimed to analyze the relationship between the level of digital literacy knowledge and cyberbullying behavior among high school students. This study employed a quantitative approach with a cross-sectional design. A total of 99 students were selected as research participants using a total sampling technique. Data were collected using a questionnaire, while the relationship between the variables was analyzed using the Chi-Square test. The results showed that the majority of respondents had a high level of digital literacy knowledge (59.6%), while the majority demonstrated a low level of cyberbullying behavior (57.6%). Statistical analysis revealed a significant relationship between the level of digital literacy knowledge and cyberbullying behavior (p-value = 0.001). Thus, the better the students' level of digital literacy knowledge, the lower their tendency to engage in cyberbullying behavior. Therefore, strengthening education and understanding of digital literacy should be enhanced as a preventive strategy to reduce the occurrence of cyberbullying in school environments.
Recent research has demonstrated that self-report measures of experienced autonomy and external control relate to attitudes, behavior, and well-being consistent with self-determination theory (SDT) predictions. These motivational states have traditionally been inferred from reason-based measures of the SDT motivation types; inferences that may not be accurate, particularly when there are multiple reasons for engaging in an activity. In this research, we investigated whether self-report measures of the psychological states associated with the specific SDT motivation types might similarly eliminate the need for inference from reason-based measures and contribute meaningfully to the prediction of important outcomes. We developed a context-free measure of the type-specific motivation states - Motivational State Scales – Specific (MSS-S) – including separate approach and avoidance versions of external and introjected regulation. We administered the MSS-S along with measures of the global motivation states (autonomy, control, strength) and relevant outcomes (e.g., need satisfaction, well-being, attitudes, performance) to employees ( n = 500) and students ( n = 476). The findings supported a 9-factor structure, and the type-specific motivational states related to global states and outcomes largely in accord with SDT predictions, with meaningful differences for the approach and avoidance scales. The type-specific and global state measures contributed uniquely to outcome prediction, suggesting that both constitute meaningful ways to conceptualize the motivation quality distinction in SDT. We discuss implications for future research and practical applications of the MSS-S.
Health shocks—such as new diagnoses of chronic disease—can disrupt daily life and create potential “teachable moments” for behavioral improvement. Yet, existing evidence on post-diagnosis behavior change remains mixed and largely limited to high-income countries. This study addresses a major empirical gap by examining whether chronic disease diagnoses are associated with measurable within-person changes in health behaviors among middle-aged and older adults in Thailand, a rapidly aging middle-income society. We analyzed four waves (2015–2022) of the Health, Aging, and Retirement in Thailand (HART) survey. The analytic sample comprised adults aged ≥45 years with no baseline diagnosis of cancer, diabetes, or cardiovascular disease (N = 2,891; 9,577 person-wave observations). Self-reported physician-diagnosed conditions were used to construct disease-status indicators. Behavioral outcomes included smoking, current alcohol use, sufficient physical activity (≥150 minutes/week), normal body mass index (BMI) (18.5–23), and waist obesity (sex-specific cutoffs). Individual fixed-effects linear probability models with survey-wave fixed effects and adjustment for time-varying covariates (log income, activities of daily living [ADL] score, and marital status) estimated within-person associations, with standard errors clustered at the individual level. Disease-specific models and models including interactions with sex assessed heterogeneity. In pooled analyses, the disease-status indicator was not significantly associated with smoking, alcohol use, physical activity, BMI, or waist obesity. In contrast, a diabetes diagnosis was associated with a reduction of 3.6 percentage-point in current alcohol use, and both diabetes and cancer diagnoses were associated with reductions in frequent drinking. Models including interactions with sex suggested larger diagnosis-associated reductions in selected alcohol-use outcomes among men, although statistical evidence varied by outcome and disease type. Among middle-aged and older Thai adults, chronic disease diagnoses were associated with selective, rather than comprehensive, changes in health behaviors. Diagnosis alone is insufficient to support changes across multiple health behaviors, underscoring the need for structured post-diagnosis counselling, follow-up, and gender-sensitive secondary prevention in aging middle-income populations.
Peer feedback is a process where employees provide constructive input, based on their observations and interactions, with their colleagues. This feedback can encompass various aspects of an individual's performance, such as behavior, communication skills, and contributions to team dynamics. Peer feedback typically aims to offer valuable insights, promote personal growth, and enhance teamwork within an organization. It often involves both positive and constructive criticism, fostering a culture of continuous improvement. This approach helps employees gain a better understanding of their strengths and areas needing development, ultimately contributing to their professional development and the overall success of the organization. Peer feedback is an essential component of a 360-degree feedback system, offering a holistic view of an individual's performance.
Abstract Suicidal thoughts and behaviours (STB) span ideation (SI), attempt (SA), and death (SD), yet the factors distinguishing ideation from attempt remain poorly understood. Genome-wide studies suggest shared yet partially distinct genetic liabilities. However, few analyses have tested the differential contributions of SI-, SA-, and SD-related genetic liability across STB phenotypes, particularly in high-risk mood-disorder populations. We analysed up to 17,622 participants from the Australian Genetics of Depression Study and the Australian Genetics of Bipolar Disorder study, jointly modelling polygenic scores (PGS) for SI, SA, and SD across mutually exclusive STB phenotypes using multinomial regression, alongside dimensional outcomes, age of onset, and the ideation-to-attempt transition. SI-PGS and SA-PGS showed independent and distinct associations: SI-PGS showed reduced odds of SI-only but increased odds of SI + SA, and SA-PGS robustly predicted attempt-related outcomes. Transition models captured the clearest clinical signal: SA-PGS predicted a 23% higher odds of attempt among ideators, with absolute risk differences of 9–12% between the top and bottom deciles—larger than those of the onset models (5–7%). Predictive discrimination improved incrementally (ΔAUC ≈ 0.02–0.03; ΔC ≈ 0.01). SD-PGS showed no robust effects. Sex-stratified analyses yielded broadly consistent findings across sexes. These findings support ideation-to-action models at the genetic level, demonstrating partially distinct polygenic liabilities for ideation and attempt. Although absolute predictive utility remains modest, these results indicate that PGS sharpen the stratification of ideators at risk of attempt, providing incremental value for future integrative risk models that combine genetics with mood disorders and environmental predictors.
This community service activity reports the implementation of a token economy technique to support attention during English-language learning at LKP Endemic, Warungjayeng, Nganjuk. The activity used a classroom-action-oriented plan–act–observe–reflect framework involving 12 learners. Attention was operationalized through 20 observable indicators grouped into seven dimensions: attention orientation, sustained attention, task engagement, response to instruction, active participation, distraction control, and self-regulation. The intervention combined immediate token delivery, behavior-specific verbal praise, token recording, exchange opportunities, and gradual fading. Descriptive results showed a group mean of 43.92/80 at pre-intervention, 56.08/80 in Cycle I, and 67.75/80 in Cycle II. The absolute increase from baseline to Cycle II was 23.83 points, corresponding to a relative increase of approximately 54.26% from baseline. The largest descriptive improvements were observed in response to instruction, active participation, distraction control, and self-regulation. Cycle I reflection identified the need for more consistent timing of token delivery, more explicit behavior-specific praise, and reduced dependence on external rewards; these changes informed Cycle II through selective token delivery and gradual fading. Because the activity involved a small group without a comparison condition, the findings should be interpreted as descriptive evidence of local implementation rather than as a causal estimate of effectiveness. The findings provide a practical framework for integrating behavioral reinforcement with English-learning activities in a non-formal learning setting.
Academic achievement in higher education is associated not only with individual and instructional factors but also with students' social environment. However, evidence on peer environments among Social Studies Education students in Indonesia remains limited, particularly regarding how peer interactions are experienced in academic contexts. This study examines the relationship between peer environment and academic achievement among pre-service Social Studies teachers at the Social Studies Education Study Program, Faculty of Education and Teacher Training, State Islamic University of Maulana Malik Ibrahim Malang. A sequential explanatory mixed-methods design was used. The quantitative phase involved 220 students from a population of 488 students in the 2023, 2024, and 2025 cohorts and was analyzed using PLS-SEM. The qualitative phase involved semi-structured interviews with 15 students selected purposively from the quantitative phase. The quantitative results indicated a positive and statistically significant association between peer environment and academic achievement (β = 0.145; t = 2.123; p = 0.034), although the effect size was small (f² = 0.014) and the model explained 1.5% of the variance in academic achievement (R² = 0.015). The qualitative findings identified four themes: academic behavior modeling, socio-academic support, group learning norms, and positive competitive drive. Together, the findings suggest that peer environment is a contextual factor associated with academic achievement through students' academic behaviors and interactions, rather than a dominant determinant of GPA. The study extends the application of Peer Influence Theory to pre-service Social Studies teacher education by highlighting the academic orientation and quality of peer interactions.
Effective school leadership is vital to school management, teacher performance, and quality education. This study examined the leadership skills, core behavioral skills, and administrative practices of public secondary school heads in the Schools Division of Cagayan de Oro City during the school year 2025–2026. It assessed key leadership and behavioral competencies and determined their relationships with administrative practices. A descriptive-correlational design was used, with universal sampling of 105 school heads. Data were gathered through a standardized questionnaire anchored on the Results-Based Performance Management System and the Philippine Professional Standards for School Heads. Frequency, percentage, weighted mean, standard deviation, and Pearson correlation were used. Findings showed high levels of leadership skills, core behavioral skills, and administrative practices. People development was the strongest leadership dimension, while teamwork and innovation were the most evident core behavioral competencies. Managing school operations and resources, and focusing on teaching and learning, were among the strongest administrative practices. The study found significant positive relationships between leadership skills and administrative practices, and between core behavioral skills and administrative practices. The study concludes that effective school leadership requires a combination of people leadership, professional behavior, instructional leadership, strategic management, and administrative competence. It recommends needs-based leadership development, mentoring and coaching, stronger results-focused practices, ongoing instructional leadership training, stakeholder engagement, reflective practice, and individualized professional development plans to support the continued growth of school heads.
Discipline assessment in elementary schools is essential for systematically monitoring students’ character development and providing a basis for continuous guidance. However, effective assessment depends not only on the availability of instruments but also on consistent implementation and the appropriate use of assessment results. This study aimed to describe the implementation of discipline attitude assessment instruments and the disciplinary behavior of students at SD Negeri 071206 Taluzusua. The study employed a qualitative approach with a descriptive method. The informants consisted of two homeroom teachers and one subject teacher selected purposively based on their direct involvement in teaching and attitude assessment. Data were collected through in-depth interviews, observations, and documentation, then analyzed through data reduction, data display, and conclusion drawing. Data credibility was strengthened through source, technique, and time triangulation. The findings indicated that instrument implementation involved three stages: planning, assessment, and utilization of results. Teachers used observation sheets and attitude assessment journals to assess punctuality, compliance with rules, and responsibility for completing assignments. Students generally demonstrated fairly good discipline, although their behavior was not yet consistent across all indicators. Assessment results were used to provide reminders, guidance, reinforcement, and continuous character development. These findings highlight the importance of systematic assessment and appropriate follow-up in fostering discipline in elementary schools. ABSTRAK Penilaian sikap kedisiplinan penting dilakukan di sekolah dasar untuk memantau perkembangan karakter peserta didik secara sistematis dan menjadi dasar pembinaan yang berkelanjutan. Namun, keberhasilan penilaian tidak hanya ditentukan oleh ketersediaan instrumen, tetapi juga oleh konsistensi penggunaannya dan pemanfaatan hasilnya. Penelitian ini bertujuan mendeskripsikan implementasi instrumen penilaian sikap kedisiplinan dan gambaran kedisiplinan peserta didik di SD Negeri 071206 Taluzusua. Penelitian menggunakan pendekatan kualitatif dengan metode deskriptif. Informan terdiri atas dua wali kelas dan satu guru mata pelajaran yang dipilih secara purposive. Data dikumpulkan melalui wawancara mendalam, observasi, dan dokumentasi, kemudian dianalisis melalui reduksi data, penyajian data, dan penarikan kesimpulan. Keabsahan data diperkuat melalui triangulasi sumber, teknik, dan waktu. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa implementasi instrumen meliputi perencanaan, pelaksanaan penilaian, dan pemanfaatan hasil. Guru menggunakan lembar observasi dan jurnal penilaian untuk menilai ketepatan waktu, kepatuhan terhadap aturan, dan tanggung jawab dalam menyelesaikan tugas. Kedisiplinan peserta didik secara umum cukup baik, tetapi belum konsisten. Hasil penilaian dimanfaatkan untuk memberikan pengingat, arahan, penguatan, dan pembinaan karakter secara berkelanjutan.
In recent years, retro-style outfits have continued to gain popularity on social media platforms. Clothing styles marked by earlier eras, such as Y2K millennium style, vintage outfits, and retro sportswear, have become widely popular among young people. This phenomenon raises a question worth exploring: why have young people developed such strong interest in “old clothes”? What role does social media play in the transformation of nostalgic emotions into consumption behavior? Taking 2018 to 2026 as the time window, this paper systematically reviews the literature on youth nostalgic consumption in social media environments and discusses it from three dimensions: conceptual definition, activation mechanism, and identity. The review preliminarily reveals the role of social media in the dissemination and diffusion of nostalgic content and also confirms that nostalgic consumption is an important path through which young people respond to identity anxiety and seek group belonging. However, existing studies still have three limitations. First, they lack a systematic explanation of how platform mechanisms promote the transformation of nostalgic emotions into consumption behavior. Second, they pay insufficient attention to how young people continuously construct identity through symbolic practices, community interaction, and consumption choices on social media. Third, the special mechanism of “non-experiential nostalgia” in the digital age has not been fully discussed. Future research may focus on constructing theoretical models that take social media as an intermediary variable and connect the logical path from emotion to behavior and then to identity.
Aim and background: Excessive daytime sleepiness (EDS) is reported far less often than poor nocturnal sleep quality in Indian medical students.We aimed to estimate EDS prevalence and its independent correlates (primary), and to compare these with poor sleep quality correlates in the same cohort and relate both to examination performance (secondary).We hypothesized that sleep hygiene behavior, not global sleep quality category, would dominate.Materials and methods: Prospective cross-sectional study of 354 of 450 eligible MBBS students (78.7%) at a Southern Indian college, sampled by stratified proportional randomization.Under supervised standardized administration, they completed the Epworth Sleepiness Scale (ESS; EDS >10), Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI), and Sleep Hygiene Index (SHI), with screen time, stress, mood, lifestyle, clinical covariates, and the latest university examination percentage.Excessive daytime sleepiness correlates were examined by logistic regression with a pre-specified confounder-adjusted sensitivity model.Results: Excessive daytime sleepiness affected 21.5% [95% confidence interval (CI) 17.5-26.0],more often among poor than good sleepers (27.7% vs 18.6%).Adjusted [area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC) 0.773, 0.714-0.832],only poorer sleep hygiene remained independent [odds ratio (OR) 1.12 per point, 1.07-1.18],unchanged after adjustment for all measured confounders (1.12, 1.06-1.17).Examination percentage did not differ by sleep status (67.33 ± 5.16 vs 68.07 ± 5.72; p = 0.229); academic stage and sex, not sleep, predicted marks (R² = 0.152).Conclusion: In this cross-sectional sample, EDS was associated more closely with sleep hygiene behavior than with global sleep quality category, and the two had distinct correlation profiles.Screening for sleepiness alongside sleep quality, and addressing bedtime device use, merit consideration in student health services.These are associations only; no direction of effect can be inferred.Clinical significance: Measuring EDS alongside global sleep quality identifies a partly distinct at-risk group, for whom brief counselling on bedtime device use may be more specific than generic sleep hygiene advice.
Introduction In Japan, noriuchi refers to a collaborative gambling practice in which multiple players pool money used for betting and later split the final net profit or loss. This cross-sectional online study aimed (a) to estimate the prevalence of noriuchi among adult Japanese gamblers and (b) to examine how the frequency of noriuchi participation relates to gambling involvement and problem gambling severity. Methods In February 2022, an online survey was administered via Rakuten Insight, Inc. to adults aged 20 years or older. Participants were eligible if they reported gambling at least monthly in at least one of nine gambling activities during the past 12 months ( N = 2,000). Noriuchi participation frequency was assessed on a four-point scale (never, less than monthly, monthly or more, weekly or more). Outcomes included monthly gambling days, monthly gambling expenditure, and problem gambling severity measured with the Japanese version of the Problem Gambling Severity Index (PGSI). Results Overall, 498 participants (24.9%) reported noriuchi experience in the past 12 months; among them, 198 (39.76%) met the PGSI criterion for problem gambling. After adjustment for demographic covariates, noriuchi participation was associated with greater problem gambling severity across several gambling activities. Associations with monthly gambling days and expenditure were more limited and varied across gambling activities, with significant increases primarily observed among those engaging in noriuchi weekly for certain gambling activities. Discussion These findings suggest that noriuchi is associated with problem gambling severity, whereas its associations with gambling frequency and individual gambling expenditure are less consistent.
Abstract Importance Bullying is increasingly understood as a social process in which peers influence whether it persists. Anti-bullying policies and programs often encourage bystanders to intervene directly, yet direct defending can carry social costs for defenders, and evidence that it reduces later victimization is mixed. Some interventions already target the peer rewards that sustain bullying, but participant-role classifications tend to absorb deliberate non-reinforcement into outsider behavior or passive bystanding. Objective This paper argues that withdrawing social reinforcement, the deliberate withholding of social rewards that peers confer on bullying, such as attention, approval, amplification, or audience participation, should be conceptualized as a distinct bystander response. Methods This conceptual analysis draws on the social-ecological framework, participant role theory, social cognitive theory, and evidence that the outsider category is internally heterogeneous. Results Withdrawing social reinforcement is functionally positive when it reflects a refusal to endorse bullying and reduces the social rewards available to the student who bullies. It differs from uninvolved passivity in intent and social function, and from indirect defending in primary target, because these responses act on different points in the social process of bullying. When enacted collectively, it may also signal reduced peer endorsement of bullying and shift perceived peer norms. Conclusions Helpful bystander responding should not be defined only by direct intervention. Bystanders can also target the social rewards that sustain bullying, and responses grouped as passive bystanding differ in whether they sustain or withhold those rewards. Future research should test whether withdrawing social reinforcement can be reliably distinguished from uninvolved passivity and indirect defending, and whether it reduces reinforcement for students who bully. Implications for Practice Withdrawing social reinforcement requires less public confrontation than direct defending, offering students who cannot or will not confront the student who bullies another way to respond. Schools can teach this method as an explicit option alongside upstanding.
Purpose To investigate the longitudinal relationship between university students’ subjective exercise experiences and their physical exercise behavior using a cross-lagged research design, and to analyze the moderating role of motivational beliefs in this relationship. Methods A one-year, two-stage longitudinal questionnaire survey was conducted among 422 university students in Jiangxi Province (52.6% male, mean age = 18.29 ± 0.632 years) using the Subjective Exercise Experience Scale, the Adolescent Physical Activity Scale, the Exercise Self-Efficacy Scale and the Perceived Value of Exercise Scale. Results (1) Gender differences were observed in both subjective exercise experience and physical exercise behavior across the two phases; male participants scored higher on average than female participants across all measures. (2) There was a significant positive correlation between subjective exercise experience and physical exercise behavior among university students. (3) Results from a cross-lagged model controlling for gender indicated that subjective exercise experience at T1 significantly and positively predicted physical exercise behavior at T2 ( β = 0.385, p < 0.001), and physical exercise behavior at T1 significantly and positively predicted subjective exercise experience at T2 ( β = 0.336, p < 0.001). (4) Motivational beliefs exerted a significant positive moderating effect on both cross-lagged pathways. Conclusion Gender differences exist in both subjective exercise experience and physical exercise behavior among university students; there is a longitudinal relationship across time between subjective exercise experience and physical exercise behavior; and motivational beliefs exert a significant moderating effect on the prospective predictive pathways between subjective exercise experience and physical exercise behavior.
Background Most person-centered research on exercise motivation has identified static profiles, leaving unclear how motivational configurations change over time, what psychological experiences are associated with those changes, and whether transitions predict subsequent exercise. This study examined the short-term mobility of exercise-regulation profiles, psychological-need predictors of specific transitions, and their prospective associations with later leisure-time exercise. Methods A three-wave prospective study followed 1,780 students from six Chinese colleges at approximately 4-week intervals. Exercise regulation, exercise-specific psychological need satisfaction and frustration, and leisure-time exercise were assessed at each wave. Continuous-indicator latent transition analysis identified longitudinal motivational profiles and transition probabilities. Posterior-probability-weighted models examined origin-wave need satisfaction and frustration as predictors of eligible transitions and tested whether first-interval transitions were associated with final-wave exercise after prior exercise was considered. Results Six profiles were retained: amotivated–controlled, low-regulation, mixed intrinsic–controlled, identified-dominant, intrinsic-dominant, and high autonomous–introjected. Overall profile stability was substantial but incomplete, with 76.9 and 73.8% of posterior transition mass remaining on the stability diagonal across the two intervals. The largest off-diagonal transition was from low regulation to high autonomous–introjected motivation (18.0 and 20.1%). After Holm correction, greater need satisfaction was associated with lower odds of moving from intrinsic-dominant or high autonomous–introjected motivation to low regulation (odds ratios = 0.47–0.49), whereas greater need frustration was associated with lower odds of moving from low regulation to identified- or intrinsic-dominant profiles (odds ratios = 0.41–0.62). In models controlling baseline exercise, movement from amotivated–controlled or low regulation to high autonomous–introjected motivation was associated with greater subsequent exercise, whereas several transitions toward less internalized configurations were associated with lower exercise. After additional adjustment for exercise measured at the transition endpoint, only the low-regulation-to-high autonomous–introjected transition remained significant. Conclusion Exercise motivation was substantially stable yet meaningfully mobile over short periods. Psychological-need experiences were associated with specific, origin-dependent motivational transitions, and selected transitions prospectively differentiated later exercise behavior. The findings support a dynamic and state-dependent view of exercise motivation and suggest that the psychological conditions relevant to maintaining internalized motivation may differ from those involved in moving out of low regulation.
Nature-based extreme sports are often framed through sensation seeking, thrill, and voluntary exposure to risk, yet this framing can obscure the meanings participants attach to prolonged engagement with demanding natural environments. This study explored how experienced South African participants interpreted the relationship between nature-based extreme sport participation and eco-sensitivity. In this article, eco-sensitivity refers to participants' reported environmental attention, affective connection with nature, recognition of ecological dependence, concern about degradation, and efforts to reduce personal impact. A qualitative design using interpretative phenomenological analysis was applied to semi-structured interviews conducted between 29 April and 4 July 2019 with 10 experienced participants, five men and five women, who represented 11 nature-based extreme sport activities and reported two to 22 years of experience. Four interconnected themes were identified: risk as a managed component of participation; connection rather than conquest; sensory sensitivity and experiences consistent with mindfulness and flow; and eco-sensitivity and self-reported pro-environmental orientation. Participants described risk as something to calculate and manage through competence, preparation, and situational judgement. They also described respect for natural forces, heightened bodily and environmental attention, and a stronger sense of ecological dependence. Reported pro-environmental practices were self-reported and were not independently observed. The findings provide an interpretive account of how participants made sense of environmental meanings within prolonged outdoor sport involvement. They do not establish a causal developmental mechanism. The results suggest propositions for athlete education, outdoor recreation management, environmental learning, and future longitudinal research. Keywords: eco-sensitivity; extreme sport; interpretative phenomenological analysis; nature connectedness; pro-environmental behaviour; risk management.
Instruction of prayer fiqh in pesantren goes beyond merely teaching the procedures and regulations of worship, it also plays a role in shaping the religious attitudes and habits of the students. Therefore, it is necessary to examine how the material regarding the fiqh of prayer is understood and instilled, so that Islamic values can be applied in daily life. This research aims to analyze the internalization of Islamic education values in the prayer worship material in the book Fathul Qorib by Ibn Qasim al-Ghazi at Al Huda Kunduran Islamic Boarding School. The research uses a qualitative approach with a descriptive type. Data were obtained through observations of the Fathul Qorib learning process and interviews with the pesantren caretaker, ustadz, and santri. Data analysis was conducted through data condensation, data presentation, and drawing conclusions by comparing information from various sources. The research results show that the prayer material in Fathul Qorib includes obligatory conditions, valid conditions, pillars, Sunnah, things that invalidate prayer, the number of prayer units, congregational prayer, qashar and jama’, as well as several special prayers. The material serves as the foundation for instilling values of faith, discipline, responsibility, and morality. The internalization of values is carried out through classical learning, sorogan, habituation of congregational prayers, supervision, advice, and the exemplary behavior of caregivers and teachers. The process is supported by the pesantren environment, direct interaction with teachers, and a culture of collective learning. Meanwhile, the obstacles include differences in the ability to read religious texts, limited references, fatigue, and inconsistency among some students. The novelty of the research lies in revealing the connection between the fiqh of prayer material, the study of the Yellow Book, and the internalization of values until they are manifested in the religious habits of the students. The research results show that the study of Fathul Qorib not only strengthens the understanding of fiqh but also internalizes the values of faith, discipline, responsibility, and morality through learning, habituation, supervision, and exemplary behavior.
Purpose: Although leadership behaviors have been widely examined in relation to teacher outcomes, limited empirical research has explored how different leadership dimensions influence teachers’ morale within highly centralized educational systems such as Thailand’s primary education sector. Existing studies have often emphasized administrative control and procedural compliance, while comparatively less attention has been given to the role of relationship-oriented leadership behaviors in sustaining teachers’ morale within centralized administrative contexts. This study therefore examines the relationship between leadership behaviors within educational administration and teachers’ morale in Thai primary schools in central Thailand. Research design, data and methodology: This study employed a quantitative research design using a survey approach. Data were collected from 417 teachers and educational personnel working in primary schools across central Thailand through anonymous self-administered questionnaires. Leadership behaviors were categorized into task-oriented and relationship-oriented dimensions, while teachers’ morale was examined through Herzberg’s Motivation-Hygiene Theory. Descriptive statistics, Pearson correlation analysis, and multiple regression analysis were employed to examine the relationships between leadership behaviors and teachers’ morale. Results: The findings revealed that both task-oriented and relationship-oriented leadership behaviors were positively associated with teachers’ morale. Relationship-oriented leadership behaviors, particularly motivation and participation, demonstrated stronger predictive influence on teachers’ morale than task-oriented dimensions such as planning and supervision. The regression model explained a substantial proportion of variance in teachers’ morale, indicating that interpersonal and participatory leadership practices play an important role within centralized educational environments. Conclusions: The study contributes empirical evidence to educational administration research by demonstrating that leadership effectiveness within centralized educational systems may involve not only administrative coordination and policy implementation but also relationship-oriented leadership practices that support teachers’ professional well-being. The findings further suggest that balancing organizational structure with human-centered leadership may help sustain teachers’ morale within Thai primary schools.
Transphobia can be understood as a set of practices that produce discrimination, exclusion, and violence against transgender people and transvestites, selecting their behavioral repertoires under aversive control. In the field of Behavior Analysis, Brazilian production on the subject remains limited and poorly systematized. This study aimed to integrate behavioral analysis research on the contingencies to which transgender people are subjected in Brazil. A systematic review of the literature was conducted according to PRISMA 2020, with searches in journals in the field and on Google Scholar. After applying the eligibility criteria, six studies were included. The findings indicate convergence in the understanding of transphobia as a process sustained by coercive contingencies that produce functional effects such as escape, avoidance, and psychological distress. It is concluded that Behavior Analysis offers relevant contributions to the functional understanding of transphobia and points to the need to expand socially committed research and interventions.Keywords: transphobia; behavioral-analysis; gender; LGBTQIA+; review
Socially complex peer play may provide opportunities for children to coordinate perspectives, negotiate roles, and respond to others' needs, but its association with prosocial judgment may differ according to children's social-cognitive resources. This small-scale longitudinal study examined whether mental state knowledge assessed at age 4–5 conditioned the concurrent association between socially complex peer play and prosocial judgment assessed at age 5–6. Participants were 35 children from a private nursery school in Japan. Mental state knowledge was assessed using a false-belief task. At age 5–6, children completed helping and sharing judgment tasks, and their free play was observed naturalistically across repeated focal-child observations. Socially complex peer play was indexed by the combined proportion of associative and cooperative play. Hierarchical regression analyses showed that the interaction between earlier mental state knowledge and socially complex peer play significantly predicted sharing judgment. The corresponding interaction for helping was positive but did not reach the conventional significance threshold. Sensitivity analyses using heteroskedasticity-consistent standard errors supported the sharing result. Given the modest sample size, the findings should be interpreted as preliminary. They suggest that the association between socially complex peer play and prosocial judgment may differ according to children's earlier social-cognitive resources.
Creative competence, defined as the knowledge, skills, and dispositions required both to act creatively and to cultivate creativity in learners, is increasingly framed as a core professional capability for teachers, yet initial teacher education rarely addresses it systematically. This brief research report examines whether a game-based instructional module embedded in a standard pedagogy course can strengthen pre-service teachers' creative competence. Using a quasi-experimental, nonequivalent-groups pre-test/post-test design, two intact cohorts of undergraduate pre-service teachers ( N = 118) completed either a 12-week game-based module (“Creative Pedagogy Lab”; n = 61) or a conventional seminar covering the same syllabus ( n = 57). Outcomes included creative self-efficacy and creative personal identity (Short Scale of Creative Self), teaching-for-creativity competence, divergent thinking (Alternative Uses Task), and blind consensual ratings of an authentic lesson-design product; reflective journals and focus groups captured participants’ experiences. Covariate-adjusted analyses showed significant advantages for the game-based condition in creative self-efficacy ( η p² = .10), teaching-for-creativity competence ( η p² = .12), originality of ideas ( η p² = .06), and rated creativity of lesson designs (d = 0.82). No significant effect emerged for ideational fluency, and the effect on creative personal identity was small and did not survive correction for multiple comparisons. Qualitative findings offer contextual insight into these patterns rather than independent evidence of causal mechanism: participants described the games as low-stakes “safe-fail” spaces that granted permission to experiment, while time pressure and coverage anxiety constrained engagement. The results provide preliminary evidence that game-based approaches can be integrated into professional preparation without displacing core content, and they point to organizational conditions—curricular space, facilitator development, and assessment alignment—needed to sustain such approaches in teacher-education organizations. As a single-institution study with a predominantly female, elementary-track sample, these findings are preliminary and may not generalize to other subject areas, institutions, or more gender-balanced cohorts.
Self-harm represents a serious mental health concern in which emotional experiences play a significant role in both its onset and maintenance. This exploratory study examined which emotions were most frequently reported before and after self-harm, how selected emotions changed following self-harm, and how emotional experiences were associated with specific forms of self-harm and demographic factors (gender, religious identification). The sample comprised of 158 university students, of whom 130 reported a history of self-harming behavior and were included in analyses of emotional experiences. Data were collected using a modified Self-Harm Inventory questionnaire and measures assessing the occurrence of emotions before and after self-harm. Anger, feelings of failure, and sadness were the most frequently reported emotions preceding self-harm, whereas sadness, relief, disappointment, guilt, and shame were the most frequently reported emotions following self-harm. The reported frequency of anger, guilt, and sadness decreased following self-harm, whereas negative emotions remained prominent after the behavior. After Benjamini–Hochberg correction for multiple comparisons, religious identification remained negatively associated with self-harm frequency and with the reported frequency of several emotions. Gender was not significantly associated with the examined variables, although this finding should be interpreted cautiously given the gender imbalance and limited sample size. After correction, selected associations between emotions and specific forms of self-harm remained significant, including associations of anger with hitting oneself, disgust with starving oneself, hatred with self-defeating thoughts, guilt following laxative misuse, and changes in anger with hitting oneself and intentionally worsening medical situations. Overall, the findings indicate selective associations between emotional experiences and self-harming behavior while underscoring the need for longitudinal and event-level research to clarify their temporal and causal dynamics.
Introduction Vehicular driving pattern analysis is important for improving road safety, driving efficiency, and intelligent transportation systems. The aim of this study is to analyze recent research on the major driver-behavior analysis tasks, which are driving pattern recognition, distraction detection, abnormal driving-behavior detection, driver profiling and identification, fuel-efficiency analysis, and driving-risk assessment. Methods The literature selection process was structured and included identification, screening, and eligibility. One hundred seventeen studies were used in this study, and 12 studies were selected for a detailed examination for comparative analysis. Results The studies analyzed have shown that driver-behavior analysis is becoming more popular with the use of machine learning, deep learning, sensor fusion, edge computing, and other new technologies. Existing approaches, however, are still scattered across behavioral tasks and encounter issues such as real-time processing, privacy preservation, scalability, model generalization, and integration of heterogeneous data. Discussion This study highlights the need for integrated and task-oriented approaches to address these challenges and support multiple behavioral assessments. The findings provide research directions on the development of scalable privacy-aware real-time driver-behavior analysis systems for connected and intelligent transportation environments.
Behavior is a particular type of organic reaction. It is a cognitively guided reaction: it is an organic reaction guided by cognitions; and cognitions are registers of the internal states of an organism, or of the states of its environment, which allow that organism to functionally adjust the patterns that govern those particular organic reactions that are its behaviors. In turn, the mental states of a living being, its mind, are the set of its cognitive states; that is, the set of states resulting from cognitions that dispose it and allow it to behave in certain ways.
This study aims to explore the moderated mediation mechanism of sport confidence and coaching style in the relationship between competitive state anxiety and perceived performance among Chinese elite collegiate basketball athletes. Specifically, data were collected from 315 valid participants across 15 universities in Northeast China using validated scales, and SPSS 26.0 with PROCESS Macro (Model 7) and bootstrap (5,000 samples) were employed for analysis. Results indicated that competitive state anxiety significantly negatively affected perceived performance. Further analysis revealed that sport confidence mediated this relationship. The moderated mediation test showed that coaching style dimensions differentially regulated the path: the indices of moderated mediation for Training and Instruction, Democratic Behavior, Social Support, and Positive Feedback were significant, indicating these supportive dimensions attenuated the detrimental effect of anxiety on sport confidence. In contrast, Autocratic Behavior failed to moderate the process. Collectively, competitive state anxiety is negatively associated with perceived performance in this population, with sport confidence emerging as a key mediator. Notably, the four constructive coaching style dimensions—not the overall style—buffer the first stage of mediation by weakening the negative association between anxiety and confidence. These results underscore sport confidence as a critical mediator and highlight the need to foster confidence and adopt supportive coaching to mitigate anxiety’s adverse effects on perceived performance.
In most societies, using more than one language or language variety is the norm, yet the reference data against which children’s speech is judged derive largely from monolingual speakers. Systematic cross-linguistic variation is therefore liable to be read as atypical development, placing multilingual children at risk of misdiagnosis of speech sound disorder (SSD). This risk is most acute for closely related, understudied varieties, where difference and disorder overlap and community-specific data are scarce. Acoustic measures (e.g., voice onset time, vowel formants, segment durations) quantify fine-grained, continuous properties of speech production that categorical, transcription-based description obscures. No existing review, however, has mapped which acoustic measures have been applied to multilingual children, across which language varieties, or against which reference baselines their productions are interpreted. The objective of this review is to provide that map, showing where acoustic evidence is concentrated and where it is absent, to support clinical assessment and to identify where community-specific reference data are most needed. The review will follow updated Joanna Briggs Institute scoping review methodology and will be reported per the PRISMA Extension for Scoping Reviews. Searches will be conducted in MEDLINE (Ovid), Embase (Ovid), CINAHL (EBSCO), Web of Science Core Collection, and Linguistics and Language Behavior Abstracts, with grey literature sought through ProQuest Dissertations and Theses Global and conference proceedings; no date limits will be applied. Children from birth to 18 years are eligible regardless of clinical status, and a preschool subset (≤ 5;11) will be reported separately. After pilot calibration, two reviewers will independently screen and chart sources, resolving disagreements by discussion or a third reviewer. Charted data will be mapped through an acoustic-measure taxonomy crossed with language variety and reference baseline. This protocol has been registered on the Open Science Framework (OSF https://doi.org/10.17605/OSF.IO/R2EX5 ).
Learning Natural and Social Sciences (IPAS) not only aims to improve students' conceptual understanding but also to foster awareness of energy-saving behavior in everyday life. However, understanding the importance of energy conservation is not necessarily followed by consistent implementation of these behaviors. This study aims to describe the use of animated media in IPAS learning and its role in building energy-saving awareness among elementary school students. This study used a qualitative approach with a descriptive method and was conducted at SDN Rambi Gundam 03 in September 2026, involving 30 fourth-grade students as observation subjects. Data were collected through learning observations and interviews with teachers. The results showed that students responded positively to the use of animated videos, characterized by enthusiasm and interest in participating in learning compared to learning that only relied on lecture methods. Students also began to understand simple actions to save energy, such as turning off lights when not in use. However, the implementation of energy-saving behaviors has not been consistent. These findings indicate that animated media has the potential to support IPAS learning about energy conservation, but it is not sufficient to prove its direct influence on changes in student behavior. Therefore, the use of animated media needs to be combined with habits and real-life activities so that students' understanding can be applied in everyday life.
Efforts to cultivate good character with immanent, enduring, complete, and permanent moral awareness require a deep understanding of the central points of the personality domain. Internally, natural ethical values often face specific conflicts related to efforts to maintain trust, social interest, and self-esteem. Through qualitative research, the potential of natural ethics, examined using the literature survey review (LSR) method, aims to elaborate on the main pillars and internal stimuli of the domain as drivers for the formation of an inherent, genuine, and inherent individual character. The results indicate that efforts to build full awareness (conscious awareness) through equivalent, proactive, interconnected, and coherent thinking activities are a crucial part of growing self-awareness. This effort in Sufi Islamic education is carried out naturally, immediately, and naturally, involving the ethical values inherent in each domain. Starting from the effort of "self-knowledge" as the central point, that each individual is composed of the physical (zahir), spiritual (batin), and soul (nafs), moral values are placed as the primary driving force, the elan vital inherent in all human activities. The integration of knowledge and good deeds motivates a person to serve Allah SWT, strengthens his or her faith (tasdiq), and spiritually motivates him or her to behave commendably with a strong spirit in attitude, words, deeds, and behavior, bringing goodness and benefit in various life circumstances and situations.
A couple of questions in media effects research have generated many empirical tasks and as little consensus as the link between violent video game play and real-world aggression. Public argument consistently conjures up the medium after mass shootings, while scholarship has actually produced meta-analyses reaching contrary conclusions from overlapping proof. This review synthesizes experimental, longitudinal and population-level research released between 1961 and 2020, making use of twenty peer-reviewed sources situated in Web of Science, Scopus and PsycINFO that report a quantitative estimate linking violent media exposure to an aggression-related outcome. Short-term experiments find tiny rises in aggressive affect, cognition and laboratory-measured behavior, however, these estimates reduce when publication bias is modelled and rest on outcome measures of contested validity. Longitudinal designs yield effects in the exact same tiny range, with the biggest prospective meta-analysis reporting a standardized coefficient of 0.11. Population-level analyses of crime data discover no positive association between violent media consumption and violent offending. A reanalysis that anchors these contested syntheses to a common analytical scale reveals consistent yet extremely small adverse effects. Collectively, the literature supports a modest association with aggressive behavior, while failing to substantiate the causal claim linking exposure to serious violence—a narrative that disproportionately dominates public discourse.
Students differ in whether they learn for the sheer joy of learning or primarily to avoid failure. The difference can be partly explained by intrinsic motivation—a driver of engagement, persistence, and psychological well-being that is not fixed but shaped by the learning environment itself. Drawing on Self-Determination Theory (SDT), this review synthesizes research on educational interventions designed to cultivate students' intrinsic motivation, spanning five categories: need-supportive teaching, competence-supportive practices such as structure and feedback, instructional-method redesigns such as problem- and project-based learning, technology-based approaches such as gamification, and teacher-focused interventions targeting teachers' own behavior and motivation. Across these approaches, one pattern stands out: need-supportive interventions—particularly autonomy support combined with structure—carry the strongest theoretical and empirical support, while other interventions succeed only insofar as they satisfy students' psychological needs within a given context. Autonomy, competence, and relatedness thus provide a common framework for understanding how diverse educational practices influence motivational outcomes. Yet the evidence base remains fragmented: inconsistent conceptualizations of intrinsic motivation, considerable heterogeneity across intervention designs, and a scarcity of long-term data limit what can be concluded with confidence.
The exclusion and bullying targeting minority groups--including sexual minorities, individuals with disabilities, and orphans--have become observable social phenomena in Chinese campus settings. This review examines, from a social psychological perspective, how the herd effect operates within physical campus environments to trigger, amplify, and consolidate prejudice and discrimination held by majority groups toward minority students. Adopting a literature review methodology, this paper synthesizes Asch's conformity experiments, behaviorist theory, Freudian individual unconscious, Jungian collective unconscious, and empirical studies on school bullying and peer conformity published over the past two decades. The central argument proposes a "three-tiered ladder" through which the herd effect function: first, linguistic stigmatization transforms neutral identity labels such as "gay" and" Tang"(a colloquial abbreviation for Down Syndrome in Chinese, used similarly to offensive slurs like "mong" in English) into tools of humiliation; second, social isolation dismantles the victim's support network; and third, peer pressure escalates into physical violence and property damage. This mechanism is significantly amplified within the Chinese collectivist educational context, where the physical inseparability of fixed-class systems extends conformity pressure from temporary behavior into chronic survival anxiety.
Pre-adolescence 9-12 years is a critical developmental period characterized by rapid biological, emotional, cognitive, and social changes that influence future mental health and well-being. Indian pre-adolescents increasingly encounter academic pressure, changing family dynamics, peer challenges, and extensive digital exposure, creating potential risks to emotional adjustment. Resilience, defined as the ability to adapt positively to adversity and recover from challenging experiences, is an important protective factor during this formative stage. This article aims to examine the determinants and dimensions of resilience among Indian pre-adolescents and to propose a culturally relevant, integrated framework for promoting resilience across biological, psychological, social, and digital domains. This article highlights key factors that strengthen resilience, including emotional regulation, self-esteem, self-compassion, problem-solving skills, supportive parenting, positive school environments, healthy peer relationships, and community connectedness. Digital resilience is also emphasized, encompassing safe technology use, digital literacy, responsible online behavior, and adaptive coping with cyberbullying, online risks, and excessive screen exposure. Based on existing evidence and contextual insights, the integrated pre-adolescent resilience model (IPARM) is proposed, integrating biological, psychological, social, and digital dimensions. Resilience promotion strategies are discussed at individual, family, school, community, and healthcare levels, with nurses and other health professionals playing an important role in early identification of vulnerable children, mental health promotion, and implementation of resilience-building interventions. Strengthening resilience during pre-adolescence represents a valuable preventive mental health strategy. A holistic and culturally responsive approach can foster emotional competence, psychological well-being, adaptability, and healthy development, enabling Indian children to navigate contemporary challenges and develop into confident and resilient individuals.
Applied behavior analysis (ABA) has developed an effective technology of reinforcement delivery, including Discrete Trial Training, Natural Environment Teaching, and token economies, largely on functional-behavioral grounds. Computational neuroscience has independently produced formal accounts of reinforcement learning centered on prediction errors and credit assignment. I propose a testable hypothesis connecting the two: the effectiveness of a reinforcement procedure depends on the quality of the learning signal that its delivery produces on each occasion, a property I term Reward Prediction-Error Fidelity (RPE Fidelity). The property is decomposed into four dimensions, temporal credit, contingency, prediction, and outcome value, each corresponding to a construct long studied in behavior analysis. Formalized within an actor-critic model with eligibility traces, the four dimensions enter the learning update multiplicatively, which implies that they cannot compensate for one another and that the effect of each depends on the others and on the learner’s history. The combination rule distinguishes the hypothesis from the separate behavioral constructs it draws on, and its dependence on learning history distinguishes it from steady-state quantitative models of reinforcement. I situate the hypothesis within an integrative framework, discuss its application to autistic learners, including differences in reward processing and volatility estimation and the role of learner assent, and compare it with procedural fidelity, quantitative behavioral theory, and alternative learning models, including attentional, timescale-invariant, successor-representation, and Bayesian accounts. I derive nine predictions, specifying for each the result that would favor the hypothesis and the result that would favor its strongest competitor, and outline a staged research programme compatible with single-case experimental designs.
This study analyzes the role of Islamic Religious Education (IRE) teachers' exemplary behavior in shaping students' discipline and compliance with school rules. Previous studies show that teacher modeling supports discipline, but their findings remain scattered across school levels and research designs, and few explain how exemplary behavior works as a mechanism of observational learning that links discipline and rule compliance. This study uses a qualitative literature study in the form of an integrative review. Thirteen empirical studies published between 2019 and 2026, consisting of journal articles and undergraduate theses on IRE teachers and student discipline in Indonesian schools and madrasahs, were selected through explicit inclusion criteria and analyzed thematically through data condensation, data display, and conclusion drawing. The synthesis identifies four forms of exemplary behavior: punctuality, compliance with rules and neat appearance, religious practice, and courteous interaction. Teachers reinforce these forms through habituation, persuasive advice, educative reinforcement, and collaboration with parents and other school staff. School policy, consistent rule enforcement, and parental involvement support exemplary behavior, while weak supervision, peer influence, and diverse family backgrounds hinder it. Read through Bandura's social learning theory, exemplary behavior operates through direct modeling, value internalization through consistency, and classroom social norms. The study concludes that teacher exemplary behavior is a central but not sole factor in student discipline and works best when the whole school applies rules consistently.
این مطالعه نقش رفتار الگویی معلمان آموزش دینی اسلامی (IRE) را در شکلدهی به انضباط و تبعیت دانشآموزان از قوانین مدرسه تحلیل میکند. پژوهشهای پیشین نشان میدهند که الگوگیری از معلم از انضباط حمایت میکند، اما یافتههای آنها در سطوح مختلف مدرسه و طرحهای پژوهشی پراکنده است و معدودی توضیح میدهند که رفتار الگویی چگونه به عنوان سازوکاری از یادگیری مشاهدهای، پیونددهنده انضباط و تبعیت از قوانین عمل میکند. این مطالعه با استفاده از روش مطالعه کیفی ادبیات به صورت مرور تلفیقی انجام شده است. سیزده مطالعه تجربی منتشرشده بین سالهای ۲۰۱۹ تا ۲۰۲۶، شامل مقالات علمی و پایاننامههای کارشناسی درباره معلمان IRE و انضباط دانشآموزان در مدارس و مدارس دینی اندونزی، از طریق معیارهای ورود صریح انتخاب و به صورت تماتیک از طریق تلخیص دادهها، نمایش دادهها و نتیجهگیری تحلیل شدند. سنتز انجامشده چهار شکل از رفتار الگویی را شناسایی میکند: وقتشناسی، تبعیت از قوانین و ظاهر آراسته، عمل به مناسک دینی و تعامل مودبانه. معلمان این اشکال را از طریق عادتدهی، توصیههای ترغیبی، تقویت آموزشی و همکاری با والدین و سایر کارکنان مدرسه تقویت میکنند. سیاست مدرسه، اجرای منسجم قوانین و مشارکت والدین از رفتار الگویی حمایت میکند، در حالی که نظارت ضعیف، تأثیر همسالان و پیشینههای خانوادگی متنوع مانع آن میشود. با خوانش نظریه یادگیری اجتماعی بندورا، رفتار الگویی از طریق الگوگیری مستقیم، درونیسازی ارزشها از طریق تداوم و هنجارهای اجتماعی کلاس عمل میکند. مطالعه نتیجه میگیرد که رفتار الگویی معلم عامل مرکزی اما نه یگانه در انضباط دانشآموزان است و زمانی بهترین کارکرد را دارد که کل مدرسه قوانین را به طور منسجم اجرا کند.
This article aims to analyze the problems faced by Islamic Religious Education (PAI) in shaping students’ morals amid the development of social media. This research employs a qualitative method with a library research approach by examining scholarly journals on digital morality, Islamic education, social media etiquette, teacher role modelling, and digital literacy. The literature synthesis indicates that social media has become an environment that can influence students’ values and behavior. The issues discussed include exposure to content that contradicts Islamic values, impolite communication, cyberbullying, dependence on peer approval, and the gap between students’ understanding of Islamic values and their application in digital behavior. Nevertheless, social media also has the potential to serve as a medium for moral education when used appropriately. This study emphasizes the importance of teacher role modelling, digital literacy, habituation of Islamic values, contextual learning, and collaboration among schools, families, and communities. The fundamental issue to consider is how to connect students’ religious understanding acquired through classroom learning with the application of moral values in everyday life, including their use of social media. Therefore, PAI learning should focus not only on religious knowledge but also on developing students’ ability to apply Islamic ethics critically, wisely, and consistently in digital spaces.
Pancasila is often debated as either an ideology or a philosophical system of thought, while a gap between its values and everyday practice persists. This study aims to quantitatively synthesize the strength of the relationship between understanding and practicing Pancasila values and citizen behavior, such as tolerance and radical attitudes. It uses Koento Wibisono's dimensions of ideology (belief, myth, loyalty) and the three philosophical principles (ontology, epistemology, axiology) as its framework, with the way values are delivered treated as a moderator. The study was designed as a meta-analysis using a random-effects model and Fisher's z transformation. A search of the Garuda and Google Scholar databases for publications from 1996 to 2026 yielded twenty articles as an initial corpus. All were conceptual, normative, or qualitative, so effect sizes could not yet be pooled and the three hypotheses could not be tested statistically. A thematic synthesis shows that ideology and philosophy are understood as a unity, that Pancasila values are hierarchical, and that their practice remains suboptimal, while rote-based education leaves little lasting impression. The corpus only hints at a positive relationship between internalizing Pancasila and tolerance. This study contributes a coding scheme for future research and recommends strengthening programs that emphasize role modeling, character education, and value delivery suited to technological developments.
Legal acts containing the graphic designs of traffic signs also include accompanying texts that officially name these signs and provide explanations, for instance, by specifying the behavior they communicate to road users. However, the question of whether mutual adequacy or correspondence has been upheld among the triad of traffic signs’ graphic designs, their legal names, and explanations has heretofore been practically omitted. The study presented here fulfills this noticeable gap in the research on traffic signs. It comments on selected results coming from a thorough, current review of 183 Polish warning, prohibitory, obligatory, and informative traffic signs. This focused comparison of graphic designs with names and explanations yields many insights and further implications, some of which are practical. Cases of adequacy maintained between the design, name, and explanation are ultimately infrequent. More common are cases of different types of inadequacy. The study carefully and critically discusses found instances of complete inadequacy (when a given traffic sign’s design, name, and explanation are all misaligned in terms of their content) and examples of middle categories (when two elements out of the triad of design, name, and explanation, correspond while the remaining one stands out). Moreover, the study considers the practical (traffic sign comprehension-related and legal) relevance of inadequacy, its potential sources, how cases of inadequacy can be approached from the regulator’s perspective, how the discussed issue can be related to other relevant empirical research on traffic signs, and what other research avenues it opens.
متون حقوقی که شامل طراحیهای گرافیکی علائم راهنمایی و رانندگی هستند، همچنین متون همراهی را در بر میگیرند که به طور رسمی این علائم را نامگذاری کرده و توضیحاتی ارائه میدهند؛ برای مثال، رفتار مورد انتظار از کاربران جاده را مشخص میکنند. با این حال، پرسش از این که آیا کفایت یا تطابق متقابل میان سهگانهی طراحی گرافیکی علائم راهنمایی و رانندگی، نامهای قانونی آنها و توضیحات ارائهشده رعایت شده است یا خیر، تاکنون عملاً نادیده گرفته شده است. پژوهش حاضر این خلأ قابل توجه را در تحقیقات مربوط به علائم راهنمایی و رانندگی پوشش میدهد. این پژوهش به نتایج منتخب حاصل از بازبینی جامع و بهروز ۱۸۳ علامت راهنمایی و رانندگی هشداردهنده، بازدارنده، الزامی و اطلاعاتی در لهستان میپردازد. این مقایسه متمرکز میان طراحیهای گرافیکی با نامها و توضیحات، بینشها و پیامدهای متعددی را به دست میدهد که برخی از آنها جنبه عملی دارند. مواردی که در آنها تطابق میان طراحی، نام و توضیح حفظ شده باشد، در نهایت نادر هستند. موارد شایعتر، انواع مختلفی از عدم کفایت را نشان میدهند. این مطالعه با دقت و به صورت انتقادی به بررسی نمونههای عدم کفایت کامل (زمانی که طراحی، نام و توضیح یک علامت راهنمایی و رانندگی همگی از نظر محتوایی ناسازگار هستند) و نمونههایی از دستههای میانی (زمانی که دو عنصر از سهگانه طراحی، نام و توضیح با یکدیگر مطابقت دارند اما عنصر سوم متفاوت است) میپردازد. افزون بر این، پژوهش حاضر به اهمیت عملی (مرتبط با درک علائم راهنمایی و رانندگی و جنبههای حقوقی) عدم کفایت، منابع بالقوه آن، نحوه برخورد قانونگذار با موارد عدم کفایت، ارتباط موضوع مورد بحث با سایر پژوهشهای تجربی مرتبط با علائم راهنمایی و رانندگی و مسیرهای پژوهشی جدیدی که این موضوع میگشاید، میپردازد.
Achievement goal orientation theory has become popular, as it interprets students’ academic attitudes and behavior. The present research aims to investigate the variation in teachers’ perceived goals in relation to achievement goals in different grades, as well as the emergence of the multiple goal theory. Participants were junior high school students who responded to a self-report questionnaire. The instrument used was the Patterns of Adaptive Learning Scales (PALS). The results revealed that mastery and performance goals behave as a network of interacting variables that essentially represent their coexistence, as well as their individual variations and specificities in relation to other variables. However, a significant distinction between mastery goals and perceived mastery goals with performance goals and perceived performance goals became apparent for each individual grade. The present research contributes to the theoretical development of the field, while in practice it highlights the combination of goals in school reality.
نظریه جهتگیری هدف پیشرفت به دلیل تفسیر نگرشها و رفتارهای تحصیلی دانشآموزان، محبوبیت یافته است. پژوهش حاضر با هدف بررسی تفاوت اهداف ادراکشده معلمان در ارتباط با اهداف پیشرفت در پایههای مختلف تحصیلی و همچنین ظهور نظریه اهداف چندگانه انجام شده است. شرکتکنندگان، دانشآموزان دوره راهنمایی بودند که به یک پرسشنامه خودگزارشی پاسخ دادند. ابزار مورد استفاده، مقیاسهای الگوهای یادگیری سازگارانه (PALS) بود. نتایج نشان داد که اهداف تسلط و عملکرد بهعنوان شبکهای از متغیرهای متعامل عمل میکنند که اساساً همزیستی آنها و همچنین تفاوتها و ویژگیهای فردی آنها را در ارتباط با سایر متغیرها نمایان میسازد. با این حال، تمایز معناداری میان اهداف تسلط و اهداف تسلط ادراکشده با اهداف عملکرد و اهداف عملکرد ادراکشده برای هر پایه تحصیلی به طور مجزا آشکار شد. پژوهش حاضر به توسعه نظری این حوزه کمک میکند و در عمل، ترکیب اهداف در واقعیت مدرسه را برجسته میسازد.
Counselors who migrated across national borders during training and practice could face complex ethical challenges shaped by cultural and systemic differences. However, understandings of how counselors experience ethical decision-making in transnational settings remain limited. Applying interpretative phenomenological analysis with a multi-group design, we examined the experiences of 18 Chinese counselors trained in the United States who were practicing in the United States (n = 10) or China (n = 8). We identified four cross-group themes: contextualizing “right” and “wrong,” navigating local regulatory systems, customizing ethical decision-making strategies, and opening spaces for ethical advancement. Group-specific subthemes further revealed contextual nuances across national contexts. Participants’ accounts reflected a dialectic interaction between internalized ethical values and shifting sociocultural structures. The findings extended existing ethical decision-making models by highlighting the role of contextual variability and identifying strategies to manage cultural and systemic discontinuities during ethical decision-making. Implications were discussed.
مشاورانی که در طول دوره آموزش و فعالیت حرفهای خود از مرزهای ملی عبور کردهاند، ممکن است با چالشهای اخلاقی پیچیدهای مواجه شوند که تحت تأثیر تفاوتهای فرهنگی و نظاممند قرار دارند. با این حال، درک ما از نحوه تجربه تصمیمگیری اخلاقی توسط مشاوران در محیطهای فراملی همچنان محدود است. با بهکارگیری تحلیل پدیدارشناختی تفسیری و طراحی چندگروهی، تجارب ۱۸ مشاور چینی آموزشدیده در ایالات متحده که در ایالات متحده (n = 10) یا چین (n = 8) مشغول به فعالیت بودند، مورد بررسی قرار گرفت. چهار مضمون مشترک میان گروهها شناسایی شد: زمینهمند کردن «درست» و «نادرست»، پیمایش نظامهای مقرراتی محلی، سفارشیسازی راهبردهای تصمیمگیری اخلاقی و گشودن فضاهایی برای پیشرفت اخلاقی. زیرمضامین خاص هر گروه، تفاوتهای زمینهای میان بافتهای ملی را بیشتر آشکار ساخت. روایتهای مشارکتکنندگان بازتابدهنده تعامل دیالکتیکی میان ارزشهای اخلاقی درونیشده و ساختارهای اجتماعیفرهنگی متغیر بود. یافتهها با برجسته ساختن نقش تغییرپذیری زمینهای و شناسایی راهبردهایی برای مدیریت ناپیوستگیهای فرهنگی و نظاممند در فرآیند تصمیمگیری اخلاقی، مدلهای موجود تصمیمگیری اخلاقی را گسترش دادند. پیامدها مورد بحث قرار گرفت.
Smartphone use during face-to-face interaction may be experienced as a disruption of relational presence. This cross-sectional study examined whether perceived partner phubbing (PPP) was associated with relationship satisfaction directly and indirectly through an overall attachment-related behavior score. Participants were 396 unmarried and noncohabiting adults in Türkiye who owned a smartphone and had been in a romantic relationship for at least six months (331 women, 64 men, and one other; mean age = 23.20 years). Participants completed the Partner Phubbing Scale, the Couples Satisfaction Index, and the Brief Accessibility, Responsiveness, and Engagement Scale. Correlational and bootstrapped indirect-effect analyses were conducted. PPP was negatively associated with relationship satisfaction and attachment-related behaviors, whereas attachment-related behaviors were strongly and positively associated with relationship satisfaction. A significant indirect association emerged through the overall attachment-related behavior score, while the direct association remained significant. The findings suggest that perceived phone-related inattention may be linked to relationship evaluations partly through a broader pattern of attachment-related behaviors involving perceptions of both self and partner behavior. Longitudinal, dyadic research is needed to establish temporal and causal ordering.
استفاده از تلفن هوشمند در طول تعاملات رودررو ممکن است به عنوان اختلالی در حضور رابطهای تجربه شود. این مطالعه مقطعی بررسی کرد که آیا ادراک فابینگ شریک (PPP) به طور مستقیم و غیرمستقیم از طریق نمره کلی رفتارهای مرتبط با دلبستگی با رضایت از رابطه مرتبط است یا خیر. شرکتکنندگان شامل ۳۹۶ فرد مجرد و غیرهمخانه در ترکیه بودند که صاحب تلفن هوشمند بوده و حداقل شش ماه در یک رابطه عاشقانه قرار داشتند (۳۳۱ زن، ۶۴ مرد و یک نفر دیگر؛ میانگین سنی = ۲۳٫۲۰ سال). شرکتکنندگان مقیاس فابینگ شریک، شاخص رضایت زوجین و مقیاس کوتاه دسترسیپذیری، پاسخگویی و درگیری را تکمیل کردند. تحلیلهای همبستگی و اثر غیرمستقیم بوتاسترپ انجام شد. PPP با رضایت از رابطه و رفتارهای مرتبط با دلبستگی رابطه منفی داشت، در حالی که رفتارهای مرتبط با دلبستگی با رضایت از رابطه رابطهای قوی و مثبت نشان دادند. یک رابطه غیرمستقیم معنادار از طریق نمره کلی رفتارهای مرتبط با دلبستگی مشاهده شد، در حالی که رابطه مستقیم همچنان معنادار باقی ماند. یافتهها نشان میدهد که بیتوجهی ادراکشده مرتبط با تلفن ممکن است تا حدی از طریق الگوی گستردهتری از رفتارهای مرتبط با دلبستگی که شامل ادراک رفتار خود و شریک است، با ارزیابیهای رابطه مرتبط باشد. پژوهشهای طولی و زوجی برای تعیین ترتیب زمانی و علی مورد نیاز است.
This study assessed interns’ performance in school-based tasks as a basis for an internship preparedness program among student-teachers. It examined internship preparedness in terms of pedagogical knowledge, lesson planning, classroom management, professional behavior, and time, communication, and technological skills, as well as performance in teaching demonstrations, lesson preparation, classroom management, collaboration, and professional conduct. A descriptive-correlational research design was employed to determine the level of preparedness and performance of the respondents. Findings revealed that student-teachers demonstrated a very high level of internship preparedness, with all indicators interpreted as “Strongly Agree” and reflected in high weighted mean scores. Professional behavior obtained the highest rating, while classroom management obtained the lowest, although still interpreted as “Strongly Agree.” In terms of performance, collaboration and professional conduct obtained the highest mean scores, followed by teaching demonstration and lesson preparation, indicating strong teaching competencies among the respondents. Inferential results showed that all components of internship preparedness were significantly related to teaching performance, leading to the rejection of the null hypothesis. This confirms that higher levels of preparedness are associated with better teaching performance among student-teachers. Overall, the study concludes that student-teachers are highly prepared and competent for their teaching internship. The findings emphasize the need to further strengthen classroom management skills while sustaining training in pedagogical and technological competencies to enhance internship effectiveness.
این پژوهش عملکرد کارورزان را در وظایف مبتنی بر مدرسه به عنوان مبنایی برای برنامه آمادگی کارورزی در میان دانشجومعلمان ارزیابی کرد. آمادگی کارورزی از نظر دانش آموزشی، برنامهریزی درسی، مدیریت کلاس، رفتار حرفهای، و مهارتهای زمانی، ارتباطی و فناورانه، همچنین عملکرد در ارائههای آموزشی، آمادهسازی درس، مدیریت کلاس، همکاری و رفتار حرفهای مورد بررسی قرار گرفت. از طرح پژوهش توصیفی-همبستگی برای تعیین سطح آمادگی و عملکرد پاسخدهندگان استفاده شد. یافتهها نشان داد که دانشجومعلمان سطح بسیار بالایی از آمادگی کارورزی را نشان دادند، به طوری که همه شاخصها به عنوان «کاملاً موافقم» تفسیر شدند و در میانگین وزنی بالا منعکس گردیدند. رفتار حرفهای بالاترین امتیاز را کسب کرد، در حالی که مدیریت کلاس پایینترین امتیاز را به دست آورد، اگرچه همچنان به عنوان «کاملاً موافقم» تفسیر شد. از نظر عملکرد، همکاری و رفتار حرفهای بالاترین میانگین امتیاز را کسب کردند و پس از آن ارائه آموزشی و آمادهسازی درس قرار گرفتند که نشاندهنده شایستگی قوی آموزشی در میان پاسخدهندگان است. نتایج استنباطی نشان داد که همه مؤلفههای آمادگی کارورزی با عملکرد آموزشی رابطه معناداری دارند و این امر منجر به رد فرضیه صفر شد. این امر تأیید میکند که سطوح بالاتر آمادگی با عملکرد بهتر آموزشی در میان دانشجومعلمان همراه است. به طور کلی، پژوهش نتیجه میگیرد که دانشجومعلمان برای کارورزی آموزشی خود بسیار آماده و شایسته هستند. یافتهها بر لزوم تقویت بیشتر مهارتهای مدیریت کلاس و در عین حال حفظ آموزش در شایستگیهای آموزشی و فناورانه برای افزایش اثربخشی کارورزی تأکید میکند.
Introduction Gambling problems (GP) remain underexplored among forensic psychiatric patients (FPPs). Given the associations between GP, mental distress, and criminal behavior, it is imperative to investigate GP in this population. Aims This study aimed to estimate the prevalence of gambling and GP among FPPs in Denmark and explore associations between GP and sociodemographic, behavioral, and clinical variables. Methods A cross-sectional survey was conducted, including 214 FPPs across 19 hospital units in two major Danish Health Regions. The primary measures were past-year gambling and GP assessed via the Problem Gambling Severity Index (PGSI). Secondary measures included gambling behavior (e.g., expenditure, frequency, self-exclusion), sociodemographic (e.g., age, gender, educational attainment), financial (e.g., consumer loans, monetary savings), and clinical variables (e.g., length of stay, psychiatric diagnoses). Gambling FPPs were asked if they had felt compelled to commit crime due to gambling during the past 12 months. Correlates of GP were identified by comparing higher-risk (PGSI ≥ 3) to lower-risk (PGSI ≤2) gambling FPPs. Prevalence was compared to a gender- and age-matched normative sample from a recent Danish national gambling survey. Results The prevalence of past-year gambling among FPPs was 46% (95% CI = 39-53%), while the prevalence of severe GP (PGSI ≥ 8, indicative of gambling disorder) was 12% (95% CI: 8.1-17%). Relative to lower-risk gambling FPPs (PGSI ≤2), higher-risk FPPs (PGSI ≥ 3) were more likely to be male, to express poorer financial conditions, and to have felt compelled to engage in criminal behavior due to gambling. GP prevalence was markedly higher among FPPs than in the normative sample, where 1.8% reported severe GP (PGSI ≥ 8) (95% CI: 1.3-2.5%). Discussion and Conclusion To our knowledge, this is the first study to examine the prevalence of gambling and GP among FPPs, and the rates were considerable. Given the consequences that GP may have on FPP health and economy, and thus recovery, our findings underscore the potential benefits of screening for and addressing GP in forensic psychiatric care. There is a strong need for further research to inform tailored interventions, improve treatment, and mitigate the potential impact of gambling on recidivism risk.
مقدمه مشکلات قمار (GP) در میان بیماران روانپزشکی قانونی (FPPs) همچنان کمتر مورد بررسی قرار گرفتهاند. با توجه به ارتباط میان GP، پریشانی روانی و رفتار مجرمانه، بررسی GP در این جمعیت ضروری است. اهداف این مطالعه با هدف برآورد شیوع قمار و GP در میان FPPs در دانمارک و بررسی ارتباط میان GP و متغیرهای جمعیتشناختی، رفتاری و بالینی انجام شد. روشها یک پیمایش مقطعی با مشارکت ۲۱۴ نفر از FPPs در ۱۹ بخش بیمارستانی در دو منطقه بزرگ سلامت دانمارک انجام شد. شاخصهای اصلی، قمار و GP در سال گذشته بودند که با استفاده از شاخص شدت مشکلات قمار (PGSI) ارزیابی شدند. شاخصهای ثانویه شامل رفتار قمار (مانند میزان هزینه، فراوانی، خودمحرومسازی)، متغیرهای جمعیتشناختی (مانند سن، جنسیت، میزان تحصیلات)، مالی (مانند وامهای مصرفی، پسانداز مالی) و بالینی (مانند مدت اقامت، تشخیصهای روانپزشکی) بودند. از FPPs قمارکننده پرسیده شد که آیا در ۱۲ ماه گذشته به دلیل قمار احساس اجبار به ارتکاب جرم داشتهاند یا خیر. عوامل مرتبط با GP با مقایسه FPPs با ریسک بالاتر (PGSI ≥ ۳) و ریسک پایینتر (PGSI ≤۲) شناسایی شد. شیوع با نمونه هنجاری همسانسازیشده بر اساس جنس و سن از یک پیمایش ملی اخیر قمار در دانمارک مقایسه شد. نتایج شیوع قمار در سال گذشته در میان FPPs برابر با ۴۶٪ (۹۵٪ CI = ۳۹-۵۳٪) و شیوع GP شدید (PGSI ≥ ۸، نشاندهنده اختلال قمار) برابر با ۱۲٪ (۹۵٪ CI: ۸.۱-۱۷٪) بود. در مقایسه با FPPs با ریسک پایینتر قمار (PGSI ≤۲)، افراد با ریسک بالاتر (PGSI ≥ ۳) بیشتر مرد بودند، شرایط مالی ضعیفتری داشتند و بیشتر احساس اجبار به ارتکاب رفتار مجرمانه به دلیل قمار را گزارش کردند. شیوع GP در میان FPPs به طور قابل توجهی بالاتر از نمونه هنجاری بود که در آن ۱.۸٪ GP شدید (PGSI ≥ ۸) را گزارش کردند (۹۵٪ CI: ۱.۳-۲.۵٪). بحث و نتیجهگیری تا جایی که اطلاع داریم، این نخستین مطالعهای است که شیوع قمار و GP را در میان FPPs بررسی میکند و نرخها قابل توجه بودند. با توجه به پیامدهایی که GP میتواند بر سلامت و اقتصاد FPPs و در نتیجه بهبودی آنان داشته باشد، یافتههای ما بر مزایای بالقوه غربالگری و پرداختن به GP در مراقبت روانپزشکی قانونی تأکید میکند. نیاز جدی به پژوهشهای بیشتر برای اطلاعرسانی مداخلات هدفمند، بهبود درمان و کاهش تأثیر احتمالی قمار بر ریسک عود جرم وجود دارد.
Digital transformation has increased children's access to information and learning while exposing them to misinformation, privacy violations, inappropriate content, and cyberbullying. These challenges underscore the need for digital literacy education integrating technological competencies with Islamic ethical values. This community engagement program aims to strengthen students' digital literacy and online safety awareness through the Gerakan Anak Cerdas Digital (Smart Digital Children Movement) at SDN 02 Padangjaya. Employing a participatory educational approach, the program delivers a 60-minute training session integrating digital safety principles with Islamic values, including tabayyun (information verification), amanah (trustworthiness), adab (ethical communication), and ukhuwah (solidarity). Learning activities comprise interactive instruction, contextual discussions, question-and-answer sessions, and educational quizzes. Evaluation involves comprehension assessments and observations of student participation. The program is expected to enhance students' understanding of digital risks, responsible internet use, personal data protection, and ethical online interactions. Conceptually, this initiative introduces an integrative framework connecting digital literacy with Islamic character education in primary schools. Practically, it offers a contextual model for promoting safe and responsible digital behavior through collaborative engagement among schools, families, and communities, contributing to the development of ethically grounded digital citizenship among young learners.
تحول دیجیتال، دسترسی کودکان به اطلاعات و یادگیری را افزایش داده است، در حالی که آنها را در معرض اطلاعات نادرست، نقض حریم خصوصی، محتوای نامناسب و زورگویی سایبری قرار میدهد. این چالشها، ضرورت آموزش سواد دیجیتال را که شایستگیهای فناورانه را با ارزشهای اخلاقی اسلامی تلفیق میکند، برجسته میسازد. این برنامه مشارکتی با هدف تقویت سواد دیجیتال و آگاهی از ایمنی آنلاین دانشآموزان از طریق جنبش «کودکان هوشمند دیجیتال» (Gerakan Anak Cerdas Digital) در دبستان SDN 02 Padangjaya اجرا میشود. با بهرهگیری از رویکرد آموزشی مشارکتی، این برنامه یک جلسه آموزشی ۶۰ دقیقهای را ارائه میدهد که اصول ایمنی دیجیتال را با ارزشهای اسلامی از جمله «تبیین» (راستیآزمایی اطلاعات)، «امانتداری»، «ادب» (ارتباط اخلاقی) و «اخوت» (همبستگی) ادغام میکند. فعالیتهای یادگیری شامل آموزش تعاملی، بحثهای زمینهای، جلسات پرسش و پاسخ و آزمونهای آموزشی است. ارزیابی از طریق سنجش میزان درک و مشاهده مشارکت دانشآموزان انجام میشود. انتظار میرود این برنامه موجب ارتقای درک دانشآموزان از خطرات دیجیتال، استفاده مسئولانه از اینترنت، حفاظت از دادههای شخصی و تعاملات اخلاقی آنلاین شود. از منظر مفهومی، این ابتکار یک چارچوب تلفیقی را معرفی میکند که سواد دیجیتال را با تربیت شخصیتی اسلامی در مدارس ابتدایی پیوند میدهد. از منظر عملی، این برنامه یک الگوی زمینهمحور برای ترویج رفتار دیجیتال ایمن و مسئولانه از طریق مشارکت مدارس، خانوادهها و جوامع ارائه میدهد و به توسعه شهروندی دیجیتال مبتنی بر اخلاق در میان یادگیرندگان جوان کمک میکند.
LGBTQ+ adolescents face more substance use risk than straight peers; however, within-group differences remain understudied. This study analyzed 2023 Youth Risk Behavior Survey data to compare alcohol and cannabis use between bisexual adolescents and their peers. Bisexual adolescents were 1.31x as likely to use alcohol as peers identifying “some other way” (95% CI [1.01, 1.52]). Cannabis use was 1.57x as likely among bisexual adolescents as straight adolescents (95% CI [1.48, 1.64]), 1.30x as likely as lesbian/gay adolescents (95% CI [1.02, 1.50]), and 1.64x as likely as peers unsure of their sexual identity (95% CI [1.46, 1.76]). Use of both substances was 1.54x as likely among bisexual adolescents as straight peers (95% CI [1.47, 1.61]) and 1.28x as likely as peers unsure of their sexual identity (95% CI [1.04, 1.45]). Findings support elevated cannabis use risk among bisexual adolescents. Bisexual-specific stressor awareness may enhance adolescent cannabis use prevention and reduction efforts.
نوجوانان LGBTQ+ با خطر بیشتری برای مصرف مواد نسبت به همسالان دگرجنسگرا مواجه هستند؛ با این حال، تفاوتهای درونگروهی کمتر مورد مطالعه قرار گرفتهاند. این پژوهش دادههای پیمایش رفتارهای پرخطر نوجوانان سال ۲۰۲۳ را برای مقایسه مصرف الکل و کانابیس بین نوجوانان دوجنسگرا و همسالان آنها تحلیل کرد. احتمال مصرف الکل در نوجوانان دوجنسگرا ۱٫۳۱ برابر بیشتر از همسالانی بود که هویت جنسی خود را «به گونهای دیگر» اعلام کرده بودند (۹۵٪ CI [1.01, 1.52]). احتمال مصرف کانابیس در نوجوانان دوجنسگرا ۱٫۵۷ برابر بیشتر از نوجوانان دگرجنسگرا (۹۵٪ CI [1.48, 1.64])، ۱٫۳۰ برابر بیشتر از نوجوانان همجنسگرا/لزبین (۹۵٪ CI [1.02, 1.50]) و ۱٫۶۴ برابر بیشتر از همسالانی بود که نسبت به هویت جنسی خود مطمئن نبودند (۹۵٪ CI [1.46, 1.76]). احتمال مصرف هر دو ماده در نوجوانان دوجنسگرا ۱٫۵۴ برابر بیشتر از همسالان دگرجنسگرا (۹۵٪ CI [1.47, 1.61]) و ۱٫۲۸ برابر بیشتر از همسالانی بود که نسبت به هویت جنسی خود مطمئن نبودند (۹۵٪ CI [1.04, 1.45]). یافتهها نشاندهنده افزایش خطر مصرف کانابیس در میان نوجوانان دوجنسگرا است. آگاهی از عوامل استرسزای خاص دوجنسگرایان میتواند تلاشها برای پیشگیری و کاهش مصرف کانابیس در نوجوانان را بهبود بخشد.
Accurate driver behavior recognition is important for driver monitoring systems and intelligent transportation applications. Although EEG-based approaches can provide useful neural information, their practical use is often limited by sensing complexity, preparation burden, and sensitivity to motion artifacts. This study proposes a physiology-guided multimodal learning framework for EEG-free driver behavior recognition using peripheral biosignals. A publicly available multimodal driving physiology dataset was used, including recordings from 35 participants performing five driving behaviors: smooth driving, acceleration, deceleration, lane change, and turning. Three peripheral physiological signals, namely ECG, EMG, and GSR, were used as model inputs. The proposed framework incorporates physiological knowledge into multimodal representation learning through modality-aware encoders tailored to the distinct characteristics of ECG, EMG, and GSR. A physiology-guided fusion mechanism is further introduced to model complementary cross-modal interactions among the three biosignals. Experimental results showed that the proposed ECG+EMG+GSR model achieved an average accuracy of 0.782 and a macro-F1 score of 0.783 under a five-fold evaluation protocol with separated training, validation, and test sets, with MCC and Cohen’s kappa reaching 0.711 and 0.711, respectively. Compared with EEG-only and full-modality baselines reported in the original dataset study, the proposed framework demonstrated the feasibility of EEG-free driver behavior recognition using only peripheral biosignals. Under the matched ECG+EMG+GSR input setting, the proposed framework outperformed the strongest baseline across all four evaluation metrics. In addition, sensing-configuration analysis showed that ECG+EMG+GSR provided a favorable balance between recognition performance and sensing burden. These results indicate that physiology-guided multimodal learning can effectively exploit heterogeneous peripheral biosignals for accurate and interpretable EEG-free driver behavior recognition.
شناسایی دقیق رفتار راننده برای سامانههای پایش راننده و کاربردهای حملونقل هوشمند اهمیت زیادی دارد. اگرچه رویکردهای مبتنی بر EEG میتوانند اطلاعات عصبی مفیدی ارائه دهند، اما کاربرد عملی آنها اغلب به دلیل پیچیدگی سنجش، دشواری آمادهسازی و حساسیت به آرتیفکتهای حرکتی محدود میشود. این مطالعه یک چارچوب یادگیری چندوجهی مبتنی بر فیزیولوژی را برای شناسایی رفتار راننده بدون استفاده از EEG و با بهرهگیری از سیگنالهای زیستی محیطی پیشنهاد میکند. از یک پایگاه داده فیزیولوژی رانندگی چندوجهی که بهصورت عمومی در دسترس است، استفاده شد که شامل ثبت دادههای ۳۵ شرکتکننده در حال انجام پنج رفتار رانندگی (رانندگی نرم، شتابگیری، کاهش سرعت، تغییر خط و پیچیدن) بود. سه سیگنال فیزیولوژیکی محیطی شامل ECG، EMG و GSR بهعنوان ورودی مدل به کار گرفته شدند. چارچوب پیشنهادی، دانش فیزیولوژیکی را از طریق رمزگذارهای آگاه از نوع مدالیته که متناسب با ویژگیهای متمایز ECG، EMG و GSR طراحی شدهاند، در یادگیری بازنمایی چندوجهی ادغام میکند. همچنین، یک سازوکار همجوشی هدایتشده با فیزیولوژی برای مدلسازی تعاملات مکمل بینمدالیتهای میان این سه سیگنال زیستی معرفی شده است. نتایج تجربی نشان داد که مدل ECG+EMG+GSR پیشنهادی به دقت میانگین ۰.۷۸۲ و امتیاز macro-F1 برابر با ۰.۷۸۳ تحت پروتکل ارزیابی پنجگانه با مجموعههای آموزشی، اعتبارسنجی و آزمون جداگانه دست یافت و مقادیر MCC و کاپای Cohen به ترتیب ۰.۷۱۱ و ۰.۷۱۱ بود. در مقایسه با خطوط پایه مبتنی بر EEG و مدالیته کامل که در مطالعه اصلی پایگاه داده گزارش شده بود، چارچوب پیشنهادی امکانپذیری شناسایی رفتار راننده بدون EEG و صرفاً با سیگنالهای زیستی محیطی را نشان داد. در شرایط ورودی منطبق ECG+EMG+GSR، چارچوب پیشنهادی در هر چهار معیار ارزیابی از قویترین خط پایه عملکرد بهتری داشت. علاوه بر این، تحلیل پیکربندی سنجش نشان داد که ترکیب ECG+EMG+GSR تعادل مطلوبی میان عملکرد شناسایی و بار سنجش فراهم میکند. این نتایج بیانگر آن است که یادگیری چندوجهی هدایتشده با فیزیولوژی میتواند بهطور مؤثر از سیگنالهای زیستی محیطی ناهمگن برای شناسایی دقیق و قابل تفسیر رفتار راننده بدون EEG بهرهبرداری کند.
Formal compliance with centralized education standards does not guarantee that policy intent reaches the classroom. This study examines this implementation gap by integrating Instructional Leadership Theory with Street-Level Bureaucracy to explain how managerial behavior shapes the translation of centralized policy into localized institutional performance. Using a quantitative descriptive-correlational design analyzed through one-way ANOVA with Scheffé post hoc tests, Pearson product-moment correlation, and multiple regression, the study analyzes multi-stakeholder data from 678 administrators, teachers, and students across the Schools Divisions of Samar Island, Philippines. The findings reveal significant divergence in stakeholder assessments of school conditions, particularly between administrators' evaluations and students' perceptions of the learning environment. More importantly, adaptive managerial behaviors—including decentralized decision-making, flexible problem-solving, and instruction-focused supervision—emerged as the strongest correlates of perceived managerial effectiveness within the competency framework, more so than tenure- or compliance-based indicators, although this association is partly definitional given that managerial effectiveness is itself derived from the same competency ratings. These findings challenge the assumption that successful decentralization can be inferred from administrative compliance with centrally prescribed standards. Instead, they indicate that the effectiveness of decentralized education systems depends on administrators' capacity to exercise adaptive discretion while maintaining instructional alignment. The study extends Instructional Leadership and Street-Level Bureaucracy perspectives by positioning managerial discretion and stakeholder perception as mechanisms through which policy intent is translated—or fails to translate—into school-level outcomes in resource-constrained settings.
تبعیت رسمی از استانداردهای متمرکز آموزشی تضمین نمیکند که هدف سیاست به کلاس درس منتقل شود. این پژوهش با ادغام نظریه رهبری آموزشی و بوروکراسی سطح خیابان، به بررسی این شکاف اجرایی میپردازد تا تبیین کند چگونه رفتار مدیریتی، ترجمه سیاست متمرکز به عملکرد نهادی محلی را شکل میدهد. با بهرهگیری از طرح توصیفی-همبستگی کمی و تحلیل از طریق آزمون ANOVA یکطرفه با آزمون پس از hoc Scheffé، همبستگی حاصلضرب-لحظهای پیرسون و رگرسیون چندگانه، دادههای چندذینفعی از ۶۷۸ نفر از مدیران، معلمان و دانشآموزان در بخشهای مدارس جزیره سامار، فیلیپین مورد بررسی قرار گرفت. یافتهها نشاندهنده تفاوت معنادار در ارزیابی شرایط مدرسه توسط ذینفعان است، بهویژه بین ارزیابی مدیران و ادراک دانشآموزان از محیط یادگیری. مهمتر آنکه، رفتارهای مدیریتی انطباقی ـ از جمله تصمیمگیری غیرمتمرکز، حل مسئله انعطافپذیر و نظارت متمرکز بر آموزش ـ به عنوان قویترین همبستههای اثربخشی مدیریتی ادراکشده در چارچوب شایستگی ظاهر شدند، بیش از شاخصهای مبتنی بر سابقه یا تبعیت، هرچند این ارتباط تا حدی تعریفی است چرا که اثربخشی مدیریتی خود از همان ارزیابیهای شایستگی استخراج میشود. این یافتهها فرض رایج مبنی بر اینکه موفقیت غیرمتمرکزسازی را میتوان از تبعیت اداری با استانداردهای تجویزی مرکزی استنباط کرد، به چالش میکشد. در عوض، نشان میدهد که اثربخشی نظامهای آموزش غیرمتمرکز به ظرفیت مدیران در اعمال اختیار انطباقی در عین حفظ همسویی آموزشی وابسته است. این پژوهش با قرار دادن اختیار مدیریتی و ادراک ذینفعان به عنوان سازوکارهایی که از طریق آنها هدف سیاست به نتایج سطح مدرسه در شرایط محدودیت منابع ترجمه میشود یا نمیشود، دیدگاههای رهبری آموزشی و بوروکراسی سطح خیابان را گسترش میدهد.
This study aims to describe the learning enthusiasm of fifth-grade elementary school students during lessons that utilize digital media. A descriptive qualitative method was employed to characterize student behavior and responses throughout the learning process. The study was conducted during the 2026/2027 academic year, involving fifth-grade students and their classroom teacher, who were selected purposively based on their engagement with digital media-assisted instruction. Data were collected through observation, interviews, and documentation. Observations focused on student behavior during lessons; interviews gathered information regarding the experiences and feedback of both students and the teacher; and documentation served as supporting data. Data analysis was conducted interactively using the Miles, Huberman, and Saldaña model, comprising the stages of data condensation, data display, and conclusion drawing and verification. Learning enthusiasm was analyzed based on behavioral and emotional aspects, including attention, active engagement, responsiveness, earnestness, participation, interaction, interest, enjoyment, and positive expressions. The results indicate that the use of digital media—such as videos, images, animations, interactive quizzes, and educational games—can enhance student enthusiasm. This was evidenced by the students' attention, active engagement, willingness to participate, interaction, and positive expressions during lessons. However, enthusiasm could decline if the media was used for too long, became monotonous, or lacked interactivity. Therefore, the use of digital media needs to be aligned with learning objectives, student characteristics, the subject matter, and the duration of use.
هدف این پژوهش توصیف اشتیاق یادگیری دانشآموزان پایه پنجم دبستان در طول دروسی است که از رسانههای دیجیتال بهره میبرند. روش کیفی توصیفی برای تبیین رفتار و واکنشهای دانشآموزان در فرآیند یادگیری به کار گرفته شد. این پژوهش در سال تحصیلی ۲۰۲۶/۲۰۲۷ انجام شد و دانشآموزان پایه پنجم و معلم کلاس آنها که به طور هدفمند بر اساس مشارکت در آموزش با کمک رسانههای دیجیتال انتخاب شدند، در آن شرکت داشتند. دادهها از طریق مشاهده، مصاحبه و اسناد گردآوری شد. مشاهدات بر رفتار دانشآموزان در طول درس متمرکز بود؛ مصاحبهها اطلاعاتی درباره تجربهها و بازخوردهای دانشآموزان و معلم جمعآوری کرد؛ و اسناد به عنوان دادههای پشتیبان مورد استفاده قرار گرفت. تحلیل دادهها به صورت تعاملی و با استفاده از مدل Miles، Huberman و Saldaña شامل مراحل تقطیر داده، نمایش داده و نتیجهگیری و تأیید انجام شد. اشتیاق یادگیری بر اساس جنبههای رفتاری و هیجانی از جمله توجه، مشارکت فعال، پاسخدهی، جدیت، همکاری، تعامل، علاقه، لذت و ابراز احساسات مثبت تحلیل شد. نتایج نشان داد که استفاده از رسانههای دیجیتال مانند ویدئوها، تصاویر، انیمیشنها، آزمونهای تعاملی و بازیهای آموزشی میتواند اشتیاق دانشآموزان را افزایش دهد. این امر از طریق توجه، مشارکت فعال، تمایل به همکاری، تعامل و ابراز احساسات مثبت دانشآموزان در طول درسها مشهود بود. با این حال، اشتیاق ممکن است در صورت استفاده طولانیمدت، یکنواختی یا فقدان تعامل در رسانه کاهش یابد. بنابراین، استفاده از رسانههای دیجیتال باید با اهداف یادگیری، ویژگیهای دانشآموزان، محتوای درس و مدت زمان استفاده هماهنگ باشد.
Character education is a fundamental aspect of early childhood development because it shapes children's personality, behavior, and moral values from an early age. In Islamic education, character formation is directed toward developing noble character (akhlaq al-karimah) based on the teachings of the Qur’an and Sunnah. This study aims to analyze the strategies of Islamic value internalization employed in Quranic Learning Centers (Rumah Qur’an) and their contribution to early childhood character development. This research employed a qualitative approach using a library research method. Data were collected from books, scientific journals, research articles, and other relevant academic sources published within the last eight years. The collected data were analyzed using content analysis to identify patterns and strategies related to the internalization of Islamic values in early childhood education. The findings indicate that the internalization of Islamic values in Quranic Learning Centers is implemented through several key strategies, including exemplary behavior (uswah hasanah), habituation of Islamic practices, storytelling and moral advice, the establishment of a religious learning environment, and collaboration between educational institutions and parents. These strategies effectively foster religious character, discipline, responsibility, politeness, empathy, and independence among children. The study concludes that Quranic Learning Centers play a significant role in strengthening Islamic character education and can serve as an effective alternative for character development amid contemporary moral and technological challenges.
آموزش شخصیت یکی از جنبههای اساسی رشد کودکی است، زیرا شخصیت، رفتار و ارزشهای اخلاقی کودکان را از سنین پایین شکل میدهد. در آموزش اسلامی، شکلگیری شخصیت بر پایه توسعه اخلاق نیکو (اخلاقالکریمَه) و بر اساس آموزههای قرآن و سنت هدایت میشود. هدف این پژوهش، تحلیل راهبردهای درونیسازی ارزشهای اسلامی در مراکز آموزش قرآنی (خانه قرآن) و نقش آنها در پرورش شخصیت کودکان است. این پژوهش با رویکرد کیفی و روش پژوهش کتابخانهای انجام شده است. دادهها از کتابها، مجلات علمی، مقالات پژوهشی و سایر منابع علمی مرتبط که در هشت سال اخیر منتشر شدهاند، گردآوری گردید. دادههای گردآوریشده با استفاده از تحلیل محتوا به منظور شناسایی الگوها و راهبردهای مرتبط با درونیسازی ارزشهای اسلامی در آموزش کودکان تحلیل شدند. یافتهها نشان میدهد که درونیسازی ارزشهای اسلامی در مراکز آموزش قرآنی از طریق چند راهبرد کلیدی از جمله رفتار الگویی (اسوه حسنه)، عادتدهی به اعمال اسلامی، قصهگویی و اندرز اخلاقی، ایجاد محیط یادگیری دینی و همکاری میان نهادهای آموزشی و والدین اجرا میشود. این راهبردها به طور مؤثری موجب پرورش شخصیت دینی، انضباط، مسئولیتپذیری، ادب، همدلی و استقلال در کودکان میگردد. نتیجه پژوهش حاکی از آن است که مراکز آموزش قرآنی نقش مهمی در تقویت آموزش شخصیت اسلامی ایفا میکنند و میتوانند به عنوان جایگزینی مؤثر برای پرورش شخصیت در مواجهه با چالشهای اخلاقی و فناوری معاصر مورد استفاده قرار گیرند.
Islamic Religious Education (PAI) teachers hold a significant function in fostering and improving students’ character through an instructional process that emphasizes not solely on religious understanding but additionally on the development of attitudes and behaviors in accordance with Islamic values. The objective of this article is to investigate the contribution of PAI teachers to the enhancement of students' moral characters through exemplary behavior, habituation, and advice. A literature review serves as the methodology for this article, analyzing multiple relevant sources related to Islamic education, teacher roles, character building, exemplary behavior, habituation, and advice. The results of the discussion demonstrate that PAI teachers act as instructors, guides, and exemplary figures for their students. Exemplary behavior is demonstrated through concrete examples in attitudes, speech, and daily actions, such as honesty, discipline, responsibility, and politeness. Habituation is implemented repeatedly, consistently, and systematically by means of religious programs and constructive actions within the school setting to ensure that ethical values can be applied in students’ daily lives. Meanwhile, advice serves to provide guidance and understanding to students regarding appropriate behavior in accordance with Islamic teachings. Therefore, exemplary behavior, habituation, and advice can serve as complementary strategies in supporting the development of students’ character.
معلمان آموزش دینی اسلامی (PAI) نقش مهمی در پرورش و ارتقای شخصیت دانشآموزان از طریق فرایند آموزشی ایفا میکنند که نه تنها بر فهم دینی بلکه بر توسعه نگرشها و رفتارها مطابق با ارزشهای اسلامی تأکید دارد. هدف این مقاله بررسی سهم معلمان PAI در بهبود ویژگیهای اخلاقی دانشآموزان از طریق رفتار الگویی، عادتدهی و نصیحت است. روش این مقاله مرور ادبیات بوده و منابع مرتبط متعددی در زمینه آموزش اسلامی، نقش معلم، تربیت شخصیت، رفتار الگویی، عادتدهی و نصیحت را تحلیل میکند. نتایج بحث نشان میدهد که معلمان PAI به عنوان آموزگار، راهنما و الگو برای دانشآموزان خود عمل میکنند. رفتار الگویی از طریق نمونههای عینی در نگرش، گفتار و اعمال روزمره مانند صداقت، انضباط، مسئولیتپذیری و ادب نشان داده میشود. عادتدهی به صورت تکراری، مستمر و نظاممند از طریق برنامههای دینی و اقدامات سازنده در محیط مدرسه اجرا میشود تا ارزشهای اخلاقی در زندگی روزمره دانشآموزان به کار گرفته شود. در همین حال، نصیحت به منظور ارائه راهنمایی و فهم به دانشآموزان درباره رفتار مناسب مطابق با آموزههای اسلامی به کار میرود. بنابراین، رفتار الگویی، عادتدهی و نصیحت میتوانند به عنوان راهبردهای مکمل در حمایت از توسعه شخصیت دانشآموزان مورد استفاده قرار گیرند.
This study aims to describe the implementation of servant leadership in the principal’s leadership at SMPN 1 Cikarang Selatan, to describe the principal’s strategies in building communication, service, and empowerment, and to identify supporting and inhibiting factors. This research employed a descriptive qualitative approach. Data were collected through non-participant observation, semi-structured interviews, and documentation. The informants consisted of the principal, vice principal, teachers, and educational staff. Data analysis was conducted through data condensation, data display, and conclusion drawing and verification. The findings indicate that servant leadership has been implemented through six dimensions: exemplary behavior, empathy, listening, empowerment, caring, and community building. The principal demonstrates openness in receiving input, provides support and solutions, delegates responsibilities, encourages competence development, and promotes cooperation among school members. The strategies for communication, service, and empowerment are integrated through meetings, coordination, direct communication, personal approaches, task delegation, and opportunities for professional development. Supporting factors include cooperation, open communication, mutual trust, school-community support, and shared commitment. Inhibiting factors include differences in character and participation, communication and coordination challenges, and the principal’s limited time due to a high workload. Overall, servant leadership at SMPN 1 Cikarang Selatan has been implemented, although continuous strengthening is needed to optimize service, empowerment, communication, and collaboration.
هدف این پژوهش توصیف پیادهسازی رهبری خدمتگزار در رهبری مدیر دبیرستان دولتی شماره ۱ چیکارنگ جنوبی، توصیف راهبردهای مدیر در ایجاد ارتباط، خدمترسانی و توانمندسازی، و شناسایی عوامل حمایتکننده و بازدارنده است. این پژوهش با رویکرد کیفی توصیفی انجام شده است. دادهها از طریق مشاهده غیرمشارکتی، مصاحبه نیمهساختاریافته و اسناد گردآوری شدهاند. مطلعان شامل مدیر، معاون، معلمان و کارکنان آموزشی بودهاند. تحلیل دادهها از طریق تقطیر دادهها، نمایش دادهها و نتیجهگیری و تأیید انجام شده است. یافتهها نشان میدهد که رهبری خدمتگزار از طریق شش بُعد رفتار الگویی، همدلی، گوش دادن، توانمندسازی، مراقبت و جامعهسازی پیادهسازی شده است. مدیر مدرسه با پذیرش نظرات، ارائه حمایت و راهحل، واگذاری مسئولیتها، تشویق به توسعه شایستگی و ترویج همکاری میان اعضای مدرسه، این ابعاد را به اجرا درمیآورد. راهبردهای ارتباط، خدمترسانی و توانمندسازی از طریق جلسات، هماهنگی، ارتباط مستقیم، رویکردهای فردی، واگذاری وظایف و ایجاد فرصتهای توسعه حرفهای ادغام شدهاند. عوامل حمایتکننده شامل همکاری، ارتباط باز، اعتماد متقابل، حمایت جامعه مدرسه و تعهد مشترک است. عوامل بازدارنده شامل تفاوت در شخصیت و مشارکت، چالشهای ارتباط و هماهنگی و محدودیت زمانی مدیر به دلیل حجم بالای کار میباشد. به طور کلی، رهبری خدمتگزار در دبیرستان دولتی شماره ۱ چیکارنگ جنوبی پیادهسازی شده است، هرچند تقویت مستمر برای بهینهسازی خدمترسانی، توانمندسازی، ارتباط و همکاری ضروری است.
Hadith learning in early childhood plays an important role in instilling religious and moral values from an early age. However, delivering hadith materials requires engaging media that are appropriate to children's developmental characteristics so that the messages can be understood in simple ways. This article aims to examine the use of Islamic animated videos as supporting media for hadith learning in early childhood. Islamic animated videos combine images, sounds, movements, and stories to create an enjoyable learning atmosphere and help children recognize and understand the moral messages contained in hadith. This study employs a qualitative approach with a descriptive method through a literature review of relevant sources on digital learning media, Islamic religious education, and early childhood development. The findings indicate that Islamic animated videos have the potential to increase children's interest in hadith learning, clarify the meaning of hadith through concrete illustrations, and support the internalization of Islamic values in everyday life. The use of these media should be accompanied by teacher guidance, age-appropriate content selection, habituation activities, and exemplary behavior. Therefore, Islamic animated videos can serve as an alternative learning medium to support hadith introduction and the development of Islamic character in early childhood
آموزش حدیث در دوران کودکی نقش مهمی در نهادینهسازی ارزشهای دینی و اخلاقی از سنین پایین ایفا میکند. با این حال، ارائه محتوای حدیث نیازمند رسانههایی جذاب و متناسب با ویژگیهای رشدی کودکان است تا پیامها به شیوهای ساده قابل فهم باشند. این مقاله با هدف بررسی استفاده از ویدئوهای انیمیشن اسلامی به عنوان رسانه کمکی در آموزش حدیث به کودکان پیشدبستانی نگاشته شده است. ویدئوهای انیمیشن اسلامی با ترکیب تصاویر، صداها، حرکات و داستانها، فضایی لذتبخش برای یادگیری ایجاد میکنند و به کودکان کمک میکنند تا پیامهای اخلاقی نهفته در احادیث را شناسایی و درک نمایند. این پژوهش با رویکرد کیفی و روش توصیفی از طریق مرور منابع مرتبط با رسانههای دیجیتال آموزشی، آموزش دینی اسلامی و رشد کودکان پیشدبستانی انجام شده است. یافتهها نشان میدهد که ویدئوهای انیمیشن اسلامی پتانسیل افزایش علاقه کودکان به آموزش حدیث، تبیین معنای حدیث از طریق تصویرسازیهای عینی و حمایت از درونیسازی ارزشهای اسلامی در زندگی روزمره را دارند. استفاده از این رسانهها باید با راهنمایی معلم، انتخاب محتوای متناسب با سن، فعالیتهای عادتدهی و ارائه الگوهای رفتاری همراه باشد. بنابراین، ویدئوهای انیمیشن اسلامی میتوانند به عنوان رسانه آموزشی جایگزین برای حمایت از معرفی حدیث و توسعه شخصیت اسلامی در کودکان پیشدبستانی مورد استفاده قرار گیرند.
حمایت مدیر، فرهنگ سازمانی و رضایت شغلی در شکلدهی رفتار شهروندی سازمانی (OCB) معلمان در دبیرستانها و هنرستانهای غیرانتفاعی بخش کوروق شهرستان تانگرانگ
Teachers’ Organizational Citizenship Behaviour (OCB) refers to voluntary behaviours that contribute to the effectiveness of school organizations. An initial survey showed that teachers’ OCB in private senior high schools and vocational high schools in Curug District, Tangerang Regency, was generally in the good category, although variations remained across several indicators. This study aimed to analyze the relationships between principal support, organizational culture, and job satisfaction and teachers’ OCB in A-accredited private senior high schools and vocational high schools in Curug District, Tangerang Regency. This study employed a quantitative approach using a correlational method. The population and sample consisted of 112 teachers from five schools, selected using total sampling. Data were collected through questionnaires that had met validity and reliability requirements. Data were analyzed using Spearman’s correlation and Kendall’s W with the assistance of SPSS version 27. The results showed that, partially, principal support had no significant relationship with teachers’ OCB (r = 0.132; p = 0.166), organizational culture had no significant relationship with teachers’ OCB (r = 0.002; p = 0.984), and job satisfaction had no significant relationship with teachers’ OCB (r = 0.012; p = 0.901). However, the Kendall’s W test showed that principal support, organizational culture, and job satisfaction simultaneously had a significant relationship with teachers’ OCB (W = 0.101; p < 0.001). Thus, principal support, organizational culture, and job satisfaction were not significantly related to teachers’ OCB when examined individually, but they were significantly related when examined simultaneously. These findings indicate that teachers’ OCB needs to be understood through the integration of various organizational aspects, particularly principal support, organizational culture, and job satisfaction.
رفتار شهروندی سازمانی (OCB) معلمان به رفتارهای داوطلبانهای اشاره دارد که به اثربخشی سازمانهای مدرسهای کمک میکند. بررسی اولیه نشان داد که OCB معلمان در دبیرستانها و هنرستانهای غیرانتفاعی بخش کوروق شهرستان تانگرانگ عموماً در سطح خوب قرار دارد، اگرچه در برخی شاخصها تفاوتهایی مشاهده میشود. هدف این پژوهش، تحلیل روابط بین حمایت مدیر، فرهنگ سازمانی و رضایت شغلی با OCB معلمان در دبیرستانها و هنرستانهای غیرانتفاعی دارای درجه اعتبار A در بخش کوروق شهرستان تانگرانگ بود. این پژوهش با رویکرد کمی و روش همبستگی انجام شد. جامعه و نمونه شامل ۱۱۲ معلم از پنج مدرسه بود که با روش سرشماری انتخاب شدند. دادهها از طریق پرسشنامههایی که شرایط روایی و پایایی را احراز کرده بودند، گردآوری شد. دادهها با استفاده از همبستگی اسپیرمن و آزمون Kendall’s W و با کمک نرمافزار SPSS نسخه ۲۷ تحلیل شدند. نتایج نشان داد که به طور جداگانه، حمایت مدیر با OCB معلمان رابطه معناداری نداشت (r = 0.132؛ p = 0.166)، فرهنگ سازمانی با OCB معلمان رابطه معناداری نداشت (r = 0.002؛ p = 0.984) و رضایت شغلی نیز با OCB معلمان رابطه معناداری نداشت (r = 0.012؛ p = 0.901). با این حال، آزمون Kendall’s W نشان داد که حمایت مدیر، فرهنگ سازمانی و رضایت شغلی به طور همزمان با OCB معلمان رابطه معناداری دارند (W = 0.101؛ p < 0.001). بنابراین، حمایت مدیر، فرهنگ سازمانی و رضایت شغلی به صورت فردی با OCB معلمان رابطه معناداری نداشتند، اما به صورت همزمان رابطه معناداری داشتند. این یافتهها نشان میدهد که OCB معلمان باید از طریق ادغام جنبههای مختلف سازمانی، به ویژه حمایت مدیر، فرهنگ سازمانی و رضایت شغلی، مورد توجه قرار گیرد.
The development of students' spiritual intelligence has become an important concern in Islamic education, particularly in Islamic boarding schools (pesantren) that emphasize character formation and spiritual cultivation. One of the spiritual practices implemented in pesantren is riyadhoh amaliah, including the practice of performing 100 rak'ahs of voluntary prayer as a means of self-purification (tazkiyatun nafs). This study aims to analyze the implementation of the 100-rak'ah prayer practice and to construct a tazkiyatun nafs-based model for developing students' spiritual intelligence at Al-Lathifiyah 1 Female Islamic Boarding School, Tambakberas Jombang. This research employed a qualitative case study approach. Data were collected through in-depth interviews, participant observation, and document analysis involving caregivers, teachers, and students. The data were analyzed using the interactive model of data reduction, data display, and conclusion drawing. The findings reveal that the practice of the 100-rak'ah prayer serves not only as a ritual worship activity but also as a structured process of spiritual formation encompassing self-discipline, self-control, sincerity, patience, humility, and spiritual awareness. The study identified a tazkiyatun nafs-based spiritual development model consisting of four interconnected stages: self-purification (takhalli), character internalization (tahalli), spiritual awareness enhancement (tajalli), and spiritual habituation through continuous riyadhoh amaliah. These stages contribute significantly to the development of students' spiritual intelligence, reflected in stronger religious commitment, emotional stability, moral behavior, and self-awareness. The study concludes that the 100-rak'ah prayer practice represents an effective spiritual education model that strengthens students' spiritual intelligence through a systematic process of tazkiyatun nafs within the pesantren environment
توسعه هوش معنوی دانشآموزان به یکی از دغدغههای مهم در آموزش اسلامی، بهویژه در مدارس شبانهروزی اسلامی (پسانترن) که بر شکلگیری شخصیت و پرورش معنوی تأکید دارند، تبدیل شدهاست. یکی از تمرینات معنوی اجراشده در پسانترن، ریاضت عملی است که شامل انجام ۱۰۰ رکعت نماز مستحبی بهعنوان وسیلهای برای خودپالایی (تزکیه نفس) میباشد. هدف این پژوهش تحلیل اجرای تمرین ۱۰۰ رکعت نماز و ساخت مدل مبتنی بر تزکیه نفس برای توسعه هوش معنوی دانشآموزان در مدرسه شبانهروزی اسلامی دخترانه Al-Lathifiyah 1، تمبکبراس جومبانگ است. این پژوهش با رویکرد کیفی و مطالعه موردی انجام شدهاست. دادهها از طریق مصاحبههای عمیق، مشاهده مشارکتی و تحلیل اسناد با مشارکت مراقبان، معلمان و دانشآموزان گردآوری شد. دادهها با استفاده از مدل تعاملی کاهش داده، نمایش داده و نتیجهگیری تحلیل گردید. یافتهها نشان میدهد که تمرین ۱۰۰ رکعت نماز نهتنها بهعنوان یک فعالیت عبادی آیینی، بلکه بهعنوان فرایندی ساختاریافته برای شکلگیری معنوی شامل خودانضباطی، خودکنترلی، اخلاص، صبر، فروتنی و آگاهی معنوی عمل میکند. این مطالعه مدل توسعه معنوی مبتنی بر تزکیه نفس را شناسایی کرد که شامل چهار مرحله بههمپیوسته است: خودپالایی (تخلی)، درونیسازی صفات (تحلی)، ارتقای آگاهی معنوی (تجلی) و عادتسازی معنوی از طریق استمرار ریاضت عملی. این مراحل نقش مهمی در توسعه هوش معنوی دانشآموزان ایفا میکنند که در تعهد دینی قویتر، ثبات هیجانی، رفتار اخلاقی و خودآگاهی منعکس میشود. نتیجه پژوهش آن است که تمرین ۱۰۰ رکعت نماز، مدلی مؤثر برای آموزش معنوی است که هوش معنوی دانشآموزان را از طریق فرایند نظاممند تزکیه نفس در محیط پسانترن تقویت میکند.
Introduction Although police personnel are exposed to substantial occupational stress and Kerala has one of the highest suicide rates in India, evidence on suicidal ideation and suicidal behavior among police personnel in the state remains limited. This study estimated the prevalence of suicidal ideation and suicidal behavior and identified their associated factors among police personnel in Kerala, India. Methods A cross-sectional study was conducted among 400 police personnel (mean age 37.94 years; 81% men), from Civil Police Officers (CPOs) to Inspectors, recruited from 15 police stations in Ernakulam and Malappuram districts of Kerala using a multistage cluster sampling approach. Data were collected using a self-administered structured questionnaire. Suicidal ideation and suicidal behavior during the past 12 months were assessed using the Columbia-Suicide Severity Rating Scale (C-SSRS), with the reference period adapted to the past 12 months. Survey-weighted generalised linear models with a Poisson distribution and log link were used to estimate adjusted prevalence ratios (aPRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for factors associated with suicidal ideation and suicidal behavior. Results The survey-weighted prevalence of suicidal ideation was 9.39% ( n = 36; 95% CI: 6.18–14.01%), while 4.11% ( n = 14; 95% CI: 1.68–9.70%) reported suicidal behavior during the past 12 months. Actual suicide attempts were reported by 1.47% ( n = 6; 95% CI: 0.66–3.25%). Among participants with suicidal ideation, 13.56% ( n = 6) reported active suicidal ideation with a specific plan and intent. A higher prevalence of suicidal ideation was observed among participants aged >36 years (aPR: 2.90; 95% CI: 1.31–6.38), CPOs (aPR: 2.31; 95% CI: 1.59–3.37), those working >12 h per day (aPR: 1.67; 95% CI: 1.05–2.65), those with a previous psychiatric illness (aPR: 1.67; 95% CI: 1.19–2.35), and those reporting workplace violence or harassment (aPR: 3.16; 95% CI: 1.11–9.04). A higher prevalence of suicidal behavior was observed among participants with >15 years of service (aPR: 13.82; 95% CI: 5.00–38.19), CPOs (aPR: 12.32; 95% CI: 6.12–24.80), those with a previous psychiatric illness (aPR: 5.94; 95% CI: 2.58–13.66), and those reporting workplace violence or harassment (aPR: 13.81; 95% CI: 2.71–70.34). Conclusion Nearly one in ten police personnel reported suicidal ideation and approximately one in twenty-five reported suicidal behavior during the past 12 months. The findings highlight the need for workplace mental health strategies addressing occupational stressors and improving access to confidential mental health support among police personnel.
مقدمه: اگرچه کارکنان پلیس در معرض استرس شغلی قابل توجهی قرار دارند و ایالت کرالا یکی از بالاترین نرخهای خودکشی در هند را داراست، اما شواهد مربوط به افکار خودکشی و رفتار خودکشی در میان کارکنان پلیس این ایالت همچنان محدود است. این مطالعه شیوع افکار خودکشی و رفتار خودکشی را برآورد کرده و عوامل مرتبط با آنها را در میان کارکنان پلیس در کرالا، هند شناسایی نمود. روشها: یک مطالعه مقطعی در میان ۴۰۰ نفر از کارکنان پلیس (میانگین سنی ۳۷٫۹۴ سال؛ ۸۱٪ مرد) از افسران پلیس مدنی (CPOs) تا بازرسها، که از ۱۵ ایستگاه پلیس در شهرستانهای ارناکولام و مالاپورام کرالا با استفاده از روش نمونهگیری خوشهای چندمرحلهای انتخاب شدند، انجام شد. دادهها با استفاده از پرسشنامه ساختارمند خودگزارشی جمعآوری گردید. افکار خودکشی و رفتار خودکشی در ۱۲ ماه گذشته با استفاده از مقیاس Columbia-Suicide Severity Rating Scale (C-SSRS) و با تطبیق دوره مرجع به ۱۲ ماه گذشته ارزیابی شد. برای برآورد نسبتهای شیوع تعدیلشده (aPRs) و فواصل اطمینان ۹۵٪ (CIs) برای عوامل مرتبط با افکار خودکشی و رفتار خودکشی، از مدلهای خطی تعمیمیافته با توزیع پواسون و لینک لگاریتمی با وزندهی پیمایشی استفاده شد. نتایج: شیوع وزنی افکار خودکشی ۹٫۳۹٪ (n = 36؛ ۹۵٪ CI: ۶٫۱۸–۱۴٫۰۱٪) و رفتار خودکشی ۴٫۱۱٪ (n = 14؛ ۹۵٪ CI: ۱٫۶۸–۹٫۷۰٪) در ۱۲ ماه گذشته گزارش شد. اقدام به خودکشی واقعی توسط ۱٫۴۷٪ (n = 6؛ ۹۵٪ CI: ۰٫۶۶–۳٫۲۵٪) گزارش گردید. در میان شرکتکنندگانی که افکار خودکشی داشتند، ۱۳٫۵۶٪ (n = 6) افکار فعال خودکشی با برنامه و قصد مشخص را گزارش کردند. شیوع بالاتر افکار خودکشی در میان شرکتکنندگان بالای ۳۶ سال (aPR: 2.90؛ ۹۵٪ CI: ۱٫۳۱–۶٫۳۸)، CPOs (aPR: 2.31؛ ۹۵٪ CI: ۱٫۵۹–۳٫۳۷)، افرادی که بیش از ۱۲ ساعت در روز کار میکنند (aPR: 1.67؛ ۹۵٪ CI: ۱٫۰۵–۲٫۶۵)، افراد با سابقه بیماری روانپزشکی (aPR: 1.67؛ ۹۵٪ CI: ۱٫۱۹–۲٫۳۵) و افرادی که خشونت یا آزار در محیط کار را گزارش کردند (aPR: 3.16؛ ۹۵٪ CI: ۱٫۱۱–۹٫۰۴) مشاهده شد. شیوع بالاتر رفتار خودکشی در میان شرکتکنندگانی با بیش از ۱۵ سال سابقه خدمت (aPR: 13.82؛ ۹۵٪ CI: ۵٫۰۰–۳۸٫۱۹)، CPOs (aPR: 12.32؛ ۹۵٪ CI: ۶٫۱۲–۲۴٫۸۰)، افراد با سابقه بیماری روانپزشکی (aPR: 5.94؛ ۹۵٪ CI: ۲٫۵۸–۱۳٫۶۶) و افرادی که خشونت یا آزار در محیط کار را گزارش کردند (aPR: 13.81؛ ۹۵٪ CI: ۲٫۷۱–۷۰٫۳۴) مشاهده شد. نتیجهگیری: تقریباً یک نفر از هر ده نفر از کارکنان پلیس افکار خودکشی و حدود یک نفر از هر بیستوپنج نفر رفتار خودکشی را در ۱۲ ماه گذشته گزارش کردند. یافتهها بر ضرورت راهبردهای سلامت روان در محیط کار که به عوامل استرسزای شغلی پرداخته و دسترسی به حمایت محرمانه سلامت روان را در میان کارکنان پلیس بهبود میبخشد، تأکید میکند.
Trichotillomania (TTM) is a body-focused repetitive behavior characterized by compulsive hair-pulling and an association with psychiatric comorbidities and profound emotional distress. Despite its significant impact on well-being, TTM remains understudied, underdiagnosed, and without established treatment guidelines. These deficiencies are particularly evident for ethnic and racial minority groups with TTM, who experience unique factors related to the cultural significance of hair, distinct physical hair properties, stigmas surrounding psychiatric care, and differences in clinical presentation. Additionally, therapies for TTM have been developed primarily from non-Hispanic White samples, potentially contributing to disparities in treatment outcomes. While emerging therapies aim to integrate cultural perspectives, more representative research is needed to address knowledge gaps and develop effective care for TTM across all groups. This review will address differences in the presentation, diagnosis, and treatment of TTM in ethnic and racial minority populations, and discuss barriers to management and future directions of equitable care.
تریکوتیلومانیا (TTM) یک رفتار تکراری متمرکز بر بدن است که با کندن اجباری مو و همراهی با همبودیهای روانپزشکی و پریشانی عاطفی عمیق مشخص میشود. با وجود تأثیر قابل توجه آن بر بهزیستی، تریکوتیلومانیا همچنان کمتر مورد مطالعه قرار گرفته، کمتر تشخیص داده میشود و فاقد دستورالعملهای درمانی تثبیتشده است. این کمبودها بهویژه در مورد گروههای اقلیت قومی و نژادی مبتلا به تریکوتیلومانیا مشهود است که با عوامل منحصربهفردی مرتبط با اهمیت فرهنگی مو، ویژگیهای فیزیکی متفاوت مو، انگهای مرتبط با مراقبت روانپزشکی و تفاوتهای در ارائه بالینی مواجه هستند. علاوه بر این، درمانهای تریکوتیلومانیا عمدتاً بر اساس نمونههای سفیدپوست غیرهیسپانیک توسعه یافتهاند که ممکن است به تفاوتها در پیامدهای درمانی منجر شود. در حالی که درمانهای نوظهور تلاش دارند دیدگاههای فرهنگی را ادغام کنند، پژوهشهای نمایندهتر برای رفع شکافهای دانشی و توسعه مراقبت مؤثر برای تریکوتیلومانیا در تمامی گروهها مورد نیاز است. این مرور به تفاوتها در ارائه، تشخیص و درمان تریکوتیلومانیا در جمعیتهای اقلیت قومی و نژادی میپردازد و موانع مدیریت و جهتگیریهای آینده مراقبت عادلانه را مورد بحث قرار میدهد.
The involvement of oxytocin in social behavior is well established, yet its interaction with neuromodulatory systems, such as serotonin and dopamine, remains incompletely understood. Here, we utilized immunohistochemistry, anatomical tracing, chemogenetic, and ex vivo electrophysiological approaches primarily in male mice, with female mice used only for an additional anatomical tracing control experiment, investigate how oxytocin modulates serotonergic and dopaminergic neuronal populations. Employing the dual-eGRASP tool, we visualized oxytocinergic projections from the paraventricular nucleus (PVN) to the serotonergic and dopaminergic neurons in dorsal raphe nucleus (DRN). Blocking oxytocin receptors in the DRN attenuated social interaction behavior. Additionally, analysis of c-Fos levels and neuronal excitability revealed that oxytocin inhibits serotonergic neurons while activating dopaminergic neurons in the DRN. Our findings suggest a bidirectional regulatory role of oxytocin signaling in the DRN serotonergic and dopaminergic neurons. Significance Statement Social behavior relies on interactions among neuromodulatory systems, yet how oxytocin communicates with serotonin and dopamine circuits remains unclear. We identify the DRN as a functionally relevant target of hypothalamic oxytocin neurons during social approach. Using dual-eGRASP, we visualize contacts from PVN oxytocin neurons onto both serotonergic and dopaminergic DRN. Blocking oxytocin receptors in the DRN reduces social interaction without affecting locomotion. Moreover, oxytocin suppresses serotonergic neuronal activity while increasing dopaminergic neuronal activation, revealing opposing control of two prosocial neuromodulatory populations within the same region. These findings provide a circuit framework for how oxytocin coordinates social behavior through bidirectional modulation of dorsal raphe neuromodulators.
نقش اکسیتوسین در رفتار اجتماعی بهخوبی اثبات شده است، اما تعامل آن با سیستمهای نوروماژولاتوری مانند سروتونین و دوپامین هنوز بهطور کامل درک نشده است. در این پژوهش، با استفاده از روشهای ایمنوهیستوشیمی، ردیابی آناتومیکی، شیمیژنتیک و الکتروفیزیولوژی خارجزنده عمدتاً در موشهای نر و استفاده از موشهای ماده صرفاً برای آزمایش کنترل ردیابی آناتومیکی اضافی، بررسی کردیم که اکسیتوسین چگونه جمعیتهای نورونی سروتونرژیک و دوپامینرژیک را تعدیل میکند. با بهکارگیری ابزار dual-eGRASP، پروجکشنهای اکسیتوسینرژیک از هسته پاراونتریکولار (PVN) به نورونهای سروتونرژیک و دوپامینرژیک در هسته رافه پشتی (DRN) را مشاهده کردیم. مسدودسازی گیرندههای اکسیتوسین در DRN رفتار تعامل اجتماعی را کاهش داد. همچنین، تحلیل سطوح c-Fos و تحریکپذیری نورونی نشان داد که اکسیتوسین نورونهای سروتونرژیک را مهار و نورونهای دوپامینرژیک را در DRN فعال میکند. یافتههای ما نقش تنظیمی دوسویه سیگنالدهی اکسیتوسین در نورونهای سروتونرژیک و دوپامینرژیک DRN را پیشنهاد میکند. بیان اهمیت: رفتار اجتماعی مبتنی بر تعامل میان سیستمهای نوروماژولاتوری است، اما نحوه ارتباط اکسیتوسین با مدارهای سروتونین و دوپامین همچنان نامشخص است. ما DRN را بهعنوان هدف عملکردی نورونهای اکسیتوسین هیپوتالاموس در رویکرد اجتماعی شناسایی کردیم. با استفاده از dual-eGRASP، تماسهای نورونهای اکسیتوسین PVN با هر دو جمعیت سروتونرژیک و دوپامینرژیک DRN را مشاهده کردیم. مسدودسازی گیرندههای اکسیتوسین در DRN تعامل اجتماعی را بدون تأثیر بر حرکت کاهش میدهد. افزون بر این، اکسیتوسین فعالیت نورونهای سروتونرژیک را سرکوب و فعالیت نورونهای دوپامینرژیک را افزایش میدهد و کنترل متضاد دو جمعیت نوروماژولاتوری طرفدار اجتماع را در یک ناحیه نشان میدهد. این یافتهها چارچوبی مداری برای چگونگی هماهنگی رفتار اجتماعی توسط اکسیتوسین از طریق تعدیل دوسویه نوروماژولاتورهای هسته رافه پشتی ارائه میکند.
Project-Based Learning (PBL) is a teaching methodology that enhances students’ engagement in learning. While there are some models that seek to comprehensively explain the factors associated with engagement, few studies focus on the process itself to understand the dynamics of PBL that lead to student engagement. This study aims to identify the factors that affect student engagement and performance during the PBL process. This exploratory study focused on a PBL experience conducted over two academic years, involving five secondary schools. Structural equation models were developed to analyze the relationships between the program structure and teacher behavior with student engagement and self-reported learning, both at the beginning and at the end of the project. Preliminary results from the study suggest that the initial phase of the project may be important for teachers to foster group autonomy, while in the final phase, it seems advisable to provide structure and emotional involvement in the learning process. This study offers initial evidence that could help promote student engagement in PBL.
یادگیری مبتنی بر پروژه (PBL) روشی آموزشی است که مشارکت دانشآموزان در یادگیری را افزایش میدهد. اگرچه مدلهایی وجود دارند که به طور جامع به تبیین عوامل مرتبط با مشارکت میپردازند، اما تعداد کمی از پژوهشها بر خود فرایند تمرکز دارند تا پویاییهای PBL را که منجر به مشارکت دانشآموز میشود، درک کنند. هدف این پژوهش شناسایی عواملی است که بر مشارکت و عملکرد دانشآموزان در طول فرایند PBL تأثیر میگذارند. این مطالعه اکتشافی بر تجربهای از PBL که طی دو سال تحصیلی و در پنج دبیرستان اجرا شد، متمرکز است. مدلهای معادلات ساختاری برای تحلیل روابط بین ساختار برنامه و رفتار معلم با مشارکت دانشآموز و یادگیری خودگزارششده، هم در آغاز و هم در پایان پروژه، توسعه یافتند. نتایج اولیه این پژوهش نشان میدهد که مرحله ابتدایی پروژه ممکن است برای معلمان جهت تقویت خودمختاری گروه اهمیت داشته باشد، در حالی که در مرحله پایانی، فراهمکردن ساختار و درگیری هیجانی در فرایند یادگیری توصیه میشود. این پژوهش شواهد اولیهای ارائه میدهد که میتواند به ارتقای مشارکت دانشآموزان در PBL کمک کند.
Aim: The study aimed to support the social-emotional skills of five- and six-year-old children by utilizing creative dance and musical storytellingMethods: The study was designed using a pre-post quasi-experimental model involving an experimental and a control group. The participants were 58 children enrolled in kindergarten at an elementary school during the 2023–2024 academic year. Twenty-nine children were assigned to the experimental group and 29 to the control group. The Social Competence and Behavior Evaluation-30 (SCBE-30) scale was administered to all children as a pre- and post-test. As part of the study, eight creative dance and musical story activities were conducted with the experimental group twice a week over a four-week period. The Mann–Whitney U and Wilcoxon Signed-Rank tests were used to analyze the dataResults: A difference in favor of the experimental group was observed on the anxiety dimension. Although the difference was statistically significant, the effect size was found to be marginal.Conclusion: It has been determined that these activities make a limited positive contribution to supporting behaviors associated with anxiety and introversion.
هدف: این پژوهش با هدف حمایت از مهارتهای اجتماعی-هیجانی کودکان پنج و شش ساله از طریق بهرهگیری از رقص خلاق و روایت داستانی موسیقایی انجام شد. روشها: این مطالعه با استفاده از مدل شبهآزمایشی پیشآزمون-پسآزمون با گروه آزمایش و کنترل طراحی گردید. شرکتکنندگان شامل ۵۸ کودک ثبتنامشده در دورهی پیشدبستانی یک مدرسه ابتدایی در سال تحصیلی ۲۰۲۳–۲۰۲۴ بودند. بیستونه کودک به گروه آزمایش و ۲۹ کودک به گروه کنترل اختصاص یافتند. مقیاس ارزیابی شایستگی اجتماعی و رفتار-۳۰ (SCBE-30) به عنوان پیشآزمون و پسآزمون برای همهی کودکان اجرا شد. در چارچوب این پژوهش، هشت فعالیت رقص خلاق و داستان موسیقایی با گروه آزمایش، دو بار در هفته و به مدت چهار هفته برگزار گردید. برای تحلیل دادهها از آزمونهای Mann–Whitney U و Wilcoxon Signed-Rank استفاده شد. نتایج: تفاوتی به نفع گروه آزمایش در بُعد اضطراب مشاهده شد. اگرچه این تفاوت از نظر آماری معنادار بود، اندازهی اثر در حد مرزی گزارش شد. نتیجهگیری: مشخص شد که این فعالیتها سهم مثبت محدودی در حمایت از رفتارهای مرتبط با اضطراب و درونگرایی دارند.
Objective Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is a leading cause of mortality. This study aimed to develop and psychometrically evaluate the Cardiovascular Health Beliefs Scale (CHBS) to assess CVD-related health beliefs.Methods A cross-sectional methodological design was utilized in two phases. Phase 1 (n = 150) focused on item generation and exploratory factor analysis. Phase 2 (n = 531) involved confirmatory factor analysis. Data were collected via face-to-face interviews using the newly developed CHBS and the Brief Symptom Inventory (BSI) General Severity Index to test construct validity.Results The CHBS supported an acceptable six-factor structure: perceived susceptibility, perceived severity, health motivation, perceived benefits, perceived barriers, and self-efficacy. Cronbach’s alpha coefficients ranged from .70 to .84, demonstrating adequate internal consistency.Conclusion The CHBS demonstrated acceptable validity and reliability as a measurement tool. It enables nurses and healthcare professionals to assess risk behaviors and implement culturally congruent, targeted preventive interventions for cardiovascular care within the Turkish population.
هدف: بیماری قلبیعروقی (CVD) یکی از علل اصلی مرگومیر است. این مطالعه با هدف تدوین و ارزیابی روانسنجی مقیاس باورهای سلامت قلبوعروق (CHBS) جهت سنجش باورهای مرتبط با سلامت قلبوعروق انجام شد. روشها: این پژوهش به صورت مقطعی و روششناختی در دو مرحله انجام گرفت. در مرحله اول (n = ۱۵۰) بر تولید گویهها و تحلیل عاملی اکتشافی تمرکز شد. مرحله دوم (n = ۵۳۱) شامل تحلیل عاملی تأییدی بود. دادهها از طریق مصاحبه حضوری با استفاده از CHBS تدوینشده و شاخص شدت کلی فهرست علائم مختصر (BSI) به منظور آزمون روایی سازه جمعآوری شد. یافتهها: ساختار ششعاملی قابل قبولی برای CHBS تأیید شد: آسیبپذیری ادراکشده، شدت ادراکشده، انگیزش سلامت، منافع ادراکشده، موانع ادراکشده و خودکارآمدی. ضرایب آلفای کرونباخ بین ۰٫۷۰ تا ۰٫۸۴ بود که نشاندهنده انسجام درونی مناسب است. نتیجهگیری: CHBS روایی و پایایی قابل قبولی به عنوان ابزار سنجش نشان داد. این ابزار به پرستاران و متخصصان سلامت کمک میکند تا رفتارهای پرخطر را ارزیابی کرده و مداخلات پیشگیرانه هدفمند و متناسب با فرهنگ را برای مراقبت قلبوعروق در جمعیت ترکیهای اجرا کنند.
هورمون متمرکزکننده ملانین نورونهای اکسیتوسین هسته پاراوانتریکولار را از طریق کانالهای پتاسیمی ورودیساز حساس به باریم مهار میکند و حذف نورونهای MCH پرخاشگری نسبت به تولهها را تغییر میدهد
Interactions between melanin-concentrating hormone (MCH) neurons and oxytocin neurons are crucial for parental care. Whole-cell patch-clamp recordings demonstrated that MCH inhibits paraventricular hypothalamic nucleus (PVN)-oxytocin neurons through activation of barium-sensitive inwardly rectifying potassium channels, potentially G-protein coupled inwardly rectifying potassium channels, and pup-directed aggression was positively related to loss of MCH neurons. Our findings offer a glimpse into the neural mechanisms underlying the evolutionary regulation of offspring caregiving and abuse in males.
برهمکنشهای میان نورونهای هورمون متمرکزکننده ملانین (MCH) و نورونهای اکسیتوسین برای مراقبت والدینی حیاتی هستند. ثبتهای وصلهای کلسلولی نشان داد که MCH نورونهای اکسیتوسین هسته هیپوتالاموسی پاراوانتریکولار (PVN) را از طریق فعالسازی کانالهای پتاسیمی ورودیساز حساس به باریم، که احتمالاً از نوع کانالهای پتاسیمی ورودیساز جفتشونده با پروتئین G هستند، مهار میکند و پرخاشگری نسبت به تولهها با کاهش نورونهای MCH رابطه مثبت دارد. یافتههای ما نگاهی به سازوکارهای عصبی زیربنایی تنظیم تکاملی مراقبت و سوءرفتار نسبت به فرزندان در نرها ارائه میدهد.
Social learning is a fundamental adaptive strategy that critically shapes decision-making and feeding behaviors. Through the social transmission of food preference (STFP), animals acquire information about food safety via social interactions, forming a food-odor memory that overrides innate preferences and guides subsequent food preferences. However, the neural mechanisms through which social cues durably influence feeding preferences remain unclear. Here, we identify the lateral septum (LS) as a key node in STFP. We show that LS neuronal activity increases following social learning and reliably distinguishes between socially cued and uncued foods. Chemogenetic inhibition of the dorsal LS (dLS), but not the ventral LS (vLS), abolishes STFP-driven food preference, revealing subregional specificity within the LS. Furthermore, oxytocin receptor (OXTR) signaling within the dLS is required for STFP in mice, where it enhances neuronal excitability through PLC pathway activation. Together, our results reveal a subregion-specific circuit mechanism through which the dLS integrates social information with feeding motivation, and highlight oxytocinergic modulation as a key mediator of socially guided food preferences.
یادگیری اجتماعی یک راهبرد سازشی بنیادی است که به طور حیاتی تصمیمگیری و رفتارهای تغذیهای را شکل میدهد. از طریق انتقال اجتماعی ترجیح غذایی (STFP)، حیوانات اطلاعاتی درباره ایمنی غذا از طریق تعاملات اجتماعی کسب میکنند و حافظهای از بوی غذا ایجاد میکنند که بر ترجیحات ذاتی غلبه کرده و ترجیحات غذایی بعدی را هدایت میکند. با این حال، سازوکارهای عصبی که از طریق آنها نشانههای اجتماعی به طور پایدار بر ترجیحات تغذیهای تأثیر میگذارند، همچنان نامشخص است. در این پژوهش، سپتوم جانبی (LS) به عنوان یک گره کلیدی در STFP شناسایی شد. نشان دادهایم که فعالیت نورونی LS پس از یادگیری اجتماعی افزایش مییابد و به طور قابل اعتمادی میان غذاهای دارای نشانه اجتماعی و بدون نشانه تمایز قائل میشود. مهار شیمیژنتیکی سپتوم جانبی پشتی (dLS)، اما نه سپتوم جانبی شکمی (vLS)، ترجیح غذایی مبتنی بر STFP را از بین میبرد و ویژگی زیرناحیهای را درون LS آشکار میکند. افزون بر این، سیگنالدهی گیرنده اکسیتوسین (OXTR) در dLS برای STFP در موشها ضروری است و از طریق فعالسازی مسیر PLC، تحریکپذیری نورونی را افزایش میدهد. در مجموع، نتایج ما سازوکار مدار خاص زیرناحیهای را آشکار میکند که از طریق آن dLS اطلاعات اجتماعی را با انگیزش تغذیهای یکپارچه میکند و تعدیل اکسیتوسینرژیک را به عنوان میانجی کلیدی ترجیحات غذایی هدایتشده اجتماعی برجسته میسازد.
موانع و تسهیلکنندههای استفاده از ابزار مبتنی بر اپلیکیشن برای برنامهریزی ایمنی خودکشی در بخش اورژانس روانپزشکی: مطالعه توصیفی کیفی با استفاده از چارچوب حوزههای نظری و مدل COM-B
Background Emergency departments (EDs) play a crucial role in suicide prevention, with evidenced-based safety planning interventions (SPI) playing an important role. Traditional safety plans, which are often paper based, come with challenges (i.e., not easily accessible, or easy to misplace). Digital safety planning tools offer an alternative mode of intervention delivery, but clinical implementation remains limited. Using behavioural change frameworks, we aim to provide insights into the factors influencing app adoption. These insights will be used as a knowledge base to design behavior change strategies to promote the implementation of a SPI app in a psychiatric ED. Methods We used a qualitative descriptive design to conduct semi-structured interviews with clinicians in a psychiatric ED in Toronto, Canada. Participants encompassed all ED staff, irrespective of their SPI app usage. The semi-structured interview guide was developed using the Theoretical Domains Framework (TDF) and the capability (C), opportunity (O), motivation (M) and behavior (B) (COM-B) model. We then used directed content analysis, identifying findings within the TDF and COM-B domains as barriers, facilitators, or both. Findings A total of 29 ED clinicians were interviewed, including nurses, psychiatrists, social workers, program assistants, and a pharmacist. The majority had not used the app. We observed strong motivation among clinicians across all disciplines to use the app, and they considered SPI as a high-priority ED care strategy closely linked to their professional identity and responsibility. Anticipated barriers regarding the app as a new mode of SPI delivery in routine practice included: documentation, communication, care efficiency, and patient access to smartphones. Some barriers were attributable to the lack of interoperability between the app and the electronic health record and documentation infrastructure for the app. Conclusion We identified key behavioral factors influencing the implementation of the SPI app in the psychiatric ED. As such, we found that tailored strategies that can mitigate barriers by targeting capability, motivation, and opportunity are essential, while facilitators that can sustain implementation should be leveraged. Additionally, ongoing monitoring and adaptation of strategies are necessary, as new barriers may arise or facilitators may weaken over time, impacting the sustained use of the app in the ED. We will use these findings to inform the next phase of this work, which involves co-designing targeted and tailored implementation strategies.
زمینه: بخشهای اورژانس (EDs) نقش حیاتی در پیشگیری از خودکشی ایفا میکنند و مداخلات مبتنی بر شواهد برنامهریزی ایمنی (SPI) اهمیت ویژهای دارند. برنامههای ایمنی سنتی که اغلب به صورت کاغذی هستند، با چالشهایی مانند عدم دسترسی آسان یا احتمال گم شدن مواجهاند. ابزارهای دیجیتال برنامهریزی ایمنی، شیوهای جایگزین برای ارائه مداخله فراهم میکنند، اما اجرای بالینی آنها همچنان محدود است. با استفاده از چارچوبهای تغییر رفتار، هدف ما ارائه بینشهایی درباره عوامل مؤثر بر پذیرش اپلیکیشن است. این بینشها به عنوان پایگاه دانشی برای طراحی راهبردهای تغییر رفتار به منظور ترویج اجرای اپلیکیشن SPI در بخش اورژانس روانپزشکی مورد استفاده قرار خواهد گرفت. روشها: از طراحی توصیفی کیفی برای انجام مصاحبههای نیمهساختاریافته با درمانگران در یک بخش اورژانس روانپزشکی در تورنتو، کانادا استفاده شد. شرکتکنندگان شامل کلیه کارکنان بخش اورژانس، صرفنظر از میزان استفاده آنها از اپلیکیشن SPI بودند. راهنمای مصاحبه نیمهساختاریافته با استفاده از چارچوب حوزههای نظری (TDF) و مدل قابلیت (C)، فرصت (O)، انگیزش (M) و رفتار (B) (COM-B) تدوین شد. سپس از تحلیل محتوای هدایتشده استفاده شد و یافتهها در حوزههای TDF و COM-B به عنوان موانع، تسهیلکنندهها یا هر دو شناسایی گردید. یافتهها: در مجموع با ۲۹ درمانگر بخش اورژانس شامل پرستاران، روانپزشکان، مددکاران اجتماعی، دستیاران برنامه و یک داروساز مصاحبه شد. اکثریت شرکتکنندگان از اپلیکیشن استفاده نکرده بودند. انگیزش قوی در میان درمانگران تمامی رشتهها برای استفاده از اپلیکیشن مشاهده شد و آنها SPI را به عنوان راهبرد مراقبتی با اولویت بالا در بخش اورژانس و مرتبط با هویت و مسئولیت حرفهای خود تلقی میکردند. موانع پیشبینیشده در خصوص اپلیکیشن به عنوان شیوهای جدید برای ارائه SPI در عمل روتین شامل مستندسازی، ارتباطات، کارایی مراقبت و دسترسی بیماران به تلفن هوشمند بود. برخی موانع ناشی از فقدان قابلیت همکاری بین اپلیکیشن و پرونده الکترونیک سلامت و زیرساخت مستندسازی برای اپلیکیشن بود. نتیجهگیری: عوامل رفتاری کلیدی مؤثر بر اجرای اپلیکیشن SPI در بخش اورژانس روانپزشکی شناسایی شد. بنابراین، راهبردهای متناسب که با هدف قرار دادن قابلیت، انگیزش و فرصت بتوانند موانع را کاهش دهند، ضروری هستند و باید از تسهیلکنندههایی که میتوانند اجرای پایدار را تقویت کنند، بهره برد. همچنین، پایش و تطبیق مستمر راهبردها لازم است، زیرا ممکن است موانع جدیدی ایجاد شود یا تسهیلکنندهها با گذر زمان تضعیف شوند که بر استفاده پایدار از اپلیکیشن در بخش اورژانس تأثیر میگذارد. ما از این یافتهها برای اطلاعرسانی به مرحله بعدی این پژوهش که شامل همطراحی راهبردهای اجرایی هدفمند و متناسب است، استفاده خواهیم کرد.
Abstract Prior literature using twin pairs in the same or different classes found classroom effects accounted for between 8% and 2−3% of the variability in literacy achievement depending on the method, grade, or measure used. The current study examines whether this effect could be greater (or less) than this depending on a child’s levels of inattention and hyperactivity. The sample comprised 758 identical and same-sex fraternal twin pairs from an international longitudinal twin study of early literacy development. The study used scores on word reading, spelling and reading comprehension, and parent ratings on the Disruptive Behaviour Rating Scale (DBRS) for children in kindergarten (aged x overbar x ¯ $\bar x$ = 6.2, s = 0.3), Grade 1 and Grade 2. Contrary to predictions, the results failed to support the prediction, indicating that classroom-level effects are independent of the behavior issues measured in this study.
چکیده: پژوهشهای پیشین که از جفتهای دوقلو در کلاسهای یکسان یا متفاوت استفاده کردهاند، نشان دادهاند که اثرات کلاس بین ۸٪ و ۲ تا ۳٪ از واریانس در پیشرفت سوادآموزی را بسته به روش، پایه یا ابزار مورد استفاده، تبیین میکنند. مطالعه حاضر بررسی میکند که آیا این اثر میتواند بسته به سطوح بیتوجهی و بیشفعالی کودک، بیشتر (یا کمتر) از این مقدار باشد یا خیر. نمونه شامل ۷۵۸ جفت دوقلوی یکسان و دوقلوی همجنس ناهمسان از یک مطالعه طولی بینالمللی درباره رشد سوادآموزی اولیه بود. این مطالعه از نمرات خواندن واژه، املا و درک مطلب و همچنین ارزیابی والدین بر اساس مقیاس ارزیابی رفتارهای مخرب (DBRS) برای کودکان در مهدکودک (میانگین سنی $\bar x$ = ۶٫۲، انحراف معیار s = ۰٫۳)، پایه اول و پایه دوم استفاده کرد. برخلاف پیشبینیها، نتایج از فرضیه مورد انتظار حمایت نکرد و نشان داد که اثرات سطح کلاس مستقل از مشکلات رفتاری اندازهگیریشده در این مطالعه هستند.
Although corrective feedback has been widely studied in EFL contexts, limited research has examined how specific types of classroom feedback relate to non-English major students’ growth-oriented learning behavior (GOLB), particularly in higher education. Previous research has tended to emphasize linguistic accuracy, with less attention to the affective, motivational, and behavioral processes through which learners receive and use feedback. To address this gap, this quantitatively driven convergent mixed-methods study investigated non-English major EFL students’ perceptions of different types of feedback and their perceived contributions to GOLB. Quantitative and qualitative data were collected from 598 non-English major university students in Thailand. The quantitative phase examined 10 feedback types across four dimensions of GOLB: motivation to improve, learning from mistakes, willingness to apply feedback, and persistence and effort. The qualitative phase analyzed responses to open-ended questionnaire items to contextualize the statistical results. Based entirely on participants’ self-reported perceptions, the findings revealed a clear preference for positive reinforcement, delayed feedback, and explicit correction. Participants rated these three types as receiving higher mean ratings for their motivation, confidence, and intended engagement with feedback than repetition, metalinguistic feedback, and self-correction. Positive reinforcement emerged as the most consistently valued feedback type across all four dimensions. Qualitative findings further showed that students preferred feedback that was encouraging, clear, actionable, and accessible, with many favoring feedback delivered in both Thai and English. The findings suggest that effective feedback is not only corrective but also affectively supportive, cognitively accessible, and linguistically responsive to learners’ needs. The study concludes by proposing the 3C2A Feedback Guideline as a provisional, data-informed framework for learner-responsive feedback in non-English major EFL classrooms.
اگرچه بازخورد اصلاحی به طور گستردهای در زمینههای آموزش زبان انگلیسی به عنوان زبان خارجی (EFL) مورد مطالعه قرار گرفته است، پژوهشهای محدودی به بررسی ارتباط انواع خاصی از بازخورد کلاسی با رفتار یادگیری رشدمحور (GOLB) دانشجویان غیررشتهای زبان انگلیسی، به ویژه در آموزش عالی، پرداختهاند. پژوهشهای پیشین عمدتاً بر دقت زبانی تأکید داشتهاند و به فرایندهای عاطفی، انگیزشی و رفتاری که زبانآموزان از طریق آنها بازخورد را دریافت و استفاده میکنند، کمتر توجه شده است. به منظور رفع این خلأ، این مطالعه کمّیمحور با روش آمیخته همگرا به بررسی ادراکات دانشجویان غیررشتهای EFL نسبت به انواع مختلف بازخورد و نقش ادراکشده آنها در GOLB پرداخت. دادههای کمّی و کیفی از ۵۹۸ دانشجوی غیررشتهای دانشگاهی در تایلند گردآوری شد. در مرحله کمّی، ۱۰ نوع بازخورد در چهار بُعد GOLB شامل انگیزه برای پیشرفت، یادگیری از اشتباهات، تمایل به بهکارگیری بازخورد و پایداری و تلاش مورد بررسی قرار گرفت. در مرحله کیفی، پاسخهای مربوط به پرسشهای بازپاسخ پرسشنامه برای زمینهمند کردن نتایج آماری تحلیل شد. یافتهها که کاملاً مبتنی بر ادراکات خودگزارشدهی شرکتکنندگان بود، ترجیح آشکاری را نسبت به تقویت مثبت، بازخورد تأخیری و اصلاح صریح نشان داد. شرکتکنندگان این سه نوع بازخورد را از نظر انگیزه، اعتماد به نفس و مشارکت مورد انتظار با بازخورد، بالاتر از تکرار، بازخورد فرازبانی و خوداصلاحی ارزیابی کردند. تقویت مثبت به عنوان ارزشمندترین نوع بازخورد در تمامی چهار بُعد ظاهر شد. یافتههای کیفی نیز نشان داد که دانشجویان بازخوردی را ترجیح میدهند که تشویقکننده، شفاف، قابل اجرا و در دسترس باشد و بسیاری بازخورد ارائهشده به هر دو زبان تایلندی و انگلیسی را ترجیح میدادند. یافتهها حاکی از آن است که بازخورد مؤثر نه تنها اصلاحی، بلکه از نظر عاطفی حمایتکننده، از نظر شناختی قابل دسترس و از نظر زبانی پاسخگو به نیازهای زبانآموزان است. مطالعه با پیشنهاد راهنمای بازخورد 3C2A به عنوان یک چارچوب موقت و مبتنی بر داده برای بازخورد پاسخگو به زبانآموز در کلاسهای EFL غیررشتهای به پایان میرسد.
This study discusses the character development of students at MTs Negeri 2 Medan through the Living Qur'an approach by making QS. Luqman verses 12–19 as the basis for character education values. This study is motivated by the importance of strengthening students' characters amidst technological developments, social changes, and various moral challenges faced by adolescents. QS. Luqman verses 12–19 contain comprehensive educational principles, ranging from gratitude, monotheism, respect for parents, awareness of Allah's supervision, implementation of worship, amar ma'ruf nahi munkar , patience, humility, to communication ethics. This study uses a qualitative approach with the Living Qur'an method . Data were obtained through observation, interviews, and documentation of religious practices and character development of students at MTs Negeri 2 Medan. Data analysis was carried out through the stages of data reduction, data presentation, and drawing conclusions. The results of the study indicate that the values of QS. Luqman verses 12–19 can be contextualized in the formation of student character through the habit of worship, teacher role models, respect for parents and educators, fostering discipline, social awareness, patience, humility, and the habit of speaking politely. Thus, Living Qur'an not only positions the Qur'an as a text to be read and understood, but as a source of values that are brought to life in students' daily behavior.
این پژوهش به بررسی توسعه شخصیت دانشآموزان مدرسه MTs Negeri 2 مدان از طریق رویکرد قرآن زیسته با محوریت آیات ۱۲ تا ۱۹ سوره لقمان به عنوان مبنای ارزشهای تربیت شخصیتی میپردازد. انگیزه این پژوهش، اهمیت تقویت شخصیت دانشآموزان در میان تحولات فناوری، تغییرات اجتماعی و چالشهای اخلاقی متعدد پیشروی نوجوانان است. آیات ۱۲ تا ۱۹ سوره لقمان اصول تربیتی جامعی را دربرمیگیرد؛ از شکرگزاری، توحید، احترام به والدین، آگاهی از نظارت الهی، اجرای عبادت، امر به معروف و نهی از منکر، صبر، فروتنی تا اخلاق ارتباطی. این پژوهش با رویکرد کیفی و روش قرآن زیسته انجام شده است. دادهها از طریق مشاهده، مصاحبه و مستندسازی فعالیتهای دینی و توسعه شخصیت دانشآموزان مدرسه MTs Negeri 2 مدان گردآوری شد. تحلیل دادهها در مراحل کاهش داده، ارائه داده و نتیجهگیری صورت گرفت. نتایج پژوهش نشان میدهد که ارزشهای آیات ۱۲ تا ۱۹ سوره لقمان را میتوان در شکلگیری شخصیت دانشآموزان از طریق عادت به عبادت، الگوگیری از معلمان، احترام به والدین و مربیان، تقویت انضباط، آگاهی اجتماعی، صبر، فروتنی و عادت به سخن گفتن مؤدبانه، بومیسازی کرد. بنابراین، قرآن زیسته نه تنها قرآن را به عنوان متنی برای قرائت و فهم قرار میدهد، بلکه آن را به عنوان منبعی از ارزشها که در رفتار روزمره دانشآموزان جاری میشود، معرفی میکند.
Education plays a crucial role in transforming individuals with negative behavior into those with good character, and one of the most important forms of education in this era is moral education. Moral education is not only relevant in addressing the challenges of globalization but also serves as a solution for developing strong personalities amidst the pervasive influence of foreign cultures and other negative aspects. This study aims to examine how moral education is implemented at SMP Muhammadiyah 9 Surabaya, a character-based school with the motto “Achievement with Morality.” The research adopts a qualitative ethnographic approach grounded in the naturalistic or phenomenological paradigm, utilizing observation, interviews, and documentation as data collection techniques. In shaping students' morals, the roles of teachers and parents are essential, particularly in monitoring all student activities. SMP Muhammadiyah 9 Surabaya offers various programs designed to build students' moral character, such as the Nine Superior Programs, extracurricular activities, and daily habituation practices at school."
آموزش نقش حیاتی در تبدیل افراد با رفتار منفی به افرادی با شخصیت نیکو ایفا میکند و یکی از مهمترین اشکال آموزش در این عصر، آموزش اخلاق است. آموزش اخلاق نه تنها در مواجهه با چالشهای جهانیشدن اهمیت دارد، بلکه به عنوان راهحلی برای پرورش شخصیتهای قوی در میان تأثیرات فراگیر فرهنگهای بیگانه و سایر جنبههای منفی عمل میکند. هدف این پژوهش بررسی نحوه اجرای آموزش اخلاق در دبیرستان متوسطه اول محمدیه ۹ سورابایا، به عنوان مدرسهای مبتنی بر شخصیت با شعار «موفقیت با اخلاق» است. این پژوهش با رویکرد کیفی قومنگارانه و مبتنی بر پارادایم طبیعیگرایانه یا پدیدارشناسانه انجام شده و از مشاهده، مصاحبه و مستندسازی به عنوان فنون گردآوری دادهها استفاده شده است. در شکلدهی به اخلاق دانشآموزان، نقش معلمان و والدین به ویژه در نظارت بر تمامی فعالیتهای دانشآموزان اساسی است. دبیرستان متوسطه اول محمدیه ۹ سورابایا برنامههای متنوعی را برای تقویت شخصیت اخلاقی دانشآموزان ارائه میدهد، از جمله نه برنامه برتر، فعالیتهای فوقبرنامه و تمرینهای روزانه در مدرسه.
Islamization in the context of education is a systematic process aimed at instilling Islamic values into all aspects of students' lives. This study aims to analyze the influence of Islamization on the formation of students' lifestyle in order to create a young generation that is of good character, competitive, and morally upright. The approach used is a qualitative approach with a library research method, namely by reviewing various relevant literature on the concept of Islamization, character education, and the formation of an Islamic lifestyle in the school environment. The results of the study show that Islamization plays an important role in shaping students' personality and behavior through the integration of Islamic values in the curriculum, habituation of worship practices, and teachers' role modeling. Values such as honesty, responsibility, discipline, hard work, and social awareness become the foundation for the formation of an Islamic lifestyle that is able to balance spiritual, intellectual, and social aspects. In addition, Islamization contributes to strengthening students' moral resilience amid the currents of globalization and modernization that often carry materialistic and secular values. With the consistent implementation of Islamization, schools can become centers for shaping a young generation that is faithful, knowledgeable, ethical, and broad-minded. This generation is expected to be able to adapt to the times without losing their Islamic identity, and to become agents of change who bring progress to the nation and the ummah.
اسلامیسازی در بستر آموزش، فرایندی نظاممند است که با هدف نهادینهسازی ارزشهای اسلامی در تمامی ابعاد زندگی دانشآموزان صورت میگیرد. هدف این پژوهش، تحلیل تأثیر اسلامیسازی بر شکلگیری سبک زندگی دانشآموزان به منظور تربیت نسلی جوان با شخصیت نیکو، رقابتپذیر و دارای اخلاق استوار است. رویکرد مورد استفاده، رویکرد کیفی با روش پژوهش کتابخانهای است؛ بدین صورت که با بررسی متون مرتبط با مفهوم اسلامیسازی، تربیت اخلاقی و شکلگیری سبک زندگی اسلامی در محیط مدرسه انجام شده است. نتایج پژوهش نشان میدهد که اسلامیسازی از طریق ادغام ارزشهای اسلامی در برنامه درسی، عادتدهی به انجام عبادات و الگو بودن معلمان، نقش مهمی در شکلدهی شخصیت و رفتار دانشآموزان ایفا میکند. ارزشهایی همچون صداقت، مسئولیتپذیری، انضباط، سختکوشی و آگاهی اجتماعی، بنیان شکلگیری سبک زندگی اسلامی را فراهم میسازند که قادر است ابعاد معنوی، فکری و اجتماعی را متعادل سازد. افزون بر این، اسلامیسازی به تقویت تابآوری اخلاقی دانشآموزان در برابر امواج جهانیشدن و مدرنسازی که اغلب حامل ارزشهای مادیگرایانه و سکولار هستند، کمک میکند. با اجرای مستمر اسلامیسازی، مدارس میتوانند به مراکز تربیت نسلی جوان، مؤمن، دانا، اخلاقمدار و دارای افق فکری وسیع تبدیل شوند. انتظار میرود این نسل بتواند بدون از دست دادن هویت اسلامی خود با تحولات زمانه سازگار شود و به عنوان عاملان تغییر، موجب پیشرفت ملت و امت گردد.
Abstract While socioeconomic status (SES), time in preschool (TiP) and their interaction are related to reading ability, the results have been mixed. This study assessed whether the shared environment mediated these associations using a longitudinal behavior genetic design. Further, this study contrasted the source of variance in reading accounted for by (a) SES and TiP, against that of (b) genes, the shared environment, and the unique environment. Participants were 511 monozygotic twin pairs, and 515 dizygotic same-sex twin pairs from Australia, the United States and Scandinavia. They were assessed at preschool, kindergarten, grade 1, and grade 2. The interaction between TiP and SES did not explain variance in reading at any stage. At preschool, SES and TiP combined accounted for 9% of the total variance in reading, or 17.6% of the shared environment variance. Of that 9%, SES explained 8.1% independent of TiP. By Grade 2, SES and TiP explained 4% of the total variance, or 57% of the shared environment variance. Of that 4%, SES accounted for 3% with TiP accounting for just 1%. It was found that SES, but not TiP, had a small but significant influence on reading over time, and is a substantial mediator of the shared environment influence of reading by Grade 2.
چکیده: اگرچه وضعیت اجتماعیاقتصادی (SES)، مدت زمان حضور در پیشدبستانی (TiP) و تعامل آنها با توانایی خواندن مرتبط هستند، نتایج پژوهشها متفاوت بوده است. این مطالعه بررسی کرد که آیا محیط مشترک این ارتباطات را با استفاده از یک طرح ژنتیک رفتاری طولی میانجیگری میکند یا خیر. همچنین، این پژوهش منبع واریانس در خواندن را که توسط (الف) SES و TiP و (ب) ژنها، محیط مشترک و محیط منحصر به فرد تبیین میشود، مقایسه کرد. شرکتکنندگان شامل ۵۱۱ جفت دوقلوی همسان و ۵۱۵ جفت دوقلوی غیرهمسان همجنس از استرالیا، ایالات متحده و اسکاندیناوی بودند. آنها در مقاطع پیشدبستانی، مهدکودک، پایه اول و پایه دوم ارزیابی شدند. تعامل بین TiP و SES در هیچ یک از مراحل، واریانس توانایی خواندن را تبیین نکرد. در پیشدبستانی، SES و TiP در مجموع ۹٪ از کل واریانس خواندن یا ۱۷٫۶٪ از واریانس محیط مشترک را تبیین کردند. از این ۹٪، SES به طور مستقل از TiP، ۸٫۱٪ را تبیین کرد. تا پایه دوم، SES و TiP مجموعاً ۴٪ از کل واریانس یا ۵۷٪ از واریانس محیط مشترک را تبیین کردند. از این ۴٪، SES معادل ۳٪ و TiP تنها ۱٪ را تبیین کرد. نتایج نشان داد که SES، اما نه TiP، تأثیر اندک اما معناداری بر خواندن در طول زمان دارد و تا پایه دوم، میانجی قابل توجهی برای تأثیر محیط مشترک بر خواندن است.
This research is motivated by the need for inclusive schools to provide Islamic Religious Education (PAI) learning that accommodates the diverse characteristics of students, including students with autism as children with special needs. PAI learning for autistic students requires strategies tailored to their communication abilities, concentration, behavior, social interaction, and pace of understanding. This study aims to analyze PAI teachers’ learning strategies for autistic students, examine their implications for students’ learning outcomes and development, and identify supporting and inhibiting factors in their implementation at SDN Mentikan 1 Mojokerto City. This study employed a qualitative approach with a case study design. Data were collected through in-depth interviews, observations, and documentation involving the principal, PAI teacher, Special Education Assistant Teacher (GPK), and other parties involved in inclusive education. Data were analyzed using the Miles and Huberman model through data condensation, data display, and conclusion drawing and verification. Data validity was strengthened through source and technique triangulation. The findings indicate that PAI learning strategies were developed through coordination among the school, PAI teacher, GPK, and parents, supported by curriculum modifications and initial assessments to identify students’ characteristics and needs. The learning process emphasized individualized approaches, verbal stimulation to focus attention, simple and gradual instructions, repetition, hands-on practice, the use of concrete media and videos, and educational games. These strategies had positive implications for students’ engagement in learning, understanding of basic PAI concepts, habituation of prayers, ablution, prayer practices, and moral values, as well as behavioral, emotional, and social interaction development. Supporting factors included teacher competence, the role of the GPK, support from the principal and parents, facilities and infrastructure, and the suitability of methods and media. Inhibiting factors included diverse autism characteristics, communication barriers, unstable concentration and behavior, difficulties in social interaction, limited support personnel, and limited learning time.
این پژوهش با انگیزه نیاز مدارس فراگیر به ارائه آموزش دینی اسلامی (PAI) متناسب با ویژگیهای متنوع دانشآموزان، از جمله دانشآموزان مبتلا به اوتیسم به عنوان کودکان با نیازهای ویژه، انجام شده است. آموزش PAI برای دانشآموزان اوتیستیک نیازمند راهبردهایی متناسب با تواناییهای ارتباطی، تمرکز، رفتار، تعامل اجتماعی و سرعت درک آنها است. هدف این مطالعه تحلیل راهبردهای تدریس معلمان PAI برای دانشآموزان اوتیستیک، بررسی پیامدهای آن بر نتایج یادگیری و رشد دانشآموزان، و شناسایی عوامل حمایتی و بازدارنده در اجرای آن در دبستان دولتی منتیکان ۱ شهر موجوکرتو میباشد. این پژوهش با رویکرد کیفی و طرح مطالعه موردی انجام شده است. دادهها از طریق مصاحبههای عمیق، مشاهده و مستندسازی با مشارکت مدیر مدرسه، معلم PAI، معلم یار آموزش ویژه (GPK) و سایر افراد مرتبط با آموزش فراگیر گردآوری شد. تحلیل دادهها با استفاده از مدل مایلز و هابرمن از طریق تلخیص دادهها، نمایش دادهها و نتیجهگیری و تأیید انجام گرفت. روایی دادهها از طریق مثلثسازی منبع و روش تقویت شد. یافتهها نشان داد که راهبردهای آموزش PAI از طریق هماهنگی میان مدرسه، معلم PAI، GPK و والدین، با حمایت اصلاحات برنامه درسی و ارزیابی اولیه برای شناسایی ویژگیها و نیازهای دانشآموزان توسعه یافته است. فرایند یادگیری بر رویکردهای فردی، تحریک کلامی برای تمرکز، دستورالعملهای ساده و تدریجی، تکرار، تمرین عملی، استفاده از رسانههای عینی و ویدئوها و بازیهای آموزشی تأکید داشت. این راهبردها پیامدهای مثبتی بر مشارکت دانشآموزان در یادگیری، درک مفاهیم پایه PAI، عادتدهی به نماز، وضو، تمرینات نماز و ارزشهای اخلاقی، همچنین رشد رفتاری، عاطفی و تعامل اجتماعی داشت. عوامل حمایتی شامل شایستگی معلم، نقش GPK، حمایت مدیر و والدین، امکانات و زیرساختها و تناسب روشها و رسانهها بود. عوامل بازدارنده شامل ویژگیهای متنوع اوتیسم، موانع ارتباطی، تمرکز و رفتار ناپایدار، دشواری در تعامل اجتماعی، محدودیت نیروی پشتیبان و زمان محدود آموزش بود.
The revitalization of Qur’anic education has become increasingly important in responding to the broader educational needs of contemporary society. This study examines how Rumah Qur’an Al-Azhar Al-Syarif in Indonesia revitalizes Qur’anic education through BARAKAT (Bimbingan Ragam Kreativitas dan Asah Talenta), a program designed to develop students’ interests and talents beyond conventional Qur’anic learning. The program encompasses six areas: Qur’anic recitation (tilawah), Islamic devotional performance (habsyi), calligraphy, Arabic grammar and morphology (nahwu-sharaf), archery, and karate. Using a qualitative case study approach, this research explores the program’s educational contributions based on participants’ experiences and reported changes in learning behavior and social engagement. The findings indicate that BARAKAT is perceived to support students’ learning motivation, reflected in more consistent attendance, greater discipline, increased enthusiasm for practice, and reported improvements in Qur’anic memorization. The program is also associated with enhanced social readiness, particularly confidence in public performance, teamwork, empathy, solidarity, and respect for differences. These findings suggest that integrating interest- and talent-based activities into Qur’anic education may broaden its educational role beyond religious knowledge acquisition to include personal development and social competencies. This study contributes to discussions on the revitalization of non-formal Islamic education by highlighting the potential of structured extracurricular programs to connect Qur’anic learning with students’ broader developmental needs.
احیای آموزش قرآنی در پاسخ به نیازهای گستردهتر آموزشی جامعه معاصر اهمیت فزایندهای یافته است. این پژوهش بررسی میکند که چگونه Rumah Qur’an Al-Azhar Al-Syarif در اندونزی آموزش قرآنی را از طریق برنامه BARAKAT (راهنمایی تنوع خلاقیت و پرورش استعداد)، که با هدف توسعه علاقهها و استعدادهای دانشآموزان فراتر از آموزش قرآنی متعارف طراحی شده است، احیا میکند. این برنامه شش حوزه را در بر میگیرد: تلاوت قرآن (تلاوه)، اجرای عبادی اسلامی (حبشی)، خوشنویسی، دستور و صرف و نحو عربی (نحو-صرف)، تیراندازی با کمان و کاراته. با استفاده از رویکرد مطالعه موردی کیفی، این پژوهش به بررسی مشارکتهای آموزشی این برنامه بر اساس تجارب شرکتکنندگان و تغییرات گزارششده در رفتار یادگیری و تعاملات اجتماعی میپردازد. یافتهها نشان میدهد که BARAKAT به عنوان عاملی در حمایت از انگیزه یادگیری دانشآموزان تلقی میشود که این امر در حضور منظمتر، انضباط بیشتر، اشتیاق افزونتر برای تمرین و بهبود گزارششده در حفظ قرآن منعکس شده است. همچنین این برنامه با آمادگی اجتماعی بیشتر، بهویژه اعتماد به نفس در اجراهای عمومی، کار گروهی، همدلی، همبستگی و احترام به تفاوتها مرتبط است. این یافتهها حاکی از آن است که ادغام فعالیتهای مبتنی بر علاقه و استعداد در آموزش قرآنی میتواند نقش آموزشی آن را فراتر از کسب دانش دینی به توسعه فردی و شایستگیهای اجتماعی گسترش دهد. این پژوهش با برجستهکردن ظرفیت برنامههای فوقبرنامه ساختاریافته برای پیوند آموزش قرآنی با نیازهای توسعهای گستردهتر دانشآموزان، به بحثهای مربوط به احیای آموزش اسلامی غیررسمی کمک میکند.
İntihar davranışına yönelik risk faktörleri için yapılan sınıflandırmaların birçoğunda cinsiyet değişkenine de yer verilmektedir. Pozitivist paradigmaya bağlı biyomedikal yaklaşımın öngörülerine dayalı yapılan araştırmalarda cinsiyete ilişkin bulgular intihar davranışının kimlerde, ne sıklıkta hangi yöntem kullanımıyla ve nasıl ortaya çıktığına ilişkin genel bir eğilimi ortaya koyabilmektedir. Ancak bu haliyle söz konusu bulguların erkek ve kadınlar için toplumsal-kültürel zorlayıcı etmenlerin neler olduğunu, niçin vehangi koşullar altında erkek veya kadınlarınintihara yöneldiği, dahası intihar davranışının ne anlama geldiğini açıklayabilmesi oldukça güçtür. İntiharı önleme çalışmalarında söz konusu güçlüğü aşabilmek için yorumsamacı bakış açısıyla toplumsal bağlamını gözardı etmeden araştırmalardan elde edilen bulguların, saha araştırmalarından elde edilen bulgular ile bütünleştirilmesi gerekmektedir. Bu sayede, intihar davranışının cinsiyete göre ne anlam(lar) taşıdığını, önleme çalışmalarında hangi konular üzerinde daha fazla yoğunlaşmamız gerektiğini bilme olanağımız artmış olacaktır.
در بسیاری از طبقهبندیهایی که برای عوامل خطر مرتبط با رفتار خودکشی انجام شدهاند، متغیر جنسیت نیز لحاظ میشود. یافتههای مربوط به جنسیت در پژوهشهایی که بر اساس پیشبینیهای رویکرد زیستپزشکی مبتنی بر پارادایم پوزیتیویستی انجام شدهاند، میتواند گرایش کلیای را درباره اینکه رفتار خودکشی در چه کسانی، با چه فراوانی، با استفاده از چه روشی و چگونه بروز میکند، نشان دهد. با این حال، به همین شکل، توضیح اینکه عوامل فشارآور اجتماعی-فرهنگی برای مردان و زنان چیست، چرا و تحت چه شرایطی مردان یا زنان به سوی خودکشی سوق داده میشوند و حتی رفتار خودکشی چه معنایی دارد، بسیار دشوار است. برای غلبه بر این دشواری در مطالعات پیشگیری از خودکشی، لازم است یافتههای بهدستآمده از پژوهشها با رویکرد تفسیرگرایانه و بدون نادیده گرفتن زمینه اجتماعی، با یافتههای حاصل از پژوهشهای میدانی تلفیق شوند. بدین ترتیب، امکان آگاهی بیشتر از اینکه رفتار خودکشی بر اساس جنسیت چه معنا(هایی) دارد و در مطالعات پیشگیری باید بر چه موضوعاتی بیشتر تمرکز کنیم، افزایش خواهد یافت.
This study aims to describe the management of santri (Islamic boarding school students), identify the obstacles faced by the caretakers, and describe the efforts made to overcome these obstacles in order to increase the interest of prospective students in enrolling at Pondok Pesantren Darul Fikri Muaro Jambi. This research employs a qualitative approach using a descriptive method. Data collection techniques included in-depth interviews, observation, and documentation. Data analysis utilized the Miles, Huberman, and Saldana model, comprising data reduction, data display, and verification/conclusion drawing. Data validity was ensured through triangulation of sources, techniques, and time. The research results indicate that: (1) Santri management is implemented through the POAC (Planning, Organizing, Actuating, Controlling) management functions. Planning focuses on character building, discipline, mental strengthening, and the study of kitab kuning (traditional Islamic texts). Organizing involves the boarding school head, ustadz (religious teachers), administrators, and public relations staff. Implementation encompasses character guidance, organizational discipline, community engagement jam'iyyah, role modeling, and livestock farming skills. Supervision is conducted through monitoring behavior and adherence to rules, as well as the imposition of educational sanctions. (2) Obstacles faced include difficulties in instilling discipline, a limited number of administrators, new students' adaptation issues, student behavioral problems, and limited facilities and infrastructure. (3) Efforts undertaken include continuous character and discipline guidance, the application of educational sanctions, the strengthening of religious programs, the provision of free schooling, the development of livestock farming skills, and the creation of a comfortable environment. Effective management has been proven to increase the interest of prospective students through positive student experiences and programs that align with community needs.
هدف این پژوهش توصیف مدیریت دانشآموزان (طلاب مدارس اسلامی)، شناسایی موانع پیشروی متولیان، و تبیین تلاشهای صورتگرفته برای غلبه بر این موانع به منظور افزایش علاقهمندی داوطلبان ثبتنام در مدرسه علمیه دارالفکر معارو جامبی است. این پژوهش با رویکرد کیفی و روش توصیفی انجام شده است. تکنیکهای گردآوری داده شامل مصاحبههای عمیق، مشاهده و مستندسازی بوده است. تحلیل دادهها با استفاده از مدل Miles، Huberman و Saldana شامل کاهش داده، نمایش داده و تأیید/استخراج نتیجه انجام شده است. روایی دادهها از طریق مثلثسازی منابع، تکنیکها و زمان تضمین شده است. نتایج پژوهش نشان میدهد: (۱) مدیریت دانشآموزان از طریق کارکردهای مدیریتی POAC (برنامهریزی، سازماندهی، اجرا، کنترل) اجرا میشود. برنامهریزی بر پرورش شخصیت، انضباط، تقویت روحیه و مطالعه کتابهای سنتی اسلامی (کتاب کُنینگ) متمرکز است. سازماندهی شامل رئیس مدرسه، اساتید (استادان دینی)، مدیران و کارکنان روابط عمومی است. اجرا شامل هدایت شخصیتی، انضباط سازمانی، مشارکت اجتماعی جمعیه، الگوسازی و مهارتآموزی دامپروری است. نظارت از طریق پایش رفتار و رعایت قوانین و همچنین اعمال تنبیهات آموزشی صورت میگیرد. (۲) موانع موجود شامل دشواری در نهادینهسازی انضباط، تعداد محدود مدیران، مشکلات سازگاری دانشآموزان جدید، مشکلات رفتاری دانشآموزان و کمبود امکانات و زیرساختها است. (۳) تلاشهای صورتگرفته شامل هدایت مستمر شخصیت و انضباط، اعمال تنبیهات آموزشی، تقویت برنامههای مذهبی، ارائه تحصیل رایگان، توسعه مهارتهای دامپروری و ایجاد محیطی راحت میباشد. مدیریت مؤثر به اثبات رسیده است که علاقهمندی داوطلبان را از طریق تجارب مثبت دانشآموزان و برنامههایی که با نیازهای جامعه همراستا هستند، افزایش میدهد.
Background: This cross-sectional study examined the frequency of lifetime suicidal ideation, suicide attempts, and nonsuicidal self-injury (NSSI), and factors associated with lifetime suicidal ideation among candidates for bariatric surgery.Methods: Seventy consecutive adults referred for psychiatric evaluation before a planned bariatric procedure underwent a DSM-5-based unstructured clinical interview and completed standardized measures of suicide-related behaviors, depressive and anxiety symptoms, eating behavior, and self-injury. Group comparisons and exploratory multivariable logistic regression analyses were performed.Results: Lifetime suicidal ideation was reported by 22 participants (31.4%), and 11 (15.7%) reported a history of NSSI. Psychiatric disorders were identified in 21 participants (30.0%). In the exploratory multivariable model, unemployment (odds ratio [OR], 6.17; 95% CI, 1.63–23.38), medical comorbidity (OR, 3.41; 95% CI, 1.03–11.30), and emotional eating (OR per unit increase, 1.73; 95% CI, 1.04–2.87) remained associated with lifetime suicidal ideation.Conclusion: Lifetime suicidal ideation, NSSI, and psychiatric morbidity were common in this single-center sample. Unemployment, medical comorbidity, and emotional eating were associated with lifetime suicidal ideation in an exploratory model. These findings support comprehensive psychiatric assessment before bariatric surgery and require confirmation in larger prospective studies.
زمینه: این مطالعه مقطعی به بررسی فراوانی افکار خودکشی در طول عمر، اقدام به خودکشی و خودآسیبی غیرخودکشی (NSSI) و عوامل مرتبط با افکار خودکشی در طول عمر در داوطلبان جراحی چاقی پرداخت. روشها: هفتاد فرد بزرگسال متوالی که برای ارزیابی روانپزشکی پیش از انجام جراحی چاقی برنامهریزیشده ارجاع شده بودند، تحت مصاحبه بالینی بدون ساختار مبتنی بر DSM-5 قرار گرفتند و پرسشنامههای استاندارد مربوط به رفتارهای مرتبط با خودکشی، علائم افسردگی و اضطراب، رفتار خوردن و خودآسیبی را تکمیل کردند. مقایسههای گروهی و تحلیلهای رگرسیون لجستیک چندمتغیره اکتشافی انجام شد. یافتهها: افکار خودکشی در طول عمر توسط ۲۲ شرکتکننده (۳۱/۴٪) گزارش شد و ۱۱ نفر (۱۵/۷٪) سابقه NSSI را گزارش کردند. اختلالات روانپزشکی در ۲۱ شرکتکننده (۳۰/۰٪) شناسایی شد. در مدل چندمتغیره اکتشافی، بیکاری (نسبت شانس [OR]، ۶/۱۷؛ فاصله اطمینان ۹۵٪، ۱/۶۳–۲۳/۳۸)، همابتلایی پزشکی (OR، ۳/۴۱؛ فاصله اطمینان ۹۵٪، ۱/۰۳–۱۱/۳۰) و خوردن هیجانی (OR به ازای هر واحد افزایش، ۱/۷۳؛ فاصله اطمینان ۹۵٪، ۱/۰۴–۲/۸۷) همچنان با افکار خودکشی در طول عمر مرتبط بودند. نتیجهگیری: افکار خودکشی در طول عمر، NSSI و اختلالات روانپزشکی در این نمونه تکمرکزی شایع بودند. بیکاری، همابتلایی پزشکی و خوردن هیجانی در مدل اکتشافی با افکار خودکشی در طول عمر مرتبط بودند. این یافتهها از ارزیابی جامع روانپزشکی پیش از جراحی چاقی حمایت میکنند و نیازمند تأیید در مطالعات آیندهنگر بزرگتر هستند.
This study determined the challenges encountered, coping mechanisms adopted, and work performance of security guards at Naga College Foundation, Inc., City of Naga, during School Year 2024-2025 and used the findings as the basis for intervention strategies. A descriptive-correlational design was employed with all 33 eligible security guards deployed in the academic campuses of the institution. Data were gathered through a validated researcher-made questionnaire and unstructured interviews; the questionnaire obtained a Cronbach alpha reliability coefficient of .86 and a reported validity coefficient of .93. Weighted means, Pearson product-moment correlation, and coefficients of determination were used for analysis. Results showed that the guards generally experienced moderately low challenges in physical and mental demands, work environment and operations, and job satisfaction and corporation. Coping mechanisms were reported as often practiced in the emotional and social domains and sometimes practiced in the physical domain, while performance was rated very good in personality and personal behavior, work behavior, and productivity. Significant associations were reported between the challenge domains and emotional coping (r = .93, p = .022), while job satisfaction and corporation was significantly associated with personality and personal behavior (r = .98, p = .003), work behavior (r = .91, p = .035), and productivity (r = .92, p = .027). Coefficients of determination further indicated very strong influence on emotional coping and on the three performance dimensions. The study concluded that, although challenges were generally manageable, structured interventions remain important for sustaining guards’ coping capacity and performance. Intervention strategies organized through the Analyze, Design, and Develop components of the modified ADDIE model were therefore proposed for implementation, monitoring, and evaluation.
این پژوهش به تعیین چالشهای مواجهشده، راهبردهای مقابلهای اتخاذشده و عملکرد شغلی نگهبانان امنیتی بنیاد کالج ناگا، شهر ناگا، در سال تحصیلی ۲۰۲۴-۲۰۲۵ پرداخته و یافتهها را بهعنوان مبنایی برای تدوین راهبردهای مداخلهای مورد استفاده قرار داده است. طرح پژوهش توصیفی-همبستگی بوده و کلیه ۳۳ نگهبان امنیتی واجد شرایط که در پردیسهای آموزشی این مؤسسه مستقر بودند، در مطالعه شرکت داشتند. دادهها از طریق پرسشنامه محققساخته با روایی گزارششده ۰٫۹۳ و ضریب پایایی آلفای کرونباخ ۰٫۸۶ و همچنین مصاحبههای بدون ساختار گردآوری شد. برای تحلیل دادهها از میانگینهای وزنی، همبستگی حاصلضرب لحظهای پیرسون و ضرایب تعیین استفاده گردید. نتایج نشان داد که نگهبانان به طور کلی با چالشهای نسبتاً پایینی در حوزههای الزامات جسمی و روانی، محیط و عملیات کاری و رضایت شغلی و همکاری مواجه بودند. راهبردهای مقابلهای در حوزههای هیجانی و اجتماعی غالباً و در حوزه جسمانی گاهی اوقات به کار گرفته میشدند و عملکرد در ابعاد شخصیت و رفتار فردی، رفتار کاری و بهرهوری بسیار خوب ارزیابی شد. بین حوزههای چالش و مقابله هیجانی (r = .93, p = .022) ارتباط معناداری مشاهده شد و همچنین رضایت شغلی و همکاری با شخصیت و رفتار فردی (r = .98, p = .003)، رفتار کاری (r = .91, p = .035) و بهرهوری (r = .92, p = .027) ارتباط معناداری داشت. ضرایب تعیین نیز نشاندهنده تأثیر بسیار قوی بر مقابله هیجانی و سه بعد عملکرد بودند. پژوهش نتیجه گرفت که اگرچه چالشها عموماً قابل مدیریت بودند، اما مداخلات ساختاریافته برای حفظ ظرفیت مقابلهای و عملکرد نگهبانان اهمیت دارد. بر این اساس، راهبردهای مداخلهای مبتنی بر اجزای تحلیل، طراحی و توسعه مدل تعدیلشده ADDIE برای اجرا، پایش و ارزیابی پیشنهاد شد.
This study aims to analyze the phenomenon of high school dropout rates among adolescents in the Rambak area, Jelitik Village, Sungailiat District, which coincides with their low religious awareness. Adolescents who drop out of school are often involved in negative behaviors such as unemployment, promiscuity, and a lack of religious practice. Although various religious activities are held in the community, the participation of adolescents in these activities remains limited. The purpose of this study is to describe the religious condition of school dropouts and to identify the factors that contribute to their decision to not continue their education. Using a qualitative descriptive approach, this study involved 8 school dropouts, their parents, religious leaders, and community members as informants. Data were collected through observation, interviews, and documentation, and analyzed using data reduction, presentation, and conclusion techniques. The results of the study revealed that the religious dimensions of the school dropouts in Rambak consist of five aspects: ideological, ritualistic, experiential, intellectual, and consequential. Although they acknowledge religious teachings, their religious practices and knowledge remain low, and their religiosity does not significantly influence their behavior. The factors contributing to their decision to drop out of school include economic problems, lack of parental attention, low interest in education, and environmental influences.
هدف این پژوهش تحلیل پدیده نرخ بالای ترک تحصیل در میان نوجوانان منطقه رامبک، روستای جلیتیک، بخش سونگایلیات است که همزمان با آگاهی دینی پایین آنان مشاهده میشود. نوجوانانی که ترک تحصیل میکنند، اغلب در رفتارهای منفی مانند بیکاری، روابط آزاد و فقدان عمل به مناسک دینی درگیر هستند. اگرچه فعالیتهای دینی متعددی در جامعه برگزار میشود، مشارکت نوجوانان در این فعالیتها همچنان محدود است. هدف این پژوهش توصیف وضعیت دینی نوجوانان ترکتحصیلکرده و شناسایی عواملی است که به تصمیم آنان برای ادامه ندادن تحصیل منجر میشود. این پژوهش با رویکرد توصیفی-کیفی انجام شده و ۸ نوجوان ترکتحصیلکرده، والدین آنان، رهبران دینی و اعضای جامعه به عنوان مطلعان در آن مشارکت داشتهاند. دادهها از طریق مشاهده، مصاحبه و اسناد جمعآوری و با استفاده از تکنیکهای کاهش داده، ارائه و نتیجهگیری تحلیل شدهاند. نتایج پژوهش نشان داد که ابعاد دینی نوجوانان ترکتحصیلکرده در رامبک شامل پنج جنبه ایدئولوژیک، مناسکی، تجربی، عقلانی و پیامدی است. اگرچه آنان به آموزههای دینی اذعان دارند، اما عمل و دانش دینی آنان پایین بوده و دینداریشان تأثیر معناداری بر رفتارشان ندارد. عوامل مؤثر بر تصمیم آنان برای ترک تحصیل شامل مشکلات اقتصادی، کمبود توجه والدین، علاقه پایین به تحصیل و تأثیرات محیطی است.
This study aims to analyze the application of rewards and punishments on the motivation of students in memorizing the Qur'an at TPQ Nurul Islam, Payabenua village, using a Qur'anic values approach. The research method used is descriptive qualitative through observation, interviews, and documentation. The results of the study show that rewards, both non-material (praise, appreciation, recognition, and trust from teachers) and material (gifts, certificates, or incentives), are effective in increasing the intrinsic and extrinsic motivation of students. Non-material rewards foster self-confidence, inner satisfaction, and love for the Qur'an, while material rewards serve as an initial trigger for motivation with certain limitations so as not to diminish sincerity. Meanwhile, punishment in memorizing the Qur'an is applied in an educational and constructive manner, such as verbal reprimands, repetition of memorization, additional targets, and measured restrictions on rest time. Proportional application that takes into account the psychological condition of students has been proven to increase discipline, responsibility, and awareness in maintaining memorization, while inappropriate punishment can cause fear and decrease motivation. Meanwhile, the application of rewards and punishments is based on the principles of targhib and tarhib, as well as Qur'anic values such as justice, patience, compassion, exemplary behavior, education, and sincerity. Thus, these two approaches not only function as tools for controlling behavior, but also as means of shaping the Qur'anic character and spirituality of students, thereby significantly increasing their motivation to memorize the Qur'an
هدف این پژوهش تحلیل کاربرد پاداش و تنبیه بر انگیزش دانشآموزان در حفظ قرآن در مؤسسه TPQ Nurul Islam، روستای Payabenua با رویکرد ارزشهای قرآنی است. روش پژوهش مورد استفاده، کیفی توصیفی از طریق مشاهده، مصاحبه و مستندسازی میباشد. نتایج پژوهش نشان میدهد که پاداشها، چه غیرمادی (تشویق، قدردانی، به رسمیت شناختن و اعتماد معلمان) و چه مادی (هدایا، گواهینامهها یا مشوقها)، در افزایش انگیزش درونی و بیرونی دانشآموزان مؤثر هستند. پاداشهای غیرمادی موجب تقویت اعتماد به نفس، رضایت درونی و عشق به قرآن میشوند، در حالی که پاداشهای مادی به عنوان محرک اولیه انگیزش با محدودیتهایی خاص به کار میروند تا از کاهش اخلاص جلوگیری شود. از سوی دیگر، تنبیه در حفظ قرآن به شیوهای آموزشی و سازنده اعمال میشود؛ مانند تذکر شفاهی، تکرار حفظیات، تعیین اهداف اضافی و محدودیتهای سنجیده در زمان استراحت. کاربرد متناسب که شرایط روانشناختی دانشآموزان را در نظر میگیرد، به اثبات رسیده که موجب افزایش نظم، مسئولیتپذیری و آگاهی در حفظ محفوظات میشود، در حالی که تنبیه نامناسب میتواند باعث ترس و کاهش انگیزش گردد. همچنین، کاربرد پاداش و تنبیه مبتنی بر اصول ترغیب و ترهیب و ارزشهای قرآنی همچون عدالت، صبر، شفقت، رفتار الگویی، تربیت و اخلاص است. بنابراین، این دو رویکرد نه تنها به عنوان ابزار کنترل رفتار، بلکه به عنوان وسیلهای برای شکلدهی شخصیت و معنویت قرآنی دانشآموزان عمل میکنند و به طور معناداری انگیزش آنان را برای حفظ قرآن افزایش میدهند.
Navigation service providers are shifting from functional tools toward intelligent agents with social roles and affective influence. Existing technology adoption research emphasizes cognitive and utilitarian dimensions, offering limited explanations of how AI develops from a tool into an affective partner during stressful commuting. This study proposes the Affective Human–AI Co-Flow (AHCF) model to explain how affective processes relate to navigation behavior through a sequence connecting AI Role Discourse, Affective Vulnerability Context, and Collaboration Fit with Affective Appraisal, Affective Regulation, and Affective Attachment. Using Amap’s “Gao Laoshi” AI agent as the empirical context, we collected data from 280 commuters and tested the model through structural equation modeling (SEM), artificial neural networks (ANN), and multi-group analysis (MGA). Collaboration Fit emerged as a key gateway in the affective sequence. After its inclusion, the direct effects of AI Role Discourse and Affective Vulnerability Context on Affective Appraisal became marginally significant or nonsignificant. Affective Appraisal was strongly coupled with Affective Regulation, which had significant positive structural relationships with both Behavioral Response and Affective Attachment. Differences in predictive rankings and group comparisons further indicated that AI’s affective influence varies with role perceptions, contextual pressure, and usage experience. AHCF thus reconceptualizes technology adoption as an affective co-flow process characterized by gating, amplification, and shifts across user groups. It provides a theoretical framework for understanding AI’s development from a functional navigation tool into a relational collaborator and offers emotion-centered implications for AI navigation and intelligent mobility.
ارائهدهندگان خدمات ناوبری در حال گذار از ابزارهای کارکردی به سوی عاملهای هوشمندی با نقشهای اجتماعی و تأثیر عاطفی هستند. پژوهشهای موجود در حوزه پذیرش فناوری عمدتاً بر ابعاد شناختی و سودمندی تأکید دارند و توضیحات محدودی درباره چگونگی تبدیل هوش مصنوعی از یک ابزار به یک شریک عاطفی در شرایط استرسزای رفتوآمد ارائه میدهند. این مطالعه مدل همجریان عاطفی انسان–هوش مصنوعی (Affective Human–AI Co-Flow یا AHCF) را برای تبیین نحوه ارتباط فرایندهای عاطفی با رفتار ناوبری از طریق توالیای که گفتمان نقش هوش مصنوعی، زمینه آسیبپذیری عاطفی و تناسب همکاری را به ارزیابی عاطفی، تنظیم عاطفی و دلبستگی عاطفی پیوند میدهد، پیشنهاد میکند. با استفاده از عامل هوش مصنوعی «Gao Laoshi» در نرمافزار Amap به عنوان زمینه تجربی، دادههای ۲۸۰ رفتوآمدکننده گردآوری و مدل با استفاده از مدلسازی معادلات ساختاری (SEM)، شبکههای عصبی مصنوعی (ANN) و تحلیل چندگروهی (MGA) آزمون شد. تناسب همکاری به عنوان دروازه کلیدی در توالی عاطفی ظاهر شد. پس از وارد کردن این متغیر، اثرات مستقیم گفتمان نقش هوش مصنوعی و زمینه آسیبپذیری عاطفی بر ارزیابی عاطفی به طور حاشیهای معنادار یا نامعناد شد. ارزیابی عاطفی با تنظیم عاطفی پیوند قوی داشت و تنظیم عاطفی با هر دو پاسخ رفتاری و دلبستگی عاطفی روابط ساختاری مثبت معناداری نشان داد. تفاوتها در رتبهبندیهای پیشبینی و مقایسههای گروهی نشان داد که تأثیر عاطفی هوش مصنوعی با برداشت از نقش، فشار زمینهای و تجربه استفاده متفاوت است. مدل AHCF فرایند پذیرش فناوری را به عنوان یک همجریان عاطفی با ویژگیهای دروازهبانی، تقویت و تغییر در میان گروههای کاربری بازتعریف میکند و چارچوب نظری برای درک تحول هوش مصنوعی از یک ابزار ناوبری کارکردی به یک همکار رابطهای ارائه میدهد و دلالتهای مبتنی بر هیجان برای ناوبری هوش مصنوعی و تحرک هوشمند عرضه میکند.
The phenomenon of online game addiction in adolescents has become a social problem that has an impact on decreasing individual responsibility, both in academic, social, and spiritual aspects. This study aims to analyze the behavior of online game addiction in the perspective of the Qur'an, especially in the Al-Furqan letter 43-44, and examine the implications for the formation of adolescent character. The method used is qualitative research with a library research approach through analysis of relevant verses, by referring to the Tafsir Al-Azhar as the main source. The results of the study show that online game addiction can be understood as a form of uncontrolled lust domination, as described in the interpretation of the verse, where individuals tend to make desires as gods that direct their behavior. This condition has an impact on weakening self-control, reduced awareness of responsibility and a tendency to ignore the main obligations in life. This study emphasizes the importance of religious values, character education, as well as the role of family and the environment in building adolescent self-control. Thus, the use of technology, including online games, can be directed wisely and professionally. Keywords: Online gaming addiction, adolescent responsibility, Al-Azhar Tafsir
پدیده اعتیاد به بازیهای آنلاین در میان نوجوانان به یک معضل اجتماعی تبدیل شده است که بر کاهش مسئولیتپذیری فردی در ابعاد تحصیلی، اجتماعی و معنوی تأثیرگذار است. هدف این پژوهش تحلیل رفتار اعتیاد به بازیهای آنلاین از منظر قرآن کریم، به ویژه در سوره فرقان آیات ۴۳-۴۴، و بررسی پیامدهای آن بر شکلگیری شخصیت نوجوانان است. روش پژوهش، کیفی و مبتنی بر رویکرد کتابخانهای از طریق تحلیل آیات مرتبط و با ارجاع به تفسیر المیزان به عنوان منبع اصلی انجام شده است. نتایج پژوهش نشان میدهد که اعتیاد به بازیهای آنلاین میتواند به عنوان شکلی از غلبه شهوت کنترلنشده درک شود، همانگونه که در تفسیر آیه بیان شده است که افراد تمایلات خود را به منزله معبودی قرار میدهند که رفتار آنها را هدایت میکند. این وضعیت منجر به تضعیف خودکنترلی، کاهش آگاهی نسبت به مسئولیت و گرایش به نادیده گرفتن وظایف اصلی زندگی میشود. این پژوهش بر اهمیت ارزشهای دینی، آموزش شخصیت و نقش خانواده و محیط در تقویت خودکنترلی نوجوانان تأکید میکند. بنابراین، استفاده از فناوری، از جمله بازیهای آنلاین، میتواند به صورت خردمندانه و حرفهای هدایت شود.
Background: Marital dissatisfaction is associated with family dysfunction and divorce risk, while Indonesian wives tend to report lower marital satisfaction than husbands.Purpose: This cross-sectional study examined the association between relationship maintenance and wives’ marital satisfaction, with marital commitment as a mediator.Method: Participants were 414 wives married for 1–10 years and living with their husbands, recruited online through convenience and snowball sampling. Participants completed the Marital Satisfaction Scale, Relational Maintenance Behavior Measure, and Marital Commitment Scale. Data were analyzed using confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) and mediation analysis.Findings: Relationship maintenance was significantly associated with marital commitment and marital satisfaction. Marital commitment partially mediated the association, accounting for 18.4% of the total effect (indirect effect, b = .0996, 95% CI [0.070, 0.131], p < .001), while the direct effect remained significant (b = .4412). However, the Marital Commitment Scale showed poor CFA fit (CFI = .724, RMSEA = .147), warranting caution in interpreting the mediation results.Implication: Relationship maintenance had a stronger direct association with marital satisfaction than its indirect contribution through marital commitment. Family programs may therefore prioritize relationship maintenance skills while addressing marital commitment.
زمینه: نارضایتی زناشویی با اختلال عملکرد خانواده و خطر طلاق مرتبط است، در حالی که زنان اندونزیایی تمایل دارند رضایت زناشویی کمتری نسبت به شوهران گزارش دهند. هدف: این مطالعه مقطعی به بررسی ارتباط بین نگهداری رابطه و رضایت زناشویی زنان، با تعهد زناشویی به عنوان میانجی، پرداخت. روش: شرکتکنندگان شامل ۴۱۴ زن بودند که بین ۱ تا ۱۰ سال ازدواج کرده و با همسران خود زندگی میکردند و از طریق نمونهگیری در دسترس و گلولهبرفی به صورت آنلاین جذب شدند. شرکتکنندگان مقیاس رضایت زناشویی، ابزار رفتار نگهداری رابطه و مقیاس تعهد زناشویی را تکمیل کردند. دادهها با استفاده از تحلیل عاملی تأییدی (CFA) و تحلیل میانجیگری مورد بررسی قرار گرفتند. یافتهها: نگهداری رابطه با تعهد زناشویی و رضایت زناشویی ارتباط معناداری داشت. تعهد زناشویی به طور جزئی میانجی ارتباط مذکور بود و ۱۸/۴٪ از اثر کل را تبیین کرد (اثر غیرمستقیم، b = ۰٫۰۹۹۶، ۹۵٪ CI [۰٫۰۷۰، ۰٫۱۳۱]، p < ۰٫۰۰۱)، در حالی که اثر مستقیم همچنان معنادار باقی ماند (b = ۰٫۴۴۱۲). با این حال، مقیاس تعهد زناشویی برازش ضعیفی در CFA نشان داد (CFI = ۰٫۷۲۴، RMSEA = ۰٫۱۴۷) که احتیاط در تفسیر نتایج میانجیگری را ایجاب میکند. نتیجهگیری: نگهداری رابطه ارتباط مستقیم قویتری با رضایت زناشویی نسبت به سهم غیرمستقیم آن از طریق تعهد زناشویی داشت. بنابراین، برنامههای خانواده میتوانند مهارتهای نگهداری رابطه را در اولویت قرار دهند و در عین حال به تعهد زناشویی نیز بپردازند.
Introduction Digital progress monitoring is central to data-based decision-making in multi-tiered systems of support (MTSS) and response to intervention (RTI), particularly for students with or at risk for special educational needs, yet existing reviews mainly address reading curriculum-based measurement (CBM) and do not sufficiently synthesize digital, cross-domain, and decision-relevant psychometric evidence. Methods This systematic review followed PRISMA 2020 and used a COSMIN-aligned synthesis of measurement properties. Seven databases were searched; study selection and extraction followed a multi-rater pipeline with consensus adjudication. Results The final corpus comprised 106 studies with a cumulative sample of 774,420 students (median study-level n = 459). Psychometric coverage was uneven: reliability was reported in 67% of studies (55% with strong coefficients, defined a priori as ≥ .80); validity was reported most frequently (86%) but reached strong coefficients in only 33%; responsiveness was reported in 45% and reached strong coefficients in only 8%; classification accuracy was reported in 36% (31% strong). These patterns were robust across sensitivity analyses addressing administration modality, longitudinal design, risk of bias, and alternative coefficient thresholds. CBM-reading formed the most mature evidence base. CBM-math showed adequate reliability and validity but a marked classification-accuracy gap. Language progress monitoring remained evidence-thin, and direct behavior rating and digital behavioral observation showed substantial gaps in responsiveness and classification accuracy. For the emerging paradigm of ecological momentary assessment (EMA) and wearables, no eligible school-based validation study was identified at all. Discussion The core finding is a validity-responsiveness asymmetry: instruments are commonly evaluated for concurrent or predictive validity but far less often for their capacity to detect intervention-related change. For MTSS-aligned practice, math and behavior measures require stronger classification validation, and EMA- or wearable-based approaches remain insufficiently operationalized in school-based special education.
مقدمه: پایش پیشرفت دیجیتال نقش محوری در تصمیمگیری مبتنی بر داده در نظامهای چندسطحی حمایت (MTSS) و پاسخ به مداخله (RTI) دارد، بهویژه برای دانشآموزان دارای نیازهای ویژه آموزشی یا در معرض خطر آن، اما مرورهای موجود عمدتاً به سنجش مبتنی بر برنامه درسی خواندن (CBM) میپردازند و شواهد روانسنجی دیجیتال، میانحوزهای و مرتبط با تصمیمگیری را بهطور کافی تلفیق نمیکنند. روشها: این مرور نظاممند بر اساس PRISMA 2020 انجام شد و از سنتز ویژگیهای اندازهگیری همسو با COSMIN بهره گرفت. جستجو در هفت پایگاه داده صورت گرفت؛ انتخاب و استخراج مطالعات با رویکرد چندارزیاب و داوری اجماعی انجام شد. یافتهها: مجموعه نهایی شامل ۱۰۶ مطالعه با نمونه تجمعی ۷۷۴٬۴۲۰ دانشآموز (میانگین نمونه در هر مطالعه = ۴۵۹) بود. پوشش روانسنجی نامتوازن بود: پایایی در ۶۷٪ مطالعات گزارش شد (۵۵٪ با ضرایب قوی، تعریفشده بهصورت a priori ≥ .80)؛ روایی بیشترین فراوانی گزارش را داشت (۸۶٪) اما تنها در ۳۳٪ به ضرایب قوی رسید؛ پاسخگویی در ۴۵٪ گزارش شد و تنها در ۸٪ به ضرایب قوی رسید؛ دقت طبقهبندی در ۳۶٪ گزارش شد (۳۱٪ قوی). این الگوها در تحلیلهای حساسیت مربوط به شیوه اجرا، طرح طولی، خطر سوگیری و آستانههای جایگزین ضرایب نیز پایدار بود. CBM-خواندن قویترین پایه شواهد را داشت. CBM-ریاضی پایایی و روایی کافی نشان داد اما شکاف قابل توجهی در دقت طبقهبندی داشت. پایش پیشرفت زبان شواهد اندکی داشت و سنجش مستقیم رفتار و مشاهده رفتاری دیجیتال نیز شکافهای قابل توجهی در پاسخگویی و دقت طبقهبندی نشان دادند. برای الگوی نوظهور ارزیابی لحظهای بومشناختی (EMA) و ابزارهای پوشیدنی، هیچ مطالعه اعتبارسنجی مبتنی بر مدرسه واجد شرایط شناسایی نشد. بحث: یافته اصلی، عدم تقارن روایی-پاسخگویی است: ابزارها معمولاً از نظر روایی همزمان یا پیشبین ارزیابی میشوند اما بهمراتب کمتر از نظر توانایی شناسایی تغییرات مرتبط با مداخله بررسی میشوند. برای اجرای همسو با MTSS، سنجههای ریاضی و رفتار نیازمند اعتبارسنجی طبقهبندی قویتر هستند و رویکردهای مبتنی بر EMA یا ابزارهای پوشیدنی در آموزش ویژه مبتنی بر مدرسه هنوز بهطور کافی عملیاتی نشدهاند.
This article argues that the persistent burden of burnout reflects a fundamental conceptual problem—burnout continues to be framed primarily as an individual condition rather than as an occupational phenomenon shaped by interacting structural, organizational, and leadership conditions. Burnout has emerged as a major occupational health challenge. In a 2024 survey across eight predominantly high and upper-middle-income countries, 48% of respondents reported currently grappling with burnout. Separately, depression and anxiety cost the global economy approximately one trillion dollars annually in lost productivity. Drawing on evidence from neuroimaging, stress biology, cognitive neuroscience, and organizational research, this article examines plausible pathways through which leadership behavior may influence conditions that contribute to or protect against burnout, including social threat–reward processing, cognitive flexibility, emotional intelligence, psychological safety, emotional contagion, and stress-related neurobiological responses. Among physicians, burnout has been associated with depression and anxiety, while evidence regarding substance abuse is less consistent. These proposed mechanisms are proximal and potentially modifiable, but operate within broader structural conditions that constrain or enable their effects. Human-centered work design and neuroleadership-informed leadership practices are proposed as complements to broader structural interventions, with implications for health systems, workforce sustainability, and policy design.
این مقاله استدلال میکند که تداوم بار فرسودگی شغلی نشاندهنده یک مشکل مفهومی اساسی است—فرسودگی شغلی همچنان عمدتاً به عنوان یک وضعیت فردی در نظر گرفته میشود، نه به عنوان یک پدیده شغلی که توسط شرایط ساختاری، سازمانی و رهبری متقابل شکل میگیرد. فرسودگی شغلی به عنوان یک چالش عمده سلامت شغلی مطرح شده است. در یک پیمایش در سال ۲۰۲۴ در هشت کشور عمدتاً با درآمد بالا و متوسط رو به بالا، ۴۸٪ از پاسخدهندگان گزارش کردند که در حال حاضر با فرسودگی شغلی دست و پنجه نرم میکنند. به طور جداگانه، افسردگی و اضطراب سالانه حدود یک تریلیون دلار هزینه به اقتصاد جهانی از طریق کاهش بهرهوری وارد میکنند. با استناد به شواهدی از تصویربرداری عصبی، زیستشناسی استرس، علوم اعصاب شناختی و پژوهشهای سازمانی، این مقاله مسیرهای محتملی را بررسی میکند که از طریق آنها رفتار رهبری میتواند شرایطی را که به فرسودگی شغلی منجر میشود یا از آن محافظت میکند، تحت تأثیر قرار دهد؛ از جمله پردازش تهدید–پاداش اجتماعی، انعطافپذیری شناختی، هوش هیجانی، ایمنی روانشناختی، سرایت هیجانی و پاسخهای نوروبیولوژیک مرتبط با استرس. در میان پزشکان، فرسودگی شغلی با افسردگی و اضطراب مرتبط بوده است، در حالی که شواهد مربوط به سوءمصرف مواد کمتر منسجم است. این سازوکارهای پیشنهادی، نزدیک و بالقوه قابل تغییر هستند، اما در چارچوب شرایط ساختاری گستردهتری عمل میکنند که اثرات آنها را محدود یا تسهیل میکند. طراحی کار انسانمحور و شیوههای رهبری مبتنی بر نورورهبری به عنوان مکملهایی برای مداخلات ساختاری گستردهتر پیشنهاد میشوند که پیامدهایی برای نظامهای سلامت، پایداری نیروی کار و طراحی سیاست دارند.
AI will play an increasingly large role in providing healthcare services in the near future, creating a pressing need to examine how people perceive AI compared to humans in healthcare. To this end, this study examines how people perceive AI and human doctors in a common medical scenario of giving healthcare advice over an online chat platform. Participants read an online chat conversation that featured a patient asking for medical advice with either an AI or human doctor. In addition, the doctor either linguistically aligned with the patient (by repeating medical terms previously used by the patient) or not (by using synonyms of the patient's terms). Linguistic alignment in conversation has been found to increase positive perceptions of interactions and therefore may be a useful tool to increase patient satisfaction in healthcare interactions. AI doctors but not human ones were penalized when not linguistically aligning with the patient, even though these doctors gave the same exact medical advice. Additionally, across a range of measures, participants in general had more negative perceptions of AI doctors compared to human ones. Overall, these results suggest that people hold AI to different standards as well as judge AI harsher than humans in medical settings.
هوش مصنوعی در آینده نزدیک نقش فزایندهای در ارائه خدمات مراقبتهای سلامت ایفا خواهد کرد و این امر نیاز فوری به بررسی نحوه ادراک افراد از هوش مصنوعی در مقایسه با انسانها در حوزه سلامت را ایجاد میکند. بر این اساس، این پژوهش به بررسی نحوه ادراک افراد از پزشکان هوش مصنوعی و انسانی در یک سناریوی رایج پزشکی، یعنی ارائه مشاوره سلامت از طریق یک پلتفرم گفتوگوی آنلاین، میپردازد. شرکتکنندگان یک گفتوگوی آنلاین را مطالعه کردند که در آن بیماری برای دریافت مشاوره پزشکی با یک پزشک (هوش مصنوعی یا انسانی) مکاتبه میکرد. علاوه بر این، پزشک یا با بیمار همترازی زبانی داشت (با تکرار اصطلاحات پزشکی که قبلاً توسط بیمار استفاده شده بود) یا نداشت (با استفاده از مترادفهای اصطلاحات بیمار). پژوهشها نشان دادهاند که همترازی زبانی در مکالمه میتواند ادراک مثبت از تعاملات را افزایش دهد و بنابراین ممکن است ابزاری مفید برای افزایش رضایت بیماران در تعاملات سلامت باشد. پزشکان هوش مصنوعی، اما نه پزشکان انسانی، زمانی که با بیمار همترازی زبانی نداشتند، مورد قضاوت منفی قرار گرفتند، حتی با وجود اینکه دقیقاً همان مشاوره پزشکی را ارائه دادند. همچنین، در طیف وسیعی از سنجهها، شرکتکنندگان به طور کلی ادراک منفیتری نسبت به پزشکان هوش مصنوعی در مقایسه با پزشکان انسانی داشتند. در مجموع، این نتایج نشان میدهد که افراد استانداردهای متفاوتی برای هوش مصنوعی قائل هستند و در محیطهای پزشکی نسبت به هوش مصنوعی قضاوت سختگیرانهتری دارند.
Disruptive Behaviour Disorders (DBDs), comprising Conduct Disorder (CD) and Oppositional Defiant Disorder (ODD), represent significant mental health concerns among adolescents due to their adverse effects on academic achievement, interpersonal relationships, and psychosocial development. Despite the growing burden of these disorders, there is a paucity of empirical evidence on their prevalence among adolescents attending secondary school in Lagos State, Nigeria. The research therefore examines the assessment of disruptive behaviour disorders. The quantitative research employed a descriptive survey design and 915 participants comprising males 49.5% (mean age = 14.94, SD = 1.57). The research employed a multistage sampling technique. The findings revealed that disruptive behaviour disorders were highly prevalent among the adolescents, with 90.4% exhibiting moderate to severe symptoms and 16.4% falling within the severe category. The prevalence of adolescents at risk of Conduct Disorder was 35.4%, while 83.4% were at risk of Oppositional Defiant Disorder. The results further showed that female adolescents displayed significantly lower levels of DBDs compared to their male counterparts. The study concluded and recommended that DBDs (CD and ODD) are common among in-school adolescents in Lagos State and therefore school administrators, management, and owners should employ psychological intervention in addressing the rising disruptive behaviour symptoms among adolescents.
اختلالات رفتار مخرب (DBDs) که شامل اختلال سلوک (CD) و اختلال نافرمانی مقابلهای (ODD) میباشد، از جمله نگرانیهای مهم سلامت روان در میان نوجوانان به شمار میروند، چرا که تأثیرات منفی بر پیشرفت تحصیلی، روابط بینفردی و رشد روانیاجتماعی آنان دارند. با وجود افزایش بار این اختلالات، شواهد تجربی اندکی درباره شیوع آنها در میان نوجوانان دبیرستانی استان لاگوس، نیجریه وجود دارد. بنابراین این پژوهش به ارزیابی اختلالات رفتار مخرب پرداخته است. این پژوهش کمی با استفاده از طرح پیمایش توصیفی و با مشارکت ۹۱۵ نفر (۴۹/۵٪ پسر؛ میانگین سنی = ۱۴/۹۴، انحراف معیار = ۱/۵۷) انجام شد. نمونهگیری به روش چندمرحلهای صورت گرفت. یافتهها نشان داد که اختلالات رفتار مخرب در میان نوجوانان شیوع بالایی دارد، به طوری که ۹۰/۴٪ علائم متوسط تا شدید و ۱۶/۴٪ در دامنه شدید قرار داشتند. شیوع نوجوانان در معرض خطر اختلال سلوک ۳۵/۴٪ و در معرض خطر اختلال نافرمانی مقابلهای ۸۳/۴٪ بود. نتایج همچنین نشان داد که نوجوانان دختر به طور معناداری سطوح پایینتری از DBDs را نسبت به همتایان پسر خود نشان دادند. مطالعه نتیجهگیری و توصیه کرد که DBDs (CD و ODD) در میان نوجوانان مدارس استان لاگوس شایع است و بنابراین مدیران، مسئولان و مالکان مدارس باید از مداخلات روانشناختی برای مقابله با علائم رو به افزایش رفتار مخرب در میان نوجوانان استفاده کنند.
Objectives Smoking, alcohol drinking, dietary habits, physical activity, screen time, and sleep duration have been examined separately in relation to suicidality. Based on these behaviors, this study aimed to develop a composite measure of a healthy lifestyle, and to explore its associations with suicidal behaviors among Chinese young people aged 10–24 years. Methods Data were obtained from 2022 Zhejiang Youth Risk Behavior Survey, in which 27,059 students aged 10–24 years completed an anonymous questionnaire designed to assess the health behaviors. A healthy lifestyle score was calculated and categorized into favorable, intermediate, and unfavorable lifestyle categories. Multivariate logistic regression models were employed to estimate the odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for suicidal behaviors. Results Overall, 21.12% of students followed a favorable lifestyle, 56.67% followed an intermediate lifestyle, and 22.21% followed an unfavorable lifestyle. Compared to unfavorable lifestyle, students with intermediate and favorable lifestyle had lower odds of suicidal ideation, with the OR was 0.67 (95% CI: 0.62–0.72) and 0.40 (0.36–0.45); for suicidal plans, the corresponding OR was 0.61 (0.55–0.67) and 0.37 (0.31–0.44); for suicidal attempts, the corresponding OR was 0.53 (0.45–0.62) and 0.27 (0.20–0.37). Conclusions This study suggested that adherence to healthy lifestyles combining seven modifiable lifestyle factors were significantly associated with the lower odds of suicidal behaviors engagement in Chinese young people.
اهداف: سیگار کشیدن، مصرف الکل، عادات غذایی، فعالیت بدنی، مدت زمان استفاده از صفحه نمایش و مدت خواب به طور جداگانه در ارتباط با خودکشی مورد بررسی قرار گرفتهاند. این مطالعه با تکیه بر این رفتارها، با هدف توسعه یک شاخص ترکیبی از سبک زندگی سالم و بررسی ارتباط آن با رفتارهای خودکشی در جوانان چینی ۱۰ تا ۲۴ سال انجام شد. روشها: دادهها از پیمایش رفتارهای پرخطر جوانان ژجیانگ ۲۰۲۲ به دست آمد که در آن ۲۷٬۰۵۹ دانشآموز ۱۰ تا ۲۴ ساله یک پرسشنامه ناشناس برای ارزیابی رفتارهای سلامت تکمیل کردند. امتیاز سبک زندگی سالم محاسبه و به سه دسته سبک زندگی مطلوب، متوسط و نامطلوب تقسیم شد. مدلهای رگرسیون لجستیک چندمتغیره برای برآورد نسبت شانس (OR) و فاصله اطمینان ۹۵٪ (CI) برای رفتارهای خودکشی به کار رفت. نتایج: به طور کلی، ۲۱/۱۲٪ از دانشآموزان سبک زندگی مطلوب، ۵۶/۶۷٪ سبک زندگی متوسط و ۲۲/۲۱٪ سبک زندگی نامطلوب داشتند. در مقایسه با سبک زندگی نامطلوب، دانشآموزان با سبک زندگی متوسط و مطلوب شانس کمتری برای افکار خودکشی داشتند، به طوری که OR برای آنها به ترتیب ۰/۶۷ (۹۵٪ CI: ۰/۶۲–۰/۷۲) و ۰/۴۰ (۰/۳۶–۰/۴۵) بود؛ برای برنامهریزی خودکشی، OR متناظر ۰/۶۱ (۰/۵۵–۰/۶۷) و ۰/۳۷ (۰/۳۱–۰/۴۴) بود؛ و برای اقدام به خودکشی، OR متناظر ۰/۵۳ (۰/۴۵–۰/۶۲) و ۰/۲۷ (۰/۲۰–۰/۳۷) بود. نتیجهگیری: این مطالعه نشان داد که پایبندی به سبک زندگی سالم متشکل از هفت عامل قابل تغییر سبک زندگی، به طور معناداری با کاهش شانس درگیری در رفتارهای خودکشی در جوانان چینی مرتبط است.